Compulsory Social Insurance System Research Articles

К вопросу о соотношении несчастного и страхового случаев в трудовых отношениях

The article analyzes the concepts of accidents and insurance events (in labor relations) in relation to the system of compulsory social insurance against accidents at work and occupational diseases. An assessment is given of the use of various concepts in labor legislation that denote accidents with insufficiently defined legal content. It has been suggested that current labor legislation presumes the employer's guilt in all accidents recognized as insurance events. Appropriate changes to labor legislation have been proposed.

Trends and Challenges of Health Care Financing in Nigeria

Introduction: Health care financing is concerned with how financial resources are generated, allocated and used in health care system. Worldwide, every year 100 million people are pushed into poverty because they have had to pay directly for their health care. Objective: To assess the trends and challenges of health care financing in Nigeria. Methodology: A literature review was conducted. Results: In Nigeria, health care is financed through Tax revenues, out of pocket payments (user payment), health insurance (social, community-based insurance, private health care financing), donor funding, exemptions/deferrals/subsidies. Majority (69%) of the health care financing in Nigeria is from out-of-pocket payments made by the patient to the health care provider. The federal government provides 12% of health care finances. The rest of financing of health care in Nigeria come from the state governments (8%), Local Government areas (4%), and development/donor partners (3%). Nigeria allocates between 3.5% and 6.24% of her total budget to health care financing. The challenges of health care financing in Nigeria include: inefficiency of the health system across the country, limited institutional capacity, corruption, unstable and dwindling economic, and lack of political will. Conclusion: Nigeria’s expenditure on health is very low, and domestic resource mobilization for health care is weak. Nigeria’s health system has to be strengthened. Nigeria also has to inject more fund into health care for its citizens. She should embrace equitable modes of health care financing such as compulsory social insurance system for all citizens of Nigeria. The role of different levels of government in financing health care should be clearly defined. Also, prudent management of available scarce funds will go a long way in changing the Nigerian health care financing situation. The private sector (telecommunications and banks) and local philanthropists has to be involved in financing health care. There should be effective monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of performances and tracking of the use of resources, health policies and reforms.

Финансовые аспекты современного этапа конвергенции страхования и системы долговременного ухода за пожилыми и инвалидами на уровне частных домохозяйств

The need to provide long-term care for the elderly and disabled persons in a situation of limited personal resources can jeopardize the financial security of a private household. This is related both with additional expenditures on various social services and artificial restricting the economic activity of household agents committed the care function. At some point the financial problems of the household are transformed into social problems. The social nature of the problem of long-term care determines the participation of the state in organizing a special system aimed at solving problems of outside assistance to the elderly and disabled and its financing. The rapid growth in the number of people in need of such assistance leads to searching the sources to cover the increasing costs of maintaining the system and providing social services. One of them is connected with the insurance system that can be introduced into the financial mechanism through the insurance coverage to beneficiaries and financing of infrastructure facilities. There have been analyzed the main options for including non-state insurance into the mechanism of leveling the financial risks of households associated with the long-term care. These are cumulative insurance, classic risky personal insurance and specialized long-term care insurance. There have been defined the immediate prospects for participation of the Russian insurers in this segment, presented the entry points to the modern Russian model of long-term care of the compulsory social insurance system.

Страховые взносы и искусственный интеллект: контуры будущего регулирования

The digital transformation of the obligation to pay insurance premiums is traced, which occurs as a result of the intensification of the use of artificial intelligence technology and the promising possibility of replacing certain professions and/or categories of employees with robotic systems (robots) operating using such technology. The main problems of ensuring the implementation of the modern model of insurance premiums taxation caused by the development of artificial intelligence are determined. The conclusion is made about the stages of evolution of the tax legislation of the Russian Federation, which implies the gradual adaptation of artificial intelligence technology to the system of compulsory social insurance. A promising model of tax and legal regulation of the obligation to pay insurance premiums in the conditions of further development of artificial intelligence technology has been developed.

Principles of Compulsory Social Insurance as Principles of Financial Law

The compulsory social insurance system is multifaceted: it guarantees social assistance and protection to the population; provides financing of the corresponding expenditures of the state; governed by public authorities. With this in mind, it falls under the legal regulation of a number of branches of Russian law – social security law, financial law, administrative law, and insurance law. In view of the above, it seems important to study the basic principles of compulsory social insurance in order to identify them by industry. This will allow the law enforcement officer (primarily the courts) to use them as legal regulators in resolving disputes arising in various spheres of public relations. Achievement of the task and purpose of the research is ensured through theoretical research methods. As a result, it was concluded that the basic principles of compulsory social insurance are enshrined in the federal laws “On the basics of compulsory social, insurance”, “On compulsory social insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases”, “On compulsory health insurance in the Russian Federation”. The principles studied are reasonably identified as principles of social security law, principles of insurance law, principles of financial law and principles of administrative law. Also identified are the rules enshrined in the legislation as principles, but do not have the proper qualifying features of the principles of law. Based on the foregoing, it was proposed to make appropriate changes to the industry insurance legislation, namely: to consolidate the principles of law common to all types of compulsory social insurance in the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Compulsory Social Insurance”, and to include special principles of law, which are legal regulators for certain groups of insurance relations. The conclusions drawn from the results of the study of the basic principles of compulsory social insurance can be used to further study the sectoral principles of Russian law, as well as to improve legal regulation and law enforcement practice in this area of public relations.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ВАРИАНТОВ РЕФОРМИРОВАНИЯ НАЛОГООБЛОЖЕНИЯ ПРИОРИТЕТНЫХ И СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЗНАЧИМЫХ ОТРАСЛЕЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ РОССИЙСКИХ РЕГИОНОВ НА ОСНОВЕ АНАЛИЗА ДАННЫХ КАЛЬКУЛЯТОРА НАЛОГОВОЙ НАГРУЗКИ

We made an analysis of the total tax burden and average salary in St. Petersburg for 2020 based on the scale of companies and types of economic activity, with a focus on priority and socially significant sectors of the economy. The object of the study is priority and socially important sectors of the economy of the Russian regions. The subject of study is economic relations in the process of taxation of enterprises of priority and socially important sectors of the economy of St. Petersburg. The study has been carried out in order to justify the reform of tax measures to support selected sectors using data from the official digital resource of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation. The tasks are solved on the basis of modeling in the STATA program, where the dependent variables characterizing state support for priority and socially significant sectors are the tax burden and the average salary. The study is based on the method of dispersion analysis. A two-way analysis of variance of the dependence of these variables on the size of the organization and on the industry shows that the average salary depends on the size of the organization and on the sector; and the tax burden only on the type of activity. A one-way dispersion analysis of variables depending on the different scales and types of activity of companies revealed that the type of activity has an impact on the tax burden, and the relationship between the industry and the average salary is weak. To refine the results of a single-factor analysis of variance, dummy variables of the R language are used. It is revealed that the level of state support for priority and socially significant sectors is insufficient today and it is advisable to introduce additional tax preferences for them. Options for reforming the taxation of these industries are proposed: reducing the rate of mandatory payments to the system of compulsory social insurance and providing funding for the reimbursement of personal income tax paid for employees of small and medium-sized enterprises in these industries. Further research on the issues under study can be carried out by expanding time horizons; extrapolating methods and results to other domestic regions; substantiating in detail and concretizing proposals for reforming the taxation of priority and socially significant sectors of the relevant territory

Comparative Interrupted Time Series Analysis of Long-term Direct Medical Costs in Patients With Hip Fractures and a Matched Cohort: A Large-database Study.

Comparative Interrupted Time Series Analysis of Long-term Direct Medical Costs in Patients With Hip Fractures and a Matched Cohort: A Large-database Study.

МОДЕРНИЗАЦИЯ СИСТЕМЫ АДРЕСНЫХ ПОСОБИЙ ДЛЯ СЕМЕЙ С ДЕТЬМИ КАК ФАКТОР ПОВЫШЕНИЯ КАЧЕСТВА ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО КАПИТАЛА И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РОСТА В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The paper describes the characteristics of human capital as the most important factor of economic growth. The problem of improving the quality of human capital in the conditions of the critical socio-­economic situation of families with children in the Russian Federation is raised. The review of the existing mechanism of social support for families with children is carried out and its inconsistency with the existing challenges is revealed. Based on legal and statistical analysis, proposals are formulated for the creation of a targeted benefit for children under 18 years of age and its inclusion in the system of compulsory social insurance.

Современный взгляд на социальное страхование в Республике Казахстан

This article examines the system of social protection of citizens, which corresponds to market social relations, social risks, the system of compulsory social insurance, as well as the activities of the State Social Insurance Fund and their risks.

