Computer Assisted Web Interview Research Articles

Rene Policistico e trapianto di rene: accesso alla lista d’attesa e post trapianto: risultati della ricerca

Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the leading genetic cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. The number of ADPKD patients who are listed for transplantation or receive a kidney transplant is continuously increasing over time. AIRP conducted a survey to investigate the ADPKD patient journey, meaning the personal experience and expectations of people regarding kidney transplantation as therapeutic option of end-stage renal failure. The survey was conducted on 381 people with ADPKD, using computer-assisted web interviewing (CAWI). The results confirm that there are problems that need to be addressed before listing an ADPKD patient for a kidney transplantation, namely the patient’s comorbidities, the complexity of pre-transplant assessments and the shortage of organs. Pre-emptive transplantation from cadaver donor is a rare event in our country but it is a valid option, especially in case of living donation. Immunosuppression is well tolerated in a high percentage of subjects, but a follow-up is necessary to monitor negative side effects. Despite these problems, the outcome of kidney transplantation is optimal in these patients. Also, the relationship between patients and Nephrologists and/or Transplant Centers is important to ensure a positive outcome.

The role of the EFQM model in precepting quality in Polish enterprises

Abstract The purpose of the paper is to determine the degree of Polish companies’ maturity applying for Quality of the Year certification based on the EFQM excellence model. The study was conducted using a questionnaire (CAWI – computer assisted web interview). Company to get certified Quality of the Year had to get in the field of self-assessment carried out by the EFQM model at least 56%. Results and its analysis showed that among the 49 analyzed large companies seeking Quality of the Year certification only 3 achieved a value of 80% and above. Among the 10 companies selected for analysis only 3 has taken improvement actions. Based on the study carried out, the authors demonstrated that the analyzed companies that have been certified Quality of the Year are mature and conscious of quality, continuously improve, and apply modern techniques (traditional quality management tools, new quality management tools, quality management methods). The factors that determine the maturity and the awareness of the company in terms of quality are the elements included in the EFQM model (1. Leadership. 2. Vision, strategy, policy. 3. Human resources management. 4. Resource Management. 5. Process Management. 6. Customer satisfaction. 7. Employee satisfaction. 8. Cooperation with the environment. 9. Achievements companies in relation to the goals), as well as the awareness and the ability to use modern techniques.

Rene Policistico e trapianto di rene: accesso alla lista d’attesa e post trapianto: risultati della ricerca

Polycystic kidney disease and kidney transplantation: access to waiting list and post-transplant Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the leading genetic cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. The number of ADPKD patients who are listed for transplantation or receive a kidney transplant is continuously increasing over time. AIRP conducted a survey to investigate the ADPKD patient journey, meaning the personal experience and expectations of people regarding kidney transplantation as therapeutic option of end-stage renal failure. The survey was conducted on 381 people with ADPKD, using computer-assisted web interviewing (CAWI). The results confirm that there are problems that need to be addressed before listing an ADPKD patient for a kidney transplantation, namely the patient’s comorbidities, the complexity of pre-transplant assessments and the shortage of organs. Pre-emptive transplantation from cadaver donor is a rare event in our country but it is a valid option, especially in case of living donation. Immunosuppression is well tolerated in a high percentage of subjects, but a follow-up is necessary to monitor negative side effects. Despite these problems, the outcome of kidney transplantation is optimal in these patients. Also, the relationship between patients and Nephrologists and/or Transplant Centers is important to ensure a positive outcome.

The Reliability and Validity of the Telephone-Based and Online Polish eHealth Literacy Scale Based on Two Nationally Representative Samples.

Adequate ehealth literacy is one of the key instruments safeguarding people against unreliable health-related information obtained from the Internet. This paper presents an assessment of the reliability and the validity of a Polish version of the ehealth literacy scale (Pl-eHEALS). The assessment was carried out on the basis of two nationally representative samples of the Polish population. In the first survey of adults at least 50 years old, the technique of computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) was applied. In the second survey of young adult women (18–35 years old), the technique of computer-assisted web interviewing (CAWI) was used. The reliability and the validity of the Pl-eHEALS was analyzed. There were no floor or ceiling effects revealed in either sample. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were 0.90 and 0.88, and Guttman split-half coefficients were 0.89 and 0.81, respectively. Exploratory factors analysis revealed single factor models in both cases. The sum of squared loadings in the first survey was 6.090 and accounted for 58.72% of the variance. In the second survey, the sum was 5.927 and was responsible for 55.06% of the variance. Hypothesis testing showed that, for older adults, higher ehealth literacy was prevalent in the respondents who used the Internet more frequently. Among young adult women, higher readiness to use the Internet as a primary source of health-related information and to undertake specific internet health-related activities was associated with higher ehealth literacy. The analysis reported in this paper confirmed the reliability and the validity of the instrument. It should be stressed that, prior to this study, there was no validated Polish version of the eHEALS that could be used with Polish-speaking respondents.

Modern trends in logistics of agricultural enterprises

The article is devoted to the analysis of the use of modern trends in the logistics of agricultural enterprises in Slovakia in order to achieve a competitive advantage and to ensure the improvement of the course of business activities. The research was carried out in 67 agricultural enterprises on the territory of Slovakia. The following methods of data collection were used: Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing, Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing and Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing. When interpreting the results of research, descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing were used. Pearson’s chi-squared test, Pearson’s contingency coefficient and Tschuprow’s coefficient were applied as statistical tests. The result of the analysis is the need for digitisation and transfer of Big Data that will lead to better decisions, resulting in higher operational efficiency, cost reduction, risk reduction, flexibility, efficiency, and clarity of logistic processes. Agricultural enterprises in Slovakia will have to accept Industry 4.0. The results of the research revealed that 71.6% of agricultural enterprises strongly agrees with the usage of logistic technology. Price has a strong influence, as an important factor, on the implementation of a new trend in logistics in case of 80.6% agricultural enterprises. 29.8% of respondents accept logistic trends but do not have the funds to implement them in their enterprise.

Quality of Life Improvement in Kaizen Aspect

Abstract The aim of the research is to analyze the quality of life improvement (Kaizen) in the running aspect in Poland. Until now, issues related to the running analysis of the quality life in terms were not the subject of broader, comprehensive scientific considerations. The research was taken in 2019 year and covered a group of 396 runners. The respondents are women posing 67,9% and men posing 32,1% residing in different areas of Poland. The research was based on a questionnaire (CAWI - Computer Assisted Web Interview). Although for most respondents the result is not the most important, they try to improve their running attitude and time. Runners use different ways to be motivated to work on themselves. An example of motivators can be a medal, obtained at the finish line or sharing success with participation in competition on social networks (Facebook).

Rozważania nad kierunkami rozwoju turystyki kulturowej

<p>Celem pracy jest analiza opinii studentów na temat wybranych nowych form turystyki kulturowej. Przedmiotem badania były: poorism, urbex, turystyka ezoteryczna, questing, tanatoturystyka i geocaching. Konsekwentnie zbadano stopień ich znajomości i zebrano informacje na temat ich postrzegania. W celu zebrania informacji, które pozwoliły na dokonanie oceny stopnia znajomości oraz uczestnictwa we wspomnianych formach turystyki, posłużono się techniką CAWI (Computer Assisted Web Interviews), docierając tym samym do społeczności studenckiej Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Badania przeprowadzono w okresie od kwietnia do lipca 2018 r. Za istotne uznano ustalenie, czy te, obecnie niszowe, odmiany turystyki kulturowej mogą w przyszłości mieć wpływ na jej kształt. Zebrane opinie, zgodnie z przyjętym założeniem, mogą stanowić prognostyk przyszłego kierunku rozwoju turystyki kulturowej jako jednej z form turystyki mającej wpływ na podtrzymanie dziedzictwa kulturowego. W badaniu ustalono, że gry terenowe, jak geocaching oraz questing, postrzegane są przez respondentów jako formy bardzo ciekawe i pożyteczne, zarówno dla turystów, jak i dla promocji regionu. Za atrakcyjny jest też uważany urbex, który dostarcza znacznie silniejszych emocji niż rywalizacja podczas gry. Ze względu na swój eksploracyjny oraz nierzadko zewnętrzny charakter forma ta uważana jest przez respondentów za najbliższą turystyce autentyczności. Natomiast za najmniej rozwojowe formy ankietowani uznali poorism i turystykę ezoteryczną.</p>

