Computer Numerical Control Technology Research Articles

Analysis of the application of intelligent CNC technology in machinery manufacturing

The application of intelligent computer numerical control(CNC) technology enjoys a key strategic position in various countries, and countries that attach importance to the development of CNC machine tools and their fields of innovation branches generally have a solid foundation of intelligent manufacturing and strong production capacity. Combined with big data and artificial intelligence, CNC technology has become an important cornerstone of smart manufacturing. In order to achieve the goal of sustainable development, the machinery manufacturing industry should not only improve product accuracy and enrich product types, but also shorten the production cycle as much as possible and avoid the impact of human errors on product quality. Based on this, this paper mainly analyzes in detail the actual development of machinery manufacturing based on intelligent robot numerical control technology in order to provide some help for the long-term development of the industry. This paper is dedicated to the visualization of relevant data and finally provides a reliable basis for the corresponding decision-making based on the current actual development of intelligent CNC technology. After this paper analyzes the current situation of the industry, we find that intelligent numerical control technology has a vital role in the intelligent transformation of China’s industry, high-tech innovation, and rationalization of AI applications, and we hope that this paper can provide a reference for China’s industrial production industry.

PARAMETRIC STUDY OF A CNC TURNING PROCESS USING DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS

In the present day manufacturing scenario, computer numerical control (CNC) technology has evolved out as a cost effective process to perform repetitive, difficult and unsafe machining tasks while fulfilling the dynamic requirements of high dimensional accuracy and low surface finish. Adoption of CNC technology would help an organization in achieving enhanced productivity, better product quality and higher flexibility. In this paper, an endeavor is put forward to apply discriminant analysis as a multivariate statistical tool to investigate the effects of speed, feed, depth of cut, nose radius and type of the machining environment of a CNC turning center on surface roughness, tool life, cutting force and power consumption. Simultaneous discrimination analysis develops the corresponding discriminant function for each of the responses taking into account all the input parameters together. On the contrary, step-wise discriminant analysis develops the same functions while considering only those significant input parameters influencing the responses. Higher values of hit ratio and cross-validation percentage prove the application of both the discriminant functions as effective prediction tools for achieving enhanced performance of the considered CNC turning operation.

Practical work for exploring the capabilities and benefits of CNC technology

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) technology's precision and complexity in design are two of its greatest strengths. CNC machines can make consistent and accurate cuts, drills, and shapes because they are controlled by computer programs. This precision is especially useful in sectors where producing complex components is mission-critical, such as the aerospace, medical, and automotive industries. The capacity to automate mundane processes is another benefit of CNC technology. CNC machines, once programmed, can mass-produce parts with little to no human intervention, greatly boosting efficiency and lowering production costs. By eliminating the potential for human error, this automation also increases the reliability and consistency of the final output. In addition, CNC machinery can facilitate quicker production runs and shorter setup times, both of which boost productivity. Enhanced productivity has the potential to boost a company's bottom line. Overall, CNC technology has the potential to revolutionize manufacturing by facilitating the rapid, precise, and cost-effective fabrication of intricate parts and components. Since this is a hotspot for innovation, new uses and capabilities appear frequently.

Comparative life cycle assessment of two different manufacturing technologies: laser additive manufacturing and traditional technique

Additive manufacturing processes, such as Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM), has become increasingly established in metal-processing industry offering versatile possibilities for producing individualized components or lightweight structures. LAM machines offer ecological and economical potentials due to comparatively low power and material demand. In general, Additive Manufacturing (AM), has been considered an alternative to the traditional manufacturing techniques, such as Subtractive Machining (SM), because allows the creation of new, light and complex products with an innovative design and manufacturing. Sustainability assessment is essential to identify and select the best technology among the alternative candidates. Sustainability of LAM needs to be evaluated for finding an optimal compromise between technical development and sustainability performance. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology is applied to investigate the sustainability of Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) by comparing that of the Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining. The aim of this research is to analyze and compare the environmental impact between additive and subtractive manufacturing. In particular, CNC (SM) and LENS (AM) technologies have been chosen. A common spur gear has been defined as a case study. Therefore, the analysis allows to define the ecological characteristics of a new production technology compared to a gold standard such as CNC machining. Hence, the advantages and disadvantages of the reviewed additive technology are exposed. The ReCiPe midpoint results, shows advantages in term of environmental impact for the LENS manufacturing process, in particular for the damage to resource indicator.

Development of Double-Sided Multipoint Press CNC and Operational Technology for Producing Freeform Molds

Many studies concerning the precision manufacturing of freeform concrete panels have been conducted, however, this process remains labor intensive taking significant amounts of time and cost. In particular, the precision in the shape of the panels produced tends to be low because of the manual work involved in producing the curves of those panels. This study documents the development of mold production technologies that can be used to produce precise curved surfaces on the upper and lower parts of a mold for freeform concrete panels. A double-sided multipoint press CNC (computer numerical control) produces curved upper and lower surfaces of a mold without the need for manual work, while the operational technology we developed to control this tool enhances the precision of the curves created. The precision of these technologies was verified through experiments. The difference between the shapes designed and those produced were found using 3D scans and quality inspections. Unpredictable errors can occur due to the size of certain curvatures, the elasticity of the silicone plate, and the rotational angle of the joints of the rods supporting the surfaces. To minimize errors, shape compensation was carried out through reverse engineering, leading to a maximum error of 2.887 mm, which is within the allowable error. The results achieved in this study are a significant step toward technologies that will produce increasingly precise freeform concrete panels.

Research on the Application of Computer Numerical Control Technology in Mechanical Manufacturing

The transformation and upgrading of machinery manufacturing industry is inseparable from the innovation of the industry and the utilization of new technologies. The continuous progress of computer numerical control tech and its utilization in the field of machinery manufacturing greatly promote the integration, automation and intelligent development of machinery manufacturing industry, so it has important research value. Based on this, this paper first analyzes the connotation and typical functions of computer numerical control (CNC) tech, then studies the structure and design of CNC device in mechanical manufacturing, and finally gives the typical utilization of CNC tech in mechanical manufacturing.

Effect of Welding Parameters on the Tensile Strength of the Weld-Deposition Layer

In general, tensile strength is an important factors when evaluating the quality of a product. In this study, samples are created using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) technology. WAAM technology is a combination of Metal Active Gas welding technology and Computer numerical control technology, and is used to create products with a near net shape. Experimental process parameters, such as welding speed and welding current, are implemented and a deposition layer test is performed, where samples are deposited, layer-upon-layer, and then face milled to ensure the correct dimensions are achieved before subsequent deposition. Using specialized testing equipment, specific data is obtained in order to determine the tensile strength of the sample. Statistical methods are then used to process the data and establish the effect of the parameters on the tensile strength of the sample.

Farming Bot: Precision Agriculture System in Limited Land Based On Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

Indonesia is a vast country both sea and land, but as population development and growth continues to increase, the land that is usually used for agricultural land is now changing into residential land. This narrowing land is the biggest challenge that must be faced today. Basically, farming activities require a knowledge base that is land use, seeds/seedlings, cultivation, processing, to marketing. However, cultivation on land is limited by several methods of land use such as the use of roof gardens need to be considered well because it requires a large investment and careful planning. One way that can be done is through modern technology for energy efficiency and time. In this study, a precision farming system was created using Computer Numerical Control (CNC) technology. CNC is a machine tool automation system that is operated by command, randomly programmed and stored in storage media. By using CNC technology, it allows the machine to follow the coordinate points that are entered into the system accurately. The command to drive a CNC machine is usually called the G-Code. The accuracy of the machine motion using a stepper motor can reach 1 mm. The system is made, similar to the control system on a 3D Printer machine with a wider work area. Later, the machine-made will be named "Farming-BOT", short for Farming Robots or robots for farming..