Аналитико-пра¬вовой анализ порядка включения лиц, самостоятельно обеспечивающих себя работой, в систему обязательных социально-страховых правоотношений

Аналитико-пра¬вовой анализ порядка включения лиц, самостоятельно обеспечивающих себя работой, в систему обязательных социально-страховых правоотношений

Социальное страхование - система социальной справедливости

The article discusses in detail the problems of the system of social justice. Three levels of the social protection system in the Republic of Kazakhstan are shown. The experience of using the compulsory social insurance system, which has been in effect in the Republic of Kazakhstan since 2005, has been studied. Attention is also paid to state support for the employment of citizens by studying the Program for the Development of Productive Employment and Mass Entrepreneurship. The author proposes ways to improve the service delivery system and proposes ways to solve problems in the field of social justice.

Studying pension payments in the compulsory social insurance system under increasing risks to financial stability

Studying pension payments in the compulsory social insurance system under increasing risks to financial stability

Конституционные основы заработной платы и социального страхования в России

In accordance with the author´s intention, and in accordance with the constitutional framework, the article analyzes the wages and social insurance in Russia, unjustified super differentiation in wages, which excludes financial participation of low-income workers in the compulsory social insurance, who should be included in the system of compulsory social insurance without any conditions and restrictions. The author analyzes the state of wages, the necessity of state regulation of wages, the basic state guarantee on wages — minimum wages and salaries in Russia, with the aim to determine the conceptual basis for legal regulation of the wages in Russia in the interests of its population, in particular, it is argued that consumer demand is the main and only engine of the market economy and it has to be moderately in advance of the production capabilities. The author draws the attention to the use of state and contractual regulation of labour, as it is objectively necessary and socially justified if public and private regulation of labor relations in the sphere of remuneration are correctly interrelated. The main purpose of contractual regulation of remuneration should be the improvement of the situation of workers on the basis of the agreement between the parties to social partnership. For its part, the state should not interfere with the balance and supply of labour in the labour market, the formation of a natural price for labour. According to the author, it is necessary to constitutionalize the concepts of “decent work” and “decent wages”, “compulsory social insurance”. “Decent work” and “decent wage” should be recognized at the constitutional level as the principles of work organization.

Venous Thromboembolism Following L-Asparaginase Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies in Korea

Background: L-asparaginase (L-asp) is one of the important drugs to make the change of cure higher in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and some lymphomas. The risk of thrombosis in ALL patients after L-asp use is known to be 2.4-5.4% in pediatric and 5.9-34% in adult. Although the prevalence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Asian is generally lower compared with Western populations, there are few reports about the incidence of VTE in Asian patients with hematologic malignancies treated with L-asp. In this study we performed a nationwide population-based epidemiologic study to provide basic information regarding the incidence rate and risk factors of VTE in Korean patients with hematologic malignancies after L-asp treatment.Methods: Using the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) database, patients treated with L-asp from 2009 to 2013 were retrospectively identified by medication codes. The National Health Insurance (NHI) is the only public medical insurance system operated by the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs in Korea. The NHI program of Korea covers the whole population as a compulsory social insurance system. Therefore, there are no exceptions for seasonal, part-time or unemployed workers. HIRA is a government-affiliated organization to build an accurate claims review and quality assessment system for the NHI. According to data from the Korean Statistical Information Service (http://kosis.kr/) the Korean population was 48 580 293 in 2010. Also, according to data from the NHI, the registered populations was 50 581 000 in 2010. There is a difference in population figures between data from the Korean National Statistical Office and the NHI because of overseas Koreans. A population-based study was possible for this study because the NHI basically covers all Korean residents and also the population itself is ethnically homogeneous. The HIRA database includes both hospitalization cases and outpatient clinic cases. All cases were included in the study when there was evidence of L-asp treatment. Among the cases with L-asp, VTE cases which has occurred after L-asp treatment were identified when the starting date of the VTE diagnostic codes was between the start date of L-asp and 3 months after the end of L-asp treatment.Results: During the year 2009 to 2013, a total of 3304 patients were prescribed with colaspase in any type of hematologic malignancies including ALL and lymphoma. Patients who were treated with pegarspase or crisantaspase were not included. Among the 3304 patients, 118 patients (3.57%) had occurred VTE. The most common site of thrombosis was upper extremities (44/118 = 37.29%) followed by deep vein (30/118 = 25.42%) and pulmonary artery (30/118 = 25.42%), inferior vena cava (6/118 = 5.08%), portal vein (3/118 = 2.54%), cerebral sinus (2/118 = 1.69%), renal vein (2/118 = 1.69%), and splenic vein (1/118 = 0.85%). Among the 1809 patients 18 years or younger, 37 patients (2.05%), and among the 1501 patients 19 years of older, 81 patients (5.39%) suffered from VTE (P < 0.0001). Other factors including gender, disease (ALL or lymphoma), type of steroids (prednisone or dexamethasone) and use of anthracyclines did not appear to be associated with VTE after L-asp treatment.Conclusions: This is the largest epidemiologic study in Asian patients with hematologic malignancies with L-asp treatment. The incidence of thrombosis after L-asp use was comparable with Western populations, and the risk was higher in adults compared with pediatrics. Concomitant use of prednisone and anthracyclines did not affect VTE occurrence. DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

The Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis in Korean Children.

The Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis in Korean Children.

The epidemiology of psychiatric disorders among women with breast cancer in South Korea: analysis of national registry data

Population-based data on the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in patients with breast cancer are lacking. Because the National Health Insurance (NHI) Program in South Korea is a compulsory social insurance system covering the entire Korean population, the NHI is a good source of information for epidemiological studies. In the present study, we examined the incidence of psychiatric disorders among Korean women newly diagnosed with breast cancer using the NHI Corporation (NHIC) database. Data were collected for adult women newly diagnosed with breast cancer using the claim database and cancer registration files of the NHIC from 2005 to 2008. We analysed data for women diagnosed with psychiatric disorders over a 5-year period, from 2004 (at least 1 year before the cancer registration date) to 2009 (at least 1 year after the cancer registration date). We identified 6536 patients with psychiatric disorders among 42 190 women with breast cancer. The most prevalent psychiatric disorder was anxiety disorder (N = 2518). The incidence rates of anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, sleep disorders and adjustment disorders were 27.08, 22.41, 10.57 and 4.35 cases per 1000 person-year, respectively. The incidence rates of psychiatric disorders in Korean women with breast cancer from the nationwide database were much lower than found by previous reports using screening tools. The finding implicates that psychiatric disorders among breast cancer patients tend to be underdiagnosed and undertreated in actual clinical practice. Our epidemiological findings provide important information for establishing a national strategy of cancer care to detect and manage psychiatric problems.

Social Security Reform in Indonesia: A Critical Analysis

The Indonesian national social security program is currently undergoing a major overhaul designed to make the existing system works better for the beneficiaries and to extend social security coverage to more workers, both in the formal and informal sector. The government has proposed a plan to convert the current Jamsostek social security scheme, based on a provident fund system, into a compulsory social insurance system. The feasibility of this plan is critically analyzed in this paper. From this analysis, we concluded that there are several serious flaws in the government proposal as outlined in the proposed legislation, such as: Worsening Indonesia's labor market and investment climate, negatively impacted the state budget, is of little help for current poor elderly Indonesians, and does not provide room for the private sector to provide social security benefits to Indonesians. Cross-country evidence shows that publicly provided social security scheme is no longer a viable model for workers today and instead, privately provided social security scheme is better suited for their retirement needs. Given the many problems facing the Indonesian social security system today, Indonesia should seriously consider adopting a social security scheme based on the widely used multipillar approach to replace the current publicly-provided scheme.

The Welfare State versus the Relief of Poverty

My title has an air of paradox about it. Shouldn't any decent welfare state relieve poverty? Of course it should. But in a well-ordered welfare state almost all therjob of relieving poverty will be done by policies whose objectives and rationales are quite different. For all except a few unfortunates who fall through the cracks, the relief of poverty is a by-product of a system of cash benefits founded upon principles that do not include the relief of poverty. Indeed, it is not even strictly accurate to speak of such policies as relieving poverty: we should rather say that they prevent it. They do this by providing money to people who qualify for it-on a variety of bases which it is our task here to explore-in such a way that poverty does not as a matter of fact arise. (Welfare states also provide their citizens with services such as education or medical care. My concern here is, however, with the moral basis of cash benefits.) What I have just said about the proper function of the welfare state will occasion no surprise among social policy professionals, analysts, or historians. They take it for granted that, if the welfare state is to be identified with one objective, it is that of income maintenance, rather than the relief of poverty. And they characteristically date the welfare state from the introduction of the principle of social insurance in Germany a century ago. The existence of means-tested benefits they regard as an anachronism, a hangover from the days of the Poor Law and a sign that the ideal of the welfare state is still incompletely realized. On the continent of Europe, the Poor Law legacy is in every country a small one. In quantitative terms, means-tested benefits typically run at around 5 percent of total cash disbursements, the balance being made up largely of payments made to people qua citizens (child allowances or old age pensions) and beneficiaries of a system of compulsory social insurance. As a group, the anglophone countries present a more archaic