The Importance of Information Management in the Context of Industry 4.0: Evidence from the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Forbes Diamonds

Currently, the role of information and of the tools facilitating its acquisition and processing is so significant that, in the economic nomenclature, there are already such concepts as an information civilization or information society. The aftermath of this state of affairs is the commercial breakthrough consisting of the enterprise’s success on the intellectual capital rather than the material one. This article aims to show the outline of the information management process and to determine how its components are used in companies. The first part of the paper is devoted to the description of information management concepts in enterprises and the functioning of organizational information systems. The second part of the study includes the results of original research carried out using the Computer-Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) method on the 70 Kuyavian-Pomeranian enterprises counted among the Forbes Diamonds 2018. An analysis of the obtained results indicates that the level of diversity of methods and frequencies of information channels used depends on the size of the entity, its capital structure, and the industry in which they operate. The primary sources of information for the surveyed companies are customers and competitors. The respondents agree that a well-functioning enterprise information system facilitates making decisions in the company and improves internal communication. The most frequently implemented development strategy in the analyzed companies is the market development strategy.

Resilience and cognitive biases mediate the relationship between early exposure to traumatic life events and depressive symptoms in young adults

BackgroundEarly trauma is an important risk factor for depression. However, little is known about the mechanisms of how traumatic life events shape the risk of depression. The present study focused on the mediating role of cognitive biases and mental resilience between early trauma and depressive symptoms in young men and women. Methods2218 non-clinical young adults completed an online Computer Assisted Web Interview (CAWI). It comprised selected items from several questionnaires including: a short version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D, five items) questionnaire, the Traumatic Experience Checklist (TEC, three items) and the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA.Q, three items), a short version (nine items) of Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases Scale (DACOBS-18), the abridged version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10). Parallel mediation analyses were performed. The role of gender was considered. ResultsA significant standardized indirect effect of childhood trauma on depressive symptoms through cognitive biases and resilience was found in the total sample. A standardized direct effect of childhood traumatic life events on depressive symptoms remained also significant, meaning that mediation is complementary. An analysis by gender showed similar results for women and men. LimitationsSample was limited to non-clinical young adults. The questionnaires were shortened, and items were selected arbitrarily due to the nature of the study (online screening). The data may include biases resulting from the use of self-report scales. ConclusionsCognitive biases and resilience are important, but not exclusive, mechanisms of the relationship between early trauma and depressive symptoms.

Il paziente con rene policistico negli ambulatori italiani

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common genetic kidney disease. PKD is a multisystem disorder associated with multiple bilateral renal cysts, slowly increasing kidney size and progressive chronic kidney disease. Approximately 50% of individuals with PKD will require renal replacement therapy by the sixth decade of life. More than 80% will also have multiple liver cysts, which can lead to local pressure effects. Cerebral haemorrhage, secondary to rupture of a berry aneurysm, occurs in up to 8% of individuals. Mitral valve prolapse occurs in up to 25% of patients. Patients with ADPKD have a worsening in the quality of life and a burden of disease similar to cancer patients. The quality of correct information given to patients and a warm reception have a positive impact on patients with ADPKD and contribute to an efficacious treatment program. AIRP conducted a survey to investigate the ADPKD patient journey, meaning the personal experience and expectations of people regarding factors such as disease management, relationships with the nephrologists and their team, and therapies. The survey was conducted on 370 people with ADPKD, using computer-assisted web interviewing (CAWI). The results show that patients with ADPKD with a good relationship with their care team, both nephrologist and nurse, respond better to therapies. Warm reception, dialogue, communication, support, clear explanation, reassurance and guidance altogether contribute to a successful treatment of every single person with ADPKD.

