Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation Method Research Articles

Droplet deposition behavior on the surface of wheat leaves with wind-induced vibration

Droplet impingement on leaf surfaces is a common phenomenon in the spray application process. Most impingements have focused on droplet deposition behavior on stationary leaf surfaces. However, airflow movement and auxiliary airflow during the spray application process create disturbances and generate vibrations on the leaves, which would inevitably affect the deposition conditions of droplets on leaf surfaces. A three-dimensional “droplet-leaf vibration” Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation model is constructed in this paper, and model validation and simulation tests are performed to investigate the effects of leaf vibration on droplet deposition. Experimental results reveal that when the droplet velocity is 1 m/s, with a 60° inclination angle and a vibrational angular velocity of 9 rad/s, the spreading area factor of a 200-μm droplet has the greatest increase up to a value of 1.34, and vibrational effects on the deposition behavior of the three droplet diameters demonstrate a consistent trend.Compared to stationary leaves, vibrating wheat leaves can alter the impingement behavior of droplets close to critical conditions, and vibration can also increase the sliding range for droplets. Vibration in wheat leaves can promote droplet spreading and deposition and increase the spreading area of droplets on the leaf surface. The effects of vibration on large-diameter droplets are more significant compared to small-diameter droplets, where droplet spreading and movement can be effectively enhanced. This paper shall provide a three-dimensional “droplet-leaf vibration” CFD simulation method, providing novel research ideas for the study of droplet deposition behavior on vibrating leaves.

Heat transfer coefficient simulation and temperature distribution prediction of wire loops in the Stelmor air‐cooling system

AbstractDuring the Stelmor air‐cooling process, the temperature distribution has a significant impact on the wire loops' final mechanical properties. The temperature distribution during the air‐cooling process is accurately solved by establishing three‐dimensional model and numerical simulations. The heat transfer coefficient at the highly dense region is much smaller than that of wire loops at the low dense region, and changes periodically over time, according to a computational fluid dynamics simulation method. It is also found that the heat transfer coefficient on the cross‐section of the wire loop is very different, with a difference of 70–100 W/m2 K. Finally, the finite difference method is used to calculate the mathematical model of the temperature distribution during the Stelmor air‐cooling process. Comparing the results with the measurement data, the simulation results and measurement data match up well.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Validation and Investigation the Effect of Piston Bowl Geometries Performance on Port Fuel Injection-Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (PFI-HCCI) Engines

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Validation and Investigation the Effect of Piston Bowl Geometries Performance on Port Fuel Injection-Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (PFI-HCCI) Engines

Continuous ultrasonic ozone coupling technology-assisted control of ceramic membrane fouling coupled enhanced multiphase mixing to treat dye wastewater and CFD flow field simulation

In this study, ozone catalysts (hydrogenation-modified red mud, HM-RM) successfully prepared by hydrogenation-modification of industrial hazardous solid waste red mud (RM) as a raw material in accordance with the viewpoint of treating waste with waste and using waste. Meanwhile, as for the common phenomenon of membrane fouling, uneven distribution of multiphase solid catalysts and ozone in liquids, the addition of ultrasound can not only disperse materials, but also play a role in online cleaning of ceramic membranes and catalysts. The optimum treatment conditions for Rhodamine B (RhB) solution with volume of 2 L and concentration of 40 mg/L were catalyst concentration of 0.4 mg/L, reaction temperature of 45 °C, ultrasonic time of 1 h, ultrasonic intensity of 600 W, removal rate of RhB was up to 90 %. In addition, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation method was used to investigate the fluid flow between the two gas-liquid phases and the effect of the negative pressure of the membrane pump on the fluid by the analysis of flow, pressure and ozone flux of the ceramic membrane(CM) reaction apparatus. The CFD simulation results showed that at the inlet gas-liquid flow rate of 3 m/s and the negative pressure of 20,000 Pa, the maximum flow rates of CM-1 were 3 m/s, 0.752 m/s for CM-2, and 0.228 m/s for CM-3, respectively. Vortices, which are beneficial to solid-liquid mixing and gas-liquid mass transfer, formed between the suction port CM-1 of CM-1 and the inlets of CM-2 and CM-3. This discovery is consistent with relevant experimental research results. Significantly higher concentrations of both •OH and dissolved ozone were observed in the US/HM-RM/O3 system compared to other systems, indicating the significant improvement in ozone utilization rate through the application of ultrasound. The superiority of the US/HM-RM/O3 device was demonstrated. The real dye effluent was tested under optimum operating conditions and the results showed that COD and TOC were reduced by 81.34 % and 60.23 % respectively after 180 min of treatment. The above research can provide technical support for the treatment of dye wastewater using Ultrasound-enhanced ozone oxidation ceramic membranes.

