Compulsive Action Research Articles

Halter ve boks sporcularının egzersiz bağımlılığı ve egzersizde davranışsal düzenlemeleri ile madde bağımlılığı farkındalıkları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi

The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between exercise addiction and behavioural regulation in exercise and substance addiction awareness of weightlifting and boxing athletes and to examine these data in terms of demographic variables. The research group consists of 333 participants. “Exercise Addiction Scale”, “Behavioural Regulations in Exercise-2” and “Substance Addiction Awareness Scale” were used for data collection. Percentage and frequency distributions and Pearson Correlation Analysis were applied in the analysis of the data. According to the results of the research, significant positive correlation was found between the Exercise Addiction Scale total score and the Substance Addiction Awareness Scale total score, and the Behavioural Regulations in Exercise-2 total score. In this context, when the motivation that occurs during exercise becomes a compulsive action, it is thought that exercise addiction starts in the individual and that the substance addiction awareness of exercise addicts is higher.

Does pregame “compulsive action” truly help athletