Computer-assisted Animation Research Articles

Conceptual Understanding in Static Fluid through the Recitation Program for Students at SMA Ar-Rohmah International Islamic Boarding School

Conceptual understanding of physics is one of the important factors to improve the quality of learning physics. However, several studies have shown that student’s conceptual understanding is low, especially in static fluid material. Several studies have attempted to use recitation programs and have succeeded in increasing understanding of the concept. Student's conceptual understanding can be improved through independent learning. Independent learning can use recitation programs, but not many available static fluid recitation programs are equipped with concept explanations and do not yet cover students who study in a formal and boarding school system, such as boarding school students. Existing recitation programs are widely used by students to support independent learning. Recitation of students is still rare because of the lack of independent learning. Therefore, this study aims to improve boarding school student’s conceptual understanding in static fluid material through recitation program. This research is quantitative research with a quasi-experimental and one group pretest-posttest design. The recitation program is given in the form of an interesting computer-assisted animation outside of learning. The subjects of this study were 40 students of class XI Natural Science 1 at the SMA International Islamic Boarding School Ar-Rohmah Dau, Malang. The research instruments included valid recitation programs and pretest-posttest questions. Data obtained from the results of the conceptual understanding test supported by interviews. The results showed that there was an increase in students' understanding of the concept which was calculated through an N-gain of 0.45 in the medium category and an effect-size of 1.68 in the strong category. The findings of this study imply that the recitation program can improve student's understanding of concepts like previous research, and practically that teachers can utilize the recitation program as student learning material.

The Effects of Computer-Aided Animation Technology in the Teaching of Hematological Medicine

Clinical hematology and hematology are one of the main courses of the Department of Medical Laboratory Science. In experimental teaching, students are required to correctly identify a variety of cells in bone marrow under a microscope, which is one of the most difficult content for students to master. The traditional experimental teaching of cell morphology has brought different degrees of influence on the teaching effect. In order to make it easier, faster and effective for teachers to teach students about cell morphology in the limited teaching time, and to allow students to more intuitively recognize various cells and increase their interest in learning, it is necessary to reform the experimental teaching methods. Computer-aided animation technology is a three-dimensional composition technology that can display things in reality in three-dimensional images. Applying computer-assisted animation technology to the teaching of hematology in medical schools can display cell morphology more vividly. This will help deepen students' understanding of classroom knowledge. Therefore, this study selected clinical undergraduates who were internships in the Department of Hematology as the research objects. 235 students in the experimental group used the 3D animation technology teaching method in computer-assisted animation technology to teach students "Morphological Changes in the Process of Cellular Immune Regulation"; 257 students in the control group used traditional clinical teaching methods. Through questionnaire surveys and personal interviews, understanding the evaluation of students and teachers on this teaching mode, and comparing the teaching effect through theoretical examination and practical skill assessment.

Computer Animation Process Research

The article talks about the history of animation, focusing on the production of computer-assisted animation effects. Include key technologies of early modeling animation, motion control, distribution plan and other colors. Tracking the most advanced animation techniques and methods. Finally, introduce the application of the major animation techniques.