The Analysis of the Impact of Building Openings Design Variations on Thermal Comfort and Airflow Velocity by using CFD Simulation

Thermal comfort is very important to support a building’s user productivity. This study was conducted to investigate thermal comfort and airflow velocity in the engineering laboratory building at the State University of Malang.Preliminary observations have shown that the average room air temperature was around 27 - 31°C, which caused the uncomfortable condition. Thermal comfort enhancement in this study is investigated by applying several variations and treatments to existing openings. By using descriptive quantitative and experimental methods, the analysis uses the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation method with the ANSYS Workbench 19.0 Program. The simulation was applied to seven rooms with various types of openings. Parameters used in the simulation process are: 1) room geometry data consisting of images, room area, and location of ventilation openings, and 2) measurement reference points such as airflow velocity and room temperature. The dimensions of the openings will be observed by varying the treatment in each room, namely by opening all the inlets in the room (S), opening the inlets on the air vents only (J), and opening the inlets on the windows only (V). Primary data in the form of room temperature, airflow velocity, relative humidity, and physical dimensions of buildings are obtained through direct observation. The simulation results show that the maximum airflow velocity of the rooms (0.34 m/s) is found in the largest dimension variation of the inlet area of the opening (13.15 m2). The lowest temperature is found in the rooms with the smallest dimension of inlet (28oC) with the value of room temperature in the range of 27.5oC – 30.2°C. The statistical analysis of one-way ANOVA shows that by using a significance level of 0.05, there is an effect of variations in the design of openings on the level of thermal comfort in each room.

Fluid dynamics simulation on water lubricating performance of micro-/nano-textured surfaces considering roughness structures

With the development of surface precision machining technology and extensive studies on lubrication and friction reduction, the use of surface texture to reduce friction has attracted widespread attention, but few studies have considered the influence of surface roughness on lubrication characteristics. By employing the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation method, the lubrication models with rectangular textures and the introduction of rough asperity structures at the same time are established. The effects of the corresponding structure parameters on the lubrication performance of textured and roughed surfaces are studied under water lubrication conditions. Our results suggest that the adjustment of geometric parameters on the micro-/nano-structured surfaces can influence the load-bearing capacity of the water lubrication film, thus affecting the hydrodynamic lubrication performance on the surface. In addition, the generation of vortex in the micro-textures can bring changes in vorticity, which causes energy dissipation and affects frictional forces. In the lubrication model with rectangular textures, optimal hydrodynamic lubrication performance is obtained under the appropriate depth ratio <i>H</i> = 0.6. Meanwhile, the corresponding lubrication performance can be enhanced by increasing the width ratio (<i>W</i>) of surface texture. After introducing random asperity structures on the micro-textured surface with a standard deviation <i>δ</i> = 0.5, the bearing capacity is increased by 44%, and the friction coefficient is reduced by 30.9%. Moreover, the introduction of half-sine rough asperity structures can only result in relatively minor differences in the lubrication performance, i.e. the changes of bearing capacity and friction coefficient are less than 10%. However, the introduction of compound hierarchical structure consisting of random asperity structures and half-sine rough asperity structures can result in an increase in the corresponding bearing capacity by 42% and a reduction in the friction coefficient by 31.1%, which implies a significant enhancement in the hydrodynamic lubrication performance.