An H-shaped two-dimensional piezoelectric vibration energy harvester

An H-shaped piezoelectric vibration energy harvester (VEH) with two dimensional receiving direction is designed to provide power for engine fault monitoring in this work. The VEH consist of one main-beam which receives the vibrational excitation of horizontal direction, and two sub-beams which receive the vibrational excitation of vertical direction. The main-beam and the sub-beam of this H-shaped VEH are almost independent. So this H-shaped VEH could be modelled as a lumped-mass model. The models of the output voltage and the output power are given. The H-shaped VEH is fabricated using computer numerical control technology. The measured results show that the main-beam’s output voltage is 1011 mV with the resonant frequency of 110 Hz, and the sub-beam’s output voltage is 1021 mV with the resonant frequency of 118 Hz. The measured maximum output power of main-beam is 24.5 μW when the sliding rheostat is at 12.9 kΩ. And the measured maximum output power of sub-beam is 12.3 μW when the sliding rheostat is at 29.0 kΩ. The power density of the main-beam is about 0.286 μW mm−3, and the power density of the sub-beam is about 0.149 μW mm−3. Therefore, this H-shaped VEH can provide an effective solution of energy harvesting for engine fault monitoring system. In the future, the size of the structure will be reduced by MEMS technology and this H-shaped VEH can be integrated with other electronic devices.

Realizing product serialization by Grasshopper parametric design

The purpose of this paper is to explore how to realize serialization with parameterization by studying the application of Grasshopper parameterization modeling technology in the modelling design of serialization products. With the method of formulating the basic parameter series and setting the parameter algorithm, combined with the inheritance relationship of digital evolution of product characteristics, to reflects the series sense of product modelling, and demonstrates the feasibility of the method with practical cases. The conclusion is that in the background of high-speed development of information age and computer numerical control technology, parameterization provides a new way to realize product serialization design, promotes the combination of art design and digital manufacturing, maximizes design efficiency, flexibly updates products, and timely meets market demand.

Determination of Waste Industrial Dust Safety Characteristics

This article deals with the assessment of the hazards of dust waste generated by modern CNC (computer numerical control) technologies from the processing of resin-containing plastic composites. The change of the original material into dusty waste predicts the emergence of new hazardous characteristics such as flammability, explosiveness and adverse effects on employee health. The aim of this article is to determine the experimental measurement of dust particle size, its thermal degradation and safety characteristics. Sieve analysis showed that the representative sample contained a 93.8% weight of particles with a size of less than 0.4 mm. Three degrees of thermal degradation of industrial dust samples and heat production (exo reaction ∑ΔH = 9172.9 J/g) were determined by TG (thermogravimetry), DTA (differential thermal analysis) and DSC (differential scanning calorimetr) methods. The measurement safety characteristics such as the lower explosion limit, the maximum explosion pressure, the maximum pressure rise rate, and the calculated cubic constant confirmed that the dust is an explosive, and is determined as explosion class St1 (determined by Cubic constant).

An Embedded System-Based Snap Constrained Trajectory Planning Method for 3D Motion Systems

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) is a technology made up of several blocks. Among these, lies the Trajectory Planning block, responsible for reference profile generation that are fed to position control loops. The need for Trajectory Planning arises from the mechanical constraints inherent to every plant to which CNC technology is applied. The machine’s operational limits myst be respected, in order to avoid several issues, such as: loss of precision, early wear of machine’s parts and excessive vibration. This paper proposes a novel smooth real-time trajectory generation setup based on an embedded system platform. A real-time snap and jerk bounded control algorithm is proposed, to achieve continuous and smooth feed motion in traditional Numeric Control code file, dealing both with straight lines and arcs. A local motion blending algorithm, applicable to the proposed method, is also presented. The developed algorithm was deployed to a BeagleBone Black, an embedded System-on-Chip, single board computer and tested in a prototype router machine. A comparison between the proposed method against the seven segments and trapezoidal acceleration methods is presented, both in terms of performance and of real-time computing viability. Simulation and Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method to generate velocity, acceleration, jerk and snap bounded three dimensional trajectories, reducing the RMS error in up to 8.2% and 22.38% when compared to the Seven Segments and to Trapezoidal Acceleration methods, respectively. Assessing the error area on straight angles, the proposed method produced error areas 24% and 80% smaller when compared to the Seven Segments and to Trapezoidal Acceleration methods, respectively.