Computer graphics: principles and practice

1. Introduction. Image Processing as Picture Analysis. The Advantages of Interactive Graphics. Representative Uses of Computer Graphics. Classification of Applications. Development of Hardware and Software for Computer Graphics. Conceptual Framework for Interactive Graphics. 2. Programming in the Simple Raster Graphics Package (SRGP)/. Drawing with SRGP/. Basic Interaction Handling/. Raster Graphics Features/. Limitations of SRGP/. 3. Basic Raster Graphics Algorithms for Drawing 2d Primitives. Overview. Scan Converting Lines. Scan Converting Circles. Scan Convertiing Ellipses. Filling Rectangles. Fillign Polygons. Filling Ellipse Arcs. Pattern Filling. Thick Primiives. Line Style and Pen Style. Clipping in a Raster World. Clipping Lines. Clipping Circles and Ellipses. Clipping Polygons. Generating Characters. SRGP_copyPixel. Antialiasing. 4. Graphics Hardware. Hardcopy Technologies. Display Technologies. Raster-Scan Display Systems. The Video Controller. Random-Scan Display Processor. Input Devices for Operator Interaction. Image Scanners. 5. Geometrical Transformations. 2D Transformations. Homogeneous Coordinates and Matrix Representation of 2D Transformations. Composition of 2D Transformations. The Window-to-Viewport Transformation. Efficiency. Matrix Representation of 3D Transformations. Composition of 3D Transformations. Transformations as a Change in Coordinate System. 6. Viewing in 3D. Projections. Specifying an Arbitrary 3D View. Examples of 3D Viewing. The Mathematics of Planar Geometric Projections. Implementing Planar Geometric Projections. Coordinate Systems. 7. Object Hierarchy and Simple PHIGS (SPHIGS). Geometric Modeling. Characteristics of Retained-Mode Graphics Packages. Defining and Displaying Structures. Modeling Transformations. Hierarchical Structure Networks. Matrix Composition in Display Traversal. Appearance-Attribute Handling in Hierarchy. Screen Updating and Rendering Modes. Structure Network Editing for Dynamic Effects. Interaction. Additional Output Features. Implementation Issues. Optimizing Display of Hierarchical Models. Limitations of Hierarchical Modeling in PHIGS. Alternative Forms of Hierarchical Modeling. 8. Input Devices, Interaction Techniques, and Interaction Tasks. Interaction Hardware. Basic Interaction Tasks. Composite Interaction Tasks. 9. Dialogue Design. The Form and Content of User-Computer Dialogues. User-Interfaces Styles. Important Design Considerations. Modes and Syntax. Visual Design. The Design Methodology. 10. User Interface Software. Basic Interaction-Handling Models. Windows-Management Systems. Output Handling in Window Systems. Input Handling in Window Systems. Interaction-Technique Toolkits. User-Interface Management Systems. 11. Representing Curves and Surfaces. Polygon Meshes. Parametric Cubic Curves. Parametric Bicubic Surfaces. Quadric Surfaces. 12. Solid Modeling. Representing Solids. Regularized Boolean Set Operations. Primitive Instancing. Sweep Representations. Boundary Representations. Spatial-Partitioning Representations. Constructive Solid Geometry. Comparison of Representations. User Interfaces for Solid Modeling. 13. Achromatic and Colored Light. Achromatic Light. Chromatic Color. Color Models for Raster Graphics. Reproducing Color. Using Color in Computer Graphics. 14. The Quest for Visual Realism. Why Realism? Fundamental Difficulties. Rendering Techniques for Line Drawings. Rendering Techniques for Shaded Images. Improved Object Models. Dynamics. Stereopsis. Improved Displays. Interacting with Our Other Senses. Aliasing and Antialiasing. 15. Visible-Surface Determination. Functions of Two Variables. Techniques for Efficient Visible-Surface Determination. Algorithms for Visible-Line Determination. The z-Buffer Algorithm. List-Priority Algorithms. Scan-Line Algorithms. Area-Subdivision Algorithms. Algorithms for Octrees. Algorithms for Curved Surfaces. Visible-Surface Ray Tracing. 16. Illumination And Shading. Illumination Modeling. Shading Models for Polygons. Surface Detail. Shadows. Transparency. Interobject Reflections. Physically Based Illumination Models. Extended Light Sources. Spectral Sampling. Improving the Camera Model. Global Illumination Algorithms. Recursive Ray Tracing. Radiosity Methods. The Rendering Pipeline. 17. Image Manipulation and Storage. What Is an Image? Filtering. Image Processing. Geometric Transformations of Images. Multipass Transformations. Image Compositing. Mechanisms for Image Storage. Special Effects with Images. Summary. 18. Advanced Raster Graphic Architecture. Simple Raster-Display System. Display-Processor Systems. Standard Graphics Pipeline. Introduction to Multiprocessing. Pipeline Front-End Architecture. Parallel Front-End Architectures. Multiprocessor Rasterization Architectures. Image-Parallel Rasterization. Object-Parallel Rasterization. Hybrid-Parallel Rasterization. Enhanced Display Capabilities. 19. Advanced Geometric and Raster Algorithms. Clipping. Scan-Converting Primitives. Antialiasing. The Special Problems of Text. Filling Algorithms. Making copyPixel Fast. The Shape Data Structure and Shape Algebra. Managing Windows with bitBlt. Page Description Languages. 20. Advanced Modeling Techniques. Extensions of Previous Techniques. Procedural Models. Fractal Models. Grammar-Based Models. Particle Systems. Volume Rendering. Physically Based Modeling. Special Models for Natural and Synthetic Objects. Automating Object Placement. 21. Animation. Conventional and Computer-Assisted Animation. Animation Languages. Methods of Controlling Animation. Basic Rules of Animation. Problems Peculiar to Animation. Appendix: Mathematics for Computer Graphics. Vector Spaces and Affine Spaces. Some Standard Constructions in Vector Spaces. Dot Products and Distances. Matrices. Linear and Affine Transformations. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors. Newton-Raphson Iteration for Root Finding. Bibliography. Index. 0201848406T04062001

Automatic cartoon matching in computer-assisted animation production

Traditional cartoon animation painting has always been a tedious job. In order to improve the efficiency of the process, the development of an automatic cartoon generation system including automatic inbetweening and coloring is required. Automatic matching of cartoon characters in key frames is the prerequisite for the system. This paper provides a novel matching algorithm with iterative maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation and the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation. Specifically, this algorithm formulate cartoon matching as a many-to-many labeling problem. To refine the results of matching, an optimization approach is adopted to alternatively conduct the MAP estimation and the ML estimation. Besides, we construct the correspondence by using the local shape descriptor, and the rotation and scale invariance in matching can be achieved. The experimental results on real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods for automatic cartoon matching.

On Developing HyperCard Stacks for the Study of Chinese Characters: KanjiCard

In learning Chinese characters which are logographic scripts, students need enhanced graphic presentation in order to discriminate the distinctive features of each character. They also need enhanced shape and meaning association to develop a learning strategy unique for logographic scripts. The "hypermedia" approach, i.e., the coordinated use of various media; graphic, text, sound and animation, is taken in KanjiCard1 to meet these pedagogical needs. It is an interactive self-tutorial program for beginning students of Japanese to learn Kanji, Chinese characters used in the Japanese language. It is being developed on Macintosh microcomputers using Hypercard technology and other applications such as computer-assisted animation andvoice digitizing.

Complex Object Correspondence Construction in Two-Dimensional Animation

Correspondence construction of objects in key frames is the precondition for inbetweening and coloring in 2-D computer-assisted animation production. Since each frame of an animation consists of multiple layers, objects are complex in terms of shape and structure. Therefore, existing shape-matching algorithms specifically designed for simple structures such as a single closed contour cannot perform well on objects constructed by multiple contours with an open shape. This paper introduces a semisupervised patch alignment framework for complex object correspondence construction. In particular, the new framework constructs local patches for each point on an object and aligns these patches in a new feature space, in which correspondences between objects can be detected by the subsequent clustering. For local patch construction, pairwise constraints, which indicate the corresponding points (must link) or unfitting points (cannot link), are introduced by users to improve the performance of correspondence construction. This kind of input is convenient for animation software users via user-friendly interfaces. A dozen of experimental results on our cartoon data set that is built on industrial production suggest the effectiveness of the proposed framework for constructing correspondences of complex objects. As an extension of our framework, additional shape retrieval experiments on MPEG-7 data set show that its performance is comparable with that of a prominent algorithm published in T-PAMI 2009.

A mesh-based automatic in-betweening algorithm in computer-assisted animation

The automatic in-betweening technology is one of the most important technologies in computer-assisted animation. The preprocessing of inconsistency of the topological structure between the start and the end key frames is time-consuming in the traditional in-betweening algorithm. Therefore, in order to guarantee the consistency of the topology structure between the start and the end key frames, we present in this paper a new mesh-based automatic in-betweening algorithm for the key frame animation. By meshing a three-dimensional object, all the infinite and disorderly points on the surface of an object can be converted into finite and ordinal points according to some principles of each layer and between layers, and then a series of in-betweens can be automatically generated in terms of an interpolation function. The algorithm in this paper presents a solution to the corresponding principles of the vertices on each layer and between layers after meshing the start and the end key frames. The experimental results demonstrate that the animation generated based on this method is smooth, natural, and fluent. In application, our algorithm can improve the efficiency of animation production as well as greatly reducing the cost.

Computer-assisted animation of atrial tachyarrhythmias recorded with a 64-electrode basket catheter

OBJECTIVESThe aim of this study was to assess the value of a new mapping technique based on computer-assisted animation of multielectrode basket catheter (BC) recordings in patients with atrial arrhythmias.BACKGROUNDThe three-dimensional activation patterns of cardiac arrhythmias are not completely understood owing to limitations of conventional mapping techniques.METHODSThe study included 32 patients with atrial tachycardia (AT) and 38 patients with atrial flutter (AFL). A software program was developed to analyze the activation patterns based on 56 bipolar electrograms recorded with a 64-electrode BC deployed in the right atrium (RA).RESULTSThe total time needed for the animation of activation patterns of atrial arrhythmias was 5 ± 0.8 min. In 22 patients with right AT, the animated maps revealed that arrhythmia was unifocal in 15 patients, multifocal in 2 patients, polymorphic in 4 patients and reentrant in 1 patient. In 10 patients with left AT, breakthroughs on the right side of the septum (2 in 8 patients and 1 in 2 patients) and a left-to-right activation of the RA were demonstrated. In patients with typical AF, the reentrant excitation was a broad activation front with preferential propagation around the tricuspid annulus. In patients with atypical AFL, the reentry circuit involved one of the venae cavae and a line of block located in the posterior wall.CONCLUSIONSThe computer-assisted animation of multiple electrograms recorded with a BC is a valuable mapping tool that delineates the three-dimensional activation patterns of various atrial arrhythmias. The technique is appropriate for complex, short-lived or unstable arrhythmias.

Three-dimensional Computer-assisted Animation of Atrial Tachyarrhythmias Recorded With a 64-Polar Basket Catheter

Three-dimensional Computer-assisted Animation of Atrial Tachyarrhythmias Recorded With a 64-Polar Basket Catheter

Three-dimensional computer-assisted animation of atrial tachyarrhythmias recorded with a 64-polar basket catheter

Three-dimensional computer-assisted animation of atrial tachyarrhythmias recorded with a 64-polar basket catheter

Automatic curve fitting with quadratic B-spline functions and its applications to computer-assisted animation

Automatic fitting to digitized curves by quadratic B-spline functions is discussed. Due to its simplicity, it is possible to find a quick fit within a given error tolerance bound which is defined as the maximum distance between the fitted curve and the original curve. Again due to the simple form of a quadratic polynomial, some complicated computations in computer-assisted animation such as hidden line removal can also be easily handled.

Automatic curve fitting with Quadratic B-spline Functions and its applications to computer-assisted animation

Automatic curve fitting with Quadratic B-spline Functions and its applications to computer-assisted animation

Cholecystokinin accelerates the rate of habituation to a novel environment

Cholecystokinin (CCK 8), an octapeptide present in high concentrations in both gut and brain, has been proposed as a putative satiety signal in a variety of species. Exploratory and social behaviors in particular are inhibited by exogenously administered CCK 8. One hypothesis for the mechanism by which CCK reduces feeding and exploration is that CCK 8 is reducing arousal and attention to environment stimuli. This possibility was tested by analyzing the rate of habituation to the novelty of objects placed in an unfamiliar arena. A video-tracking computer-assisted animal behavior monitor measured four parameters of exploratory behaviors in rats pretreated with intraperitoneal CCK 8. During the first 30 minutes in the novel environment, CCK 8-treated animals showed a reduced latency to cessation of exploration as compared to saline controls. In repeated five minute sessions on consecutive days, CCK 8 treatment accelerated the decline in exploration over daily sessions. Pentobarbital, a known sedative, induced low levels of exploration throughout the repeated daily sessions. These data suggest that CCK 8 is inducing a more rapid rate of habituation to the novelty of environmental stimuli. An accelerated rate of habituation might underlie some of the satiety-related behavioral effects of this peptide.