Development of a forward design method for train airtightness: A case study of a metro express line

Focusing on metro express lines, this study develops a train airtightness forward design method by deconstructing whole-vehicle pressure change and dynamic sealing index requirements into key airtight component static sealing indices. This is achieved through the utilization of theoretical calculations, simulation calculations, laboratory tests, and field tests. Firstly, a research framework for the train airtightness forward design method is established. Subsequently, a sealed train is manufactured based on existing capabilities, and the following research is conducted: 1) Establishment of a conversion formula between key airtight component static sealing indices and the theoretical whole-vehicle static sealing index. 2) Examination of the theoretical weight relationship between key airtight components and the whole-vehicle theoretical static sealing performance, revealing that the doors and the carriage body each contribute to almost 50 % of the entire train's static sealing performance. 3) Investigation into the relationship between whole-vehicle theoretical and actual static sealing indices, revealing that test values for head/tail car pressure retention duration and static sealing index are 16 % below theoretical values, while those for the middle car are 13 % lower than the theoretical values. 4) Assessment of the validity of current standards. 5) Establishment of a calculation method for the relationship between whole-vehicle dynamic and static sealing indices, discovering that the whole-vehicle dynamic sealing index is 0.034–0.081 times the whole-vehicle static sealing index. 6) Development of a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation method to calculate metro trains' external wall pressure, which is validated through real-vehicle test data. Finally, within this framework, the train airtightness forward design method is formulated by determining the unknown relationships among airtightness parameters, standard indices, and simulation methods. Importantly, the forward airtightness design process and method established in this study are not limited to metro trains alone. They also serve as valuable references for airtightness research and development in various other products with similar requirements, including locomotives, electric multiple units, high-speed trains, and maglev trains.

Effectiveness of SplashGuard Caregiver prototype in reducing the risk of aerosol transmission in intensive care unit rooms of SARS-CoV-2 patients: a prospective and simulation study

The contagiousness of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is known to be linked to the emission of bioaerosols. Thus, aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) could increase the risk of infection among healthcare workers (HCWs). To investigate the impact of an aerosol protection box, the SplashGuard Caregiver (SGGC) with suction system, by direct analysis of the presence of viral particles after an AGP, and by using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation method. This prospective observational study investigated HCWs caring for patients with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). Rooms were categorized as: SGCG present and SGCG absent. Virus detection was performed through direct analysis, and using a CFD model to simulate the movement dynamics of airborne particles produced by a patient's respiratory activities. Of the 67 analyses performed, three samples tested positive on quantitative polymerase chain reaction: one of 33 analyses in the SCCG group (3%) and two of 34 analyses in the non-SGCG group (5.9%). CFD simulations showed that: (1) reduction of the gaps of an SGCG could decrease the number of emitted particles remaining airborne within the room by up to 70%; and (2) positioning HCWs facing the opposite direction to the main air flow would reduce their exposure. This study documented the presence of SARS-CoV-2 among HCWs in a negative pressure ICU room of an infected patient with or without the use of an SGCG. The simulation will help to improve the design of the SGCG and the positioning of HCWs in the room.

Investigating the impact of gaspers on airborne disease transmission in an economy-class aircraft cabin with personalized displacement ventilation

Overhead gaspers provide directional fresh airflow, and thus affect the local airflow pattern and contaminant distribution. To investigate the impact of gaspers on airborne disease transmission in an aircraft cabin with a personalized displacement ventilation system, numerical calculations were conducted in a seven-row, single-aisle, fully occupied, economy-class aircraft cabin with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation method. We first investigated the impact of source gasper direction and flow rate on the airborne transmission near the contaminant source. We then investigated the protective effect of the receptor's gasper. For a source passenger's gasper, the direction and flow rate of the gasper flow either increased or decreased the air contaminant transmission to other passengers. Directing the source gasper to the abdomen with a medium flow rate performed best by reducing the receptors' mean exposure index by at least 45%, as this approach minimized the contaminant circulation in the cabin. Turning on a receptor passenger's gasper could be an effective strategy to protect the receptor, and the working mechanism was revealed. The gasper-induced jet flow entrained the surrounding air into the jet region, and the protective effect was related to the contaminant concentration at ceiling level. With a suitable gasper direction and flow rate, the gasper jet formed a virtual barrier between the source passenger and the receptor. When the contaminants were transported upwards to a receptor's breathing zone, turning on the receptor's gasper reduced the contaminant concentration, since the downward gasper jet altered the airflow pattern in front of the receptor.