Analysis and Design of a Wideband Coaxial Transition to Metal and Printed Ridge Gap Waveguide

In this paper, a wideband coaxial to ridge gap transition is proposed and implemented. The transition has a compact size, wide bandwidth, and simple structure. It can be used to excite ridge gap waveguides implemented by the printed circuit board or computer numerical control (CNC) technologies. A similar circuit model for a coax-to-microstrip junction is proposed and used to establish a systematic design procedure for the proposed transition. Perfect electric conductor and perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) boundaries are used to make the procedure independent of the fabrication technology. The PMC is replaced by a bed of nails for ridge gap realized by CNC technology and mushroom-shaped structure in the case of PCB technology. The proposed transition based on the PCB technology is fabricated and measured. There is a good agreement between simulated and measured results which validates the proposed design. The transition has a 59.22% bandwidth with $S_{11} dB and $S_{21} > -0.5$ dB.

Near net shape manufacturing of metal: A review of approaches and their evolutions

In the last 30 years, the concept of manufacturability has been applied to many different processes in numerous industries. This has resulted in the emergence of several different “Design for Manufacturing” methodologies which have in common the aim of reducing productions costs through the application of general manufacturing rules. Near net shape technologies have expanded these concepts, targeting mainly primary shaping process, such as casting and forging. The desired outcomes of manufacturability analysis for near net shape processes are cost and lead/time reduction through minimization of process steps (in particular cutting and finishing operations) and raw material saving. Product quality improvement, variability reduction and component design functionality enhancement are also achievable through near net shape optimization. Process parameters, product design and material selection are the changing variables in a manufacturing chain that interact in complex, non-linear ways. Consequently, modeling and simulation play important roles in the investigation of alternative approaches. However, defining the manufacturing capability of different processes is also a “moving target” because the various near net shape technologies are constantly improving and evolving so there is challenge in accurately reflecting their requirements and capabilities. In the last decade, for example, computer-aided design, computer numerical control technologies and innovation in materials have impacted enormously on the development of near net shape technologies. This article reviews the different methods reported for near net shape manufacturability assessment and examines how they can make an impact on cost, quality and process variability in the context of a specific production volume. The discussion identifies a lack of structured approaches, poor connection with process optimization methodologies and a lack of empirical models as gaps in the reported approaches.

Numerical and Experimental Study on Enhancing Performance of the Stand Fan

To meet humans’ need of enhancing the quality of life, the high-performance stand fan has become an essential appliance in every family. On the other hand, energy saving can not only solve the problem of environment protection, but also can reduce the cost of energy consumption. However, the aerodynamic performance and flow characteristics of the stand fan are rarely investigated and analyzed in a systematical manner. Therefore, this research intends to investigate the physical mechanism of the flow pattern and identify the design parameters of the stand fan by combining numerical and experimental methods. First of all, both the structure and performance of a commercial 14-inch stand fan are chosen for analysis and are set as the reference for the fan. The stand fan can be divided into the impeller and the protective cover. Clearly, the impeller blades have a great influence on the fan performance, so they are the first design target. In this work, CFD (computational fluid dynamics) software Fluent (version 14.5, ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA, 2012) is used to analyze and observe the corresponding influences on flow fields and aerodynamic performance by changing the design parameters such as the setting, twist, and inclination angles. Then, the protective cover is studied, improved and integrated with the designed impeller to further enhance the performance of the fan. The protective cover is modified by varying the spacing between the blade tip and cover, as well as varying the shape and angle of ribs to improve the fan’s flow field and performance. Finally, the optimal fan mockup is made via CNC (computer numerical control) technology. Also, its acoustics and performance have been measured to validate the accuracy and reliability of the numerical simulation. The testing results show that the optimally designed stand fan is better than the reference fan with a significant 54% increase in max flow rate. In addition, it has more uniform velocity distribution compared with the reference fan to achieve a comfortable feeling for the human body. In summary, this research successfully establishes a reliable and systematic scheme to design the stand fan. Also, the corresponding performance influences caused by those important parameters are analyzed and summarized to serve as the design reference for the stand fan.