Il paziente con rene policistico negli ambulatori italiani

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common genetic kidney disease. PKD is a multisystem disorder associated with multiple bilateral renal cysts, slowly increasing kidney size and progressive chronic kidney disease. Approximately 50% of individuals with PKD will require renal replacement therapy by the sixth decade of life. More than 80% will also have multiple liver cysts, which can lead to local pressure effects. Cerebral haemorrhage, secondary to rupture of a berry aneurysm, occurs in up to 8% of individuals. Mitral valve prolapse occurs in up to 25% of patients. Patients with ADPKD have a worsening in the quality of life and a burden of disease similar to cancer patients. The quality of correct information given to patients and a warm reception have a positive impact on patients with ADPKD and contribute to an efficacious treatment program. AIRP conducted a survey to investigate the ADPKD patient journey, meaning the personal experience and expectations of people regarding factors such as disease management, relationships with the nephrologists and their team, and therapies. The survey was conducted on 370 people with ADPKD, using computer-assisted web interviewing (CAWI). The results show that patients with ADPKD with a good relationship with their care team, both nephrologist and nurse, respond better to therapies. Warm reception, dialogue, communication, support, clear explanation, reassurance and guidance altogether contribute to a successful treatment of every single person with ADPKD.

Fertility Knowledge of Women in the United States [6M

INTRODUCTION: The demographics of women seeking to conceive has changed, with many women now seeking pregnancy when older. This can lead to disappointment, with the sentiment “I wish I had known more about fertility”. This study sought to assess US women basic understanding of fertility. METHODS: On behalf of SPD, Ipsos Suisse SA interviewed a representative sample of 1,000 US women aged from 20 to 45 years old who are able to have children (with quotas set upon age and region). Interviews were conducted online (computer assisted web interview) via online Panel. RESULTS: When asked “what would you say is the most accurate description, for you personally, of a menstrual cycle?”, only 14% selected the right answer from the five options presented, with 16% selecting “the days on which there is bleeding”. Only 20% knew there were fertile 3-6 days during a menstrual cycle, with 25% thinking pregnancy was possible following intercourse on any day of the cycle; for the 20-24 age group 38% thought pregnancy possible on any day. Only 27% of women could correctly state when the fertile days were in a cycle. CONCLUSION: This survey found a basic gap in fertility knowledge for many US women. Especially worrying was the proportion of these women who believed that pregnancy was possible following intercourse on any day of the cycle, as this could hinder conception chances.

Odbiór fotografii prasowej w kontekście teorii wizualnego alfabetyzmu (visual literacy)

Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badania opartych na teorii visual literacy, w ramach których respondentom przedstawiono dwie fotografie dziennikarskie. Cel: Zbadanie możliwości odbioru przekazu dziennikarskiego zawartego na zdjęciu prasowym, umiejętności odczytania treści fotografii, wpływu obrazu na emocje odbiorcy oraz konieczności użycia słowa dla zrozumienia przekazu fotograficznego. Metody badań: Krytyczna metodologia badań nad wizualnością, badania ilościowe metodą ankietową za pomocą techniki CAWI (Computer Assisted Web Interviews) na ogólnopolskiej próbie liczącej N = 2121 osób, reprezentatywnej dla Polaków w wieku 18 lat i więcej ze względu na płeć, wiek oraz wielkość miejscowości zamieszkania. Wyniki i wnioski: Udowodniono trudności odbiorców w odczytywaniu treści przekazu fotograficznego oraz niską wartość impresywną obrazu. Wartość poznawcza: uzyskane wyniki potwierdzają konieczność użycia słowa w przekazie wizualnym.

Landscape in change as perceived by its residents: A case study of Wilanow West in Warsaw

In the Wilanow West area, Warsaw, Poland, in the vicinity of the Royal Residence complex, which since the 17th century has determined the character and identity of the landscape, two new development projects were initiated: Wilanow Town, honoured with international awards of excellence, and the Temple of Divine Providence, constructed as national votive offering. Some experts anticipated that these new investments would result in the degradation of the landscape value. The planners, however, declared that they would take into account the fragile landscape context. Our research aims to reveal the main factors of perceived identity of this new landscape, what elements constituted its identity and whether national heritage values were present in residents’ awareness.This problem has been shown from resident’s perspective. The survey focuses on landscape identification and perceived landscape quality issues. Our study consisted of two phases: 1) Discourse analysis, concerning the issues related to the level of interest in the topic of neighbourhood’s landscape in the local Internet community, and 2) a survey of residents’ opinions via a questionnaire based on the Computer Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) method (N179).The Wilanow West case study revealed that the quality of physical settings in terms of the quality of planning and urban design (aesthetics, scale of buildings) was the main factor influencing the perception of the identity of landscape. The new urban fabric has dominated historical heritage in spite of protection priorities.

Food Safety in Quality Mark Aspect

Abstract The purpose of the publication is to determine the level of consumer awareness regarding the knowledge of quality marks and food safety awareness in the aspect of purchasing decisions. The research covered a group of 51 respondents who were residents of the Silesian Voivodship. On the basis of literature research and analysis in the field of food quality and safety, the following hypothesis was formulated: By using generally known management methods, we can determine the degree of consumer awareness in terms of quality labels and food safety in the aspect of purchasing decisions. The research was conducted on a quarterly basis in 2018 based on a questionnaire (CAWI - Computer Assisted Web Interview). The results of research and their analysis have shown that consumer awareness regarding the awareness of quality marks increases, however, there is still a great need to build consumer awareness regarding the existence of quality marks and information that they provide to the consumer in terms of both quality and food safety. Research has shown that consumers are aware of the quality marks existence, but their knowledge about familiarity is still too small. It was shown that consumers, when making purchasing decisions, pay attention to product quality, price, quality certificate and ecological certificate. The factor that determines the safety of the product according to consumers turns out to be its composition. Consumers showed in research that they will not buy a product that has palm oil, sulfur dioxide, glucose-fructose syrup and aspartame.

Hedonic and Utilitarian Drivers of Customer Engagement

Although the notion of customer engagement has been an important topic of ongoing discussion in marketing academia and business practice, still little is known on the impact of customer value that comprises of hedonic and utilitarian dimensions, on customer behavioral manifestations toward the brands or firms that goes beyond purchase. The main purpose of this study is to examine whether and how hedonic and utilitarian dimensions of customer value impact customer engagement across distinct consumer markets. Based on the computer-assisted web interviews with 1,559 consumers in the age of 15-64, descriptive statistics and structural equation modelling are used in this study. Consumers of three distinct product categories such as clothing, beer, and mobile phones are interviewed. Drawing on the behavioral interpretation of customer engagement and means-ends models of customer value, this paper reveals the crucial impact of hedonic and utilitarian values on customer engagement manifested in three forms such as customers’ communication, customer complaints and customer collaboration, offering the holistic perspective on multi-faced nature of customer engagement. The research also uncovers some disparities in the strength of the hedonic and utilitarian drivers of customer engagement across markets. Thus, the current study contributes to the better understanding of the customer-based factors affecting customer engagement and offers managerial implications on designing the effective sets of incentives for mobilizing customer engagement.

The interplay between childhood trauma, cognitive biases, psychotic-like experiences and depression and their additive impact on predicting lifetime suicidal behavior in young adults.

Childhood trauma, psychosis risk, cognition, and depression have been identified as important risk markers for suicidal behaviors. However, little is known about the interplay between these distal and proximal markers in influencing the risk of suicide. We aim to investigate the interplay between childhood trauma, cognitive biases, psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and depression in predicting suicidal behaviors in a non-clinical sample of young adults. In total, 3495 young adults were recruited to an online computer-assisted web interview. We used the Prodromal Questionnaire to assess PLEs. Childhood trauma was assessed with the Traumatic Experience Checklist (three items) and Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA.Q, three items). Cognitive biases were assessed with a short version of the Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases Scale. Suicidality, psychiatric diagnoses, and substance use were screened with a self-report questionnaire. Childhood trauma, as well as PLEs, was associated with an approximately five-fold increased risk of suicidal thoughts and plans as well as suicide attempts. Participants with depression were six times more likely to endorse suicidal behaviors. Path analysis revealed that PLEs, depression and cognitive biases are significant mediators of the relationship between trauma and suicidal behaviors. The model explained 44.6% of the variance in lifetime suicidality. Cognitive biases, PLEs, and depression partially mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and suicidal behaviors. The interplay between distal and proximal markers should be recognized and become part of clinical screening and therapeutic strategies for preventing risk of suicidality.