Eco-friendly strategy for CO2 enrichment performance in commercial greenhouses based on the CO2 spatial distribution and photosynthesis

CO2 enrichment is an essential environmental control technology due to its significantly enhancing effect on crop production capacity. Despite being a key energy consumer in protected agriculture (i.e. greenhouse systems), CO2 enrichment remains at a low energy use efficiency level, highlighting the need for developing more energy-efficiency strategies for CO2 enrichment. Therefore, this study employed the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation method to replicate the CO2 diffusion process resulting from CO2 enrichment in three commercial strawberry greenhouses with varying geometric characteristics. Based on the CFD-simulated CO2 concentration distributions, the leaf photosynthetic rate was calculated using a mathematical model group. The CO2 enrichment efficiency was then analysed by calculating the ratio of increased photosynthesis across the cultivation area to the amount of energy (in CO2 equivalent) used. The efficiency peaked when the average CO2 concentration was approximately 500 μmol mol−1, thereby providing guidance for determining the target concentration of CO2 enrichment in production. Although this study is limited as the CFD simulation only considered a typical short-period CO2 enrichment event, future research will provide a broader analysis by considering changes throughout the day.

Ammonia blend ratio impact on combustion characteristics and NOx emissions during co-firing with sludge and coal in a utility boiler

This study investigates the effects of the ammonia blend ratio and the number of nozzle layers on boiler combustion characteristics and NOx emissions by the computational fluid dynamics simulation method. The conclusions indicate that, as ammonia is injected from a single-layer of secondary air nozzles, with the ammonia blend ratio increases, the combustion temperature decreases, when the blend ratio is 60%, the combustion temperature decreases by about 300 K. When ammonia is injected into the furnace from multiple-layers of nozzles, and under the premise of the same ammonia blend ratio, the overall impact on the furnace temperature is smaller than that of ammonia entering from a single-layer of nozzles. When the blend ratio of the ammonia is 40%, the NOx emission of ammonia entering the furnace from two layers of secondary air nozzles is about 22.47% higher than when it is injected into the furnace from a single-layer of nozzles. After raising the ammonia mixing ratio, the NOx at the furnace outlet shows an inverted-parabola change, which first decreasing and then increasing.

Novel Calculation Method for Windage Power Loss of Double-Helical Gear Transmission

Abstract This paper presents a novel fast calculation method for windage power loss (WPL) of the meshing double-helical gear pair. Firstly, based on the basic equations of fluid mechanics and computational fluid dynamics simulation method, the calculation method for single-tooth windage torque at the zone of meshing/nonmeshing is established; Secondly, the WPL of meshing gear pair with different gear parameters and operating conditions are obtained according to the single-tooth windage torque during a rotation period and the windage torque at the end faces, and the accuracy of the proposed WPL method is verified through the WPL test measurement and simulation; Finally, the effect of gear parameters and operating conditions on the WPL is studied.

Distribution of benzene and formaldehyde in tractor cabin: Effects of components, ventilation conditions, and vent positions

Tractor cabin is a relatively closed microenvironment in which operator is exposed to various pollutants that can adversely affect human health. In this study, the distribution of benzene and formaldehyde inside tractor cabin was investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method and verifying its effectiveness with field measurements. The effects of pollution source, ventilation, and vent position on the distribution of pollutants were discussed by using the validated CFD model. The results indicated that the areas with high concentration of pollutants are mostly distributed in the corners, and the ceiling contributes the most to its emission. The concentration difference of benzene and formaldehyde in the driver’s breathing area can reach a maximum of 20% by adjusting the air supply angle. It can also be reduced by 3.9% and 4.3% for every 1 m s−1 increase in air supply speed when the airflow angle emitted from the vent was 90°. In the common vent locations, the vent arranged on the front ceiling has the best pollutant reduction effect. This study provided a reliable CFD simulation method for benzene and formaldehyde distribution, offered a theoretical basis for the selection of ventilation conditions and the design of internal layout in tractor cabins for improving air quality. It also suggested that then environment and air quality of non-road mobile machinery cabs should be paid more attention in the future.