Polymer Sheet Hot Incremental Forming - an Innovative Polymer Forming Approach

Polymers are currently used as raw materials in automobile and house hold applications. Particularly in automobile parts polymers having significant percentage, because of its strength to weight ratio. But their conventional processing of heating- melting -injecting and solidifying process cycle is mainly suitable for high volume mass production1. Increasing demands for the products with low volume, best quality, less production lead time are impart the need for a new polymer processing method. This can be capable of fulfilling the current industrial requirement of agile manufacturing processing methods with short span for life cycle of parts and short design to production lead time. This paper is mainly focused on problems in conventional polymer processing and proves the opportunity to use single point incremental forming technology which is currently used for sheet metal forming applications. This method reduces and eliminates capital investment on special dies and tools. It is a highly flexible forming process and is enabled with the help of computer numerical control (CNC) technology2. In this work, a novel process namely hot incremental polymer forming (HIPF) is developed. In this process the material is heated with the help of heating element up to the required temperature and the hemispherical tool moves over the hot sheet, the tool path is controlled by CNC technology. This innovative process starts with development of low cost fixture and spherical tool, heating coil, temperature measurement device, feedback element and temperature controller. A truncated hexagonal pyramid shape is used to study the process capability regarding the geometrical accuracy and sheet thinning of the produced part. Results show that this method capable of forming polymer sheet parts at elevated temperature with good dimensional accuracy and better formability.

The Study of S-Shaped Acceleration and Deceleration Curve and the Trajectory Planning Strategy Analysis

The invention of the Numerical Control (NC) technology have brought the new revolution of manufacturing since 20th century intermediate stage. Computer Numerical Control (CNC ) technology is the foundation of the modern manufacturing technology, integrating the traditional manufacturing technology, modern control technology and modern optical-electromechanical technology.[1,2]As the core of CNC technology, CNC system is requesting higher precision and higher speed as it develops. So it is necessary to meet the requirements of the machining surface quality and avoid the occurrences of the processing speed decline or even stall, which depends on the good controls of the acceleration and deceleration of the feed shaft [3].This article briefly analyzes some existing strategies of the acceleration and deceleration, then mainly introduces the s-shaped acceleration and deceleration curve method and the trajectory planning strategy of it.

Development and application of software for open and soft multi-axis EDM CNC systems

This study aimed to develop software for multi-axis electrical discharge machining (EDM) computer numerical control (CNC) systems using open CNC technology and soft CNC technology and to then apply the software to the machining of rimmed turbine blisks. Through the analysis of functional requirements, this study established the hierarchy structure of the software. On the basis of this structure, three main modules and their communications were established with Linux and RT-Linux as the development platforms. The software architecture was also constructed. Through the construction of the modules and communications and the realization of the functions, the multi-axis EDM CNC system software was developed and installed into a five-axis EDM CNC machine to realize the machining of rimmed turbine blisks. Machining results show that the architecture of the software is correct, harmonious, and reasonable. The software is also stable and reliable and features strong real-time capability and accurate movement control.

New technique for the interpretation of ISO 14649 and 6983 based on open CNC technology

Computer numerical control (CNC) controller is the termination organiser, which is located at the end of the manufacturing process chain. The CNC controller is composed of two modules: software and hardware. The software module of the controller is known as interpreter that translates International Standards Organization (ISO) data interface model instructions to the hardware parts of the controller in the required structure of the machine. The aim of next-generation CNC is to be portable, interoperable, flexible, open, intelligent and adoptable. In the progression towards the development of next-generation CNC systems, the problems of current ISO data interface model limitation and CNC machine vendor dependency were faced. In order to overcome these issues, the ISO standard (ISO 14649) and open architecture control (OAC) technology were introduced. In this paper, a new technique for the interpretation of both ISO data interface models has been presented. The developed module is specially designed for the OAC-based CNC systems that translate the ISO 14649-21 and ISO 6983 information to the CNC machine in required structure. The module also provides a shop floor editing facility and is also able to generate the physical file output in user-defined structure of .txt and .xml formats.

The 3D Laser Engraving Pavilion Design Based on Ergonomics

The so-called laser engraving technology, by using laser processing system and computer numerical control technology to complete the automated processing in the pavilion, and the pavilion is where this series of processing technology completed. The paper briefly describes the working principle and system assembly of three-dimensional laser engraving Pavilion, and then focus on the research and analysis of its shape size and assembly combined with the ergonomics, and conclude to a user-friendly portable 3D laser engraving pavilion wich suit the China market very well.