Use of generic medicines in Latvia: awareness, opinions and experiences of the population

BackgroundTo stimulate use of generic medicines a combination of supply and demand side mechanisms are employed in the Latvian reimbursement system. It is reported that patients have high out-of-pocket pharmaceutical spending and that they overpay by not choosing generic medicines. Patient preferences may be an important obstacle in implementing generic policy. Objective of this study was to assess awareness, opinions and experience of the Latvian population regarding use of generic medicines.MethodsSurvey of representative sample of the population of Latvia (n = 1005) aged 18–74 was conducted in March 2015. The survey was distributed in Latvian and Russian languages using Computer Assisted Web Interviews. Associations between experience with generic medicines, preference for medicines, and sociodemographic variables were tested with Pearson Chi-square statistics. Associations between the previous experience and information given by different sources versus choice between medicines were tested with Spearman’s correlation test.Results72.3% of the population were informed about generic medicines. Men (66.9%) and respondents with primary or secondary education (58.3%; 69.3%) were less informed compared to total (72.3%). From those who recalled using generic medicines (n = 441), 94.4% evaluated their experience as positive or neutral. Despite this, only 21% of the population would opt for generic medicines. The strongest preference for brand-name medicines was in the age group > 55 (40.5%). Opinion of a physician was the most important factor when choosing between generic and brand-name medicines (88.7%). The more positive the information provided by general practitioners, physician specialists, pharmacists, family members, friends and internet is perceived, the more likely respondents are to choose generic medicines (p < 0.001).ConclusionThis study demonstrates that people in Latvia are aware of generic medicines but only a minority of the population would choose them when presented with a choice. It is therefore important that health care professionals provide objective and unbiased information about generic medicines to their patients. Interventions should aim to reach groups that are less informed and to improve providers’ understanding and communication with patients about generics.

Housing needs of Polish seniors

The growing share of seniors in the population of Poland and the lack of systemic solutions in the field of social security, resulting from the lack of diagnosis of real needs of this group, imposes the extension of research tasks undertaken so far. Such diagnosis is needed to build a housing system for the Polish seniors. The objective of the article is to present selected results of research on the needs of people aged 60+ conducted in 2017. The study of quantitative and qualitative nature, was based an online questionnaire (CAWI — Computer-Assisted Web Interview) as well as on a questionnaire distributed in paper form and individual interviews were also conducted (IDI — In-depth Interview). The results of the quantitative research together with the recommendations included in the expertise can constitute a field for entrepreneurship at various levels of activities in construction and services related to facilities in the existing housing infrastructure. Senior housing requires sectoral cooperation, various forms of construction and financing models for housing construction.

Mental accounting in the context of savings and credit decisions. Evidence from Poland

The main objective of this article is to identify and analyze the factors favouring the attitude of mental accounting in a wider sense. The analysis also helped identify the advantages and disadvantages resulting from the adoption of such an attitude as well as an assessment of the decisions made from the economic and psychological perspective. The following hypothesis was formulated: individuals characterised by debt aversion do not show an inclination to adopt the attitude of mental accounting in a wider sense. The core research method used in the study is logistic regression. The necessary empirical data of quantitative and qualitative nature were collected through surveys carried out in January 2013 through Computer Assisted Web Interview on a sample of 1000 Poles aged 15 or above. Other methods applied include a review and critical analysis of the subject literature. The study shows that among the factors identified, the strongest determinants of the mental accounting attitude are: having debt, having savings, debt aversion and the amount of monthly net income achieved. Both having debt and high monthly net income increase the likelihood of adoption of the attitudes of mental accounting, while the other factors have the opposite effect. In addition to the above factors, the behaviour of the people likely to do mental accounting is also affected by the objective of consumer spending as well as the time and the purpose of saving. Adopting the mental accounting attitude has some advantages, the most important of which is the fact that the attitude builds the ability to systematically manage the household budget and facilitates the efficient planning of income and expenditure as well as consistently sticking to previous decisions. Creating mental accounts helps organize personal finance and thus promotes achieving the goals of saving; this means that the psychological need of safety is met. With regard to the disadvantages of adopting the said attitude, it should be emphasized that the decision to protect savings, which results in the need for borrowing, exposes the individual to the risks of debt servicing and extra costs, which in extreme cases may bring about an over-indebtedness