Research on Multiphase Flow and Nozzle Wear in a High-Pressure Abrasive Water Jet Cutting Head

Research on the mixing process of gas–liquid–solid multiphase flow in a high-pressure abrasive water jet (HP-AWJ) is of great significance in improving the performance of water jet cutting. In this paper, the Euler method-VOF model, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation method, is used to solve the multiphase flow of air–water in an abrasive water jet (AWJ). The Euler–Lagrange method is further used to study the multiphase flow of abrasive particles. The method considers the shape factor of the particle, uses the Rosin–Rammler function, and defines an effective model for the particle-to-wall wear model. By solving the velocity of the continuous phase and particulate phase in the AWJ cutting head, the problem of nozzle wear caused by particles is studied. Finally, the exit velocity of the AWJ and particle wear are investigated by varying the model’s parameters. The results show that the double abrasive tube model effectively improved the problem of one-sided wear inside the nozzle, and the tangential velocity of the air affected the acceleration process of the abrasive inside the nozzle, with smaller abrasive velocity resulting in less wear on the model. Simultaneously, the effects of the abrasive inlet tube and mixing chamber size on abrasive exit velocity and nozzle wear are analyzed. The results obtained provide valuable guidance for addressing the multiphase flow mixing issues in the AWJ, improving the abrasive acceleration process and extending the nozzle’s lifetime.

Design and thermodynamic analysis of an innovative parabolic trough photovoltaic/thermal system with film-based beam splitter

This study aims to find a feasible photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) utilization method based on film-based beam splitting technology. In contrast with previous studies, the main novelty of this paper is proposing the design of an innovative PV/T system using both parabolic trough concentrator (PTC) and film-based beam splitter (FBS). The design approach of the PV/T system is presented. A new FBS used for this PV/T system is designed by using the Needle method, and its average reflectivity and transmissivity are 27.2% and 72.8%. By using Ray Tracing and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation methods, the performance evaluation of the PV/T system is conducted. The evaluation results reveal that when the East-West sun tracking error is 0.2°, the optical efficiencies of the photovoltaic module and the solar thermal collector tube (TCT) can be kept at 95% and 93.9%. Moreover, when the heat transfer fluid (HTF) in the TCT is selected to be the ethylene glycol, the operation analysis results demonstrate that the photoelectric efficiency of the photovoltaic module is 25.4% and the thermal efficiency of the PV/T system is 17.24%. The thermal performance of the system can be improved when the HTF flow velocity is increased properly or when the inlet HTF temperature is decreased. The technical feasibility of the proposed PV/T system can be revealed from the analysis results of this study.

Optimization of energy harvesting performance of semi-active flapping airfoil power generator based on orthogonal experiment method

ABSTRACT In order to explore the energy harvesting performance of the semi-active flapping airfoil, a new semi-active flapping airfoil power generator (FAPG) using the coupling of the ratchet and gear pinion as transmission mechanism was developed. The influence of the pitching amplitudes, pitching axis positions, and pitching periods on the energy harvesting performance of the semi-active FAPG was explored systematically by the orthogonal experiment and computational fluid dynamics simulation method. The experimental results indicated that the pitching amplitude, pitching axis position, and pitching period can significantly influence the energy harvesting performance of the semi-active FAPG. Under wind speed of 3, 4, and 5 m/s, the mean net output power of the semi-active FAPG reaches 0.026, 0.0297, and 0.0318 W, respectively. It was also found that compared with the pitching amplitude and the pitching axis position, the pitching period has the greatest influence on the mean net output power. Through the deep analysis of the flow fields around the semi-active flapping airfoils with different parameter combinations, it was found that the optimized parameter combinations can delay the shedding of the trailing edge vortex generated by the flapping airfoil during pitching motion, and make the separated leading edge vortex generated during the plunging motion reattaching again on the surface of the flapping airfoil, which leads to have better energy harvesting performance of the generator.

대형 비행갑판을 갖는 함정과 풍동시험 결과를 활용한 고신뢰도 함정 Airwake 예측

Developing high-fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation methods used to evaluate the airwake characteristics along a flight deck of a large ship, the various kind of data such as actual ship measurement and wind tunnel results are required to verify the accuracy of CFD simulation. Inflow velocity profile at the bow, local unsteady flow field data around the flight deck, and highly reliable wind tunnel data which were measured after reviewing Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) simulation and Reynolds Number effects were also used to determine the key parameters such as turbulence model, time resolution and accuracy, grid resolution and type, inflow condition, domain size, simulation length, and so on in STAR CCM+. Velocity ratio and turbulent intensity difference between Full-scale CFD and actual ship measurement at the measurement points show less than 2% and 1.7% respectively. And differences in velocity ratio and turbulence intensity between wind tunnel test and small-scale CFD are both less than 2.2%. Based upon this fact, the selected parameters in CFD simulation are highly reliable for a specific wind condition.