Divergent effects of cholecystokinin, bombesin, and lithium on rat exploratory behaviors

Cholecystokinin induces a reduction in exploratory behaviors which could reflect an underlying behavioral state of either satiety or malaise. To investigate these alternative hypotheses, the effects of CCK were compared to the effects of (a) consumption of an extra quantity of palatable food, of (b) bombesin at doses known to inhibit food consumption, and of (c) lithium chloride, at doses known to produce taste aversion. Parameters of exploration of a novel arena surface and investigation of a novel object placed in the center of the arena were analyzed by an automated video-tracking computer-assisted animal behavior monitor. Cholecystokinin reduced all parameters of exploration. Ingestion of at least one gram of chocolate chip cookie also reduced all exploratory parameters. Bombesin reduced only parameters of approach to the novel object and the center of the arena. Lithium chloride reduced only parameters of approach to the novel object and the center of the arena. CCK may influence exploratory behaviors through mechanisms similar to those produced by ingestion of palatable food, but somewhat different from those produced by lithium and bombesin.

Behavioral characterization of two long-lasting adenosine analogs: Sedative properties and interaction with diazepam

Behavioral analysis of the sedative properties of two potent long-lasting adenosine analogs was performed in mice, using a video-tracking computer-assisted animal behavior monitor. Cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) and 2-chloroadenosine significantly decreased number of movements, increased duration of pauses, and decreased the mean exploratory distance per move, beginning at 0.5 mg/kg i.p. Rotorod analysis of motor coordination and hotplate testing for analgesia also showed significant deficits at these low doses. Diazepam-induced increases in exploratory behavior were reversed by adenosine and its analogs, supporting the possibility of benzodiazepine-adenosine interactions in the central nervous system.

Cholecystokinin reduces exploratory behavior in mice

The role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in mediating spontaneous behaviors in mice was analyzed, using a video-tracking, computer-assisted animal behavior monitoring system. Intraperitoneal administration of cholecystokinin octapeptide decreased investigation of environmental objects and interactions with a female mouse, while increasing the amount of time spent in the corners of the test arena and the duration of non-exploratory pauses. Dose-dependent effects were seen in the range of 0.12–50 μg/kg. Other parameters of motor activity were normal, indicating that the reduction in exploratory tendencies is not a function of sedation or loss of motor coordination. Neither gastrin nor unsulfated cholecystokinin 8 changed any of the measured parameters, indicating pharmacological specificity for the observed reduction in exploration.

The problems of computer-assisted animation

In the last few years several systems have been written for aiding in the conventional two-dimensional animation process. The main purpose of these systems has been to let the computer produce missing drawings based on extreme drawings produced by animators. While there has been some success and a great deal of optimism, the promise of higher output and quality using a computer has not been realized. The transition from simple drawings optimized for use on the computer to the complicated and detailed drawings of quality conventional animation has been much harder than expected. The principle difficulty is that the animators drawings are really two dimensional projections of three dimensional characters as visualized in the animators head, hence information is lost, ie. one leg obscures another. The problem of making a program infer the original object from its projections is akin to extremely difficult artificial intelligence problems. Efforts to overcome this by drawing skeletons or increasing the number of overlays require more manual intervention thereby offsetting the gains of using the computer. One way to analyze an approach is to determine the average time required of an artist or operator at all stages of animation for every frame. A second problem not generally recognized is that a production animation system requires the management of hundreds of thousands of drawings, hence data base management techniques not normally found in experimental animation systems.