Different hemodynamic factors cause the occurrence of superior mesenteric atherosclerotic stenosis and superior mesenteric artery dissection.

To compare the hemodynamic factors involved in the occurrence of superior mesenteric atherosclerotic stenosis (SMAS) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) dissection (SMAD). Hospital records were searched to identify consecutive patients who were diagnosed with SMAS or SMAD between January 2015 and December 2021. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation method was used to assess the hemodynamic factors of the SMA in these patients. Histologic analysis was also performed on SMA specimens obtained from 10 cadavers, and scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate collagen microstructure. A total of 124 patients with SMAS and 61 patients with SMAD were included. Most SMASs were circumferentially distributed at the SMA root, whereas the origin of most SMADs was located on the anterior wall of the curved segment of the SMA. Vortex, higher turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and lower wall shear stress (WSS) were observed near plaques; higher TKE and WSS were seen near dissection origins. The intima in the SMA root (388.5 ± 202.3 µm) was thicker than in the curved (243.8 ± 100.5 µm; p = .007) and distal (183.7 ± 88.0 µm; p < .001) segments. The media in the anterior wall (353.1 ± 37.6 µm) was thinner than that in the posterior wall (473.7 ± 142.8 µm; p = .02) in the curved segment of the SMA. The gaps in the lamellar structure in the SMA root were larger than in the curved and distal segments. The collagen microstructure was more substantially disturbed in the anterior wall than in the posterior wall in the curved segment of the SMA. Different hemodynamic factors in different portions of the SMA are related to local pathological changes in the SMA wall and may lead to the occurrence of SMAS or SMAD.

Numerical and experimental study of the effects of tangential to axial velocity ratio and structural parameters inside the nozzle on spray characteristics

Pressure swirl nozzles are widely applied in spray cooling, dust removal, and fuel injection. To better connect the nozzle structure with the internal flow to analyze their influence on spray parameters, this paper designs a nozzle structure and uses experimental measurement and computational fluid dynamics simulation methods to investigate the influence of the nozzle's tangential velocity to axial velocity ratio (vτin/vzin) and the swirl diversion channel eccentric distance (dl) on the spray parameters. A phase Doppler particle analyzer was used in the experiment study to determine the spray axial velocity (vz) and sault mean diameter (D32). In the simulation investigation, the Eulerian multiphase flow model was used to calculate the multiphase flow field of the spray. The results showed that dl and vτin/vzin both have an obviously linear relationship to the peak location (rpeak) of each spray parameter. It means that dl plays similar roles as the vτin/vzin, which can enhance the swirl strength inside the nozzle and increase the spray cone angle. The rpeak of liquid phase volume fraction (αw) and D32 of the droplet particle are always greater than the rpeak of vz. The analysis of the flow field inside the spray orifice indicates that as the vτin/vzin rises, the liquid in the nozzle orifice tends to move farther from the central axis, causing atomization to occur more upstream. This study serves as a reference for the flow analysis and structure design of the pressure swirl nozzle.

Numerical Simulation on Enhanced Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics in Direct-Contact Heat Exchanger: A Novel Kenics Static Mixer

In this paper, a novel Kenics static mixer applied in a direct-contact heat exchanger (DCHE) was proposed in order to enhance the heat transfer efficiency. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation method was adopted to investigate the effect of the continuous phase and dispersed phase on direct-contact heat transfer (DCHT) in the Kenics static mixer. The perforation index (PI) was introduced to depict the performance of the Kenics static mixer, and the effect of different numbers of openings at three initial heat transfer temperature differences (at the inlet of the continuous and dispersed phases) was studied. The simulation results showed that under the same working conditions, a larger initial temperature difference would result in greater differences in the fluid uniformity index (UI), turbulence intensity, and time evolution of a gaseous working substance. The increase of hole numbers and decrease of hole diameters can optimize the DCHT. Under three initial temperature differences, the heat transfer efficiency for the 6-hole and 9-hole Kenics DCHEs was about 20% higher than the Kenics DCHE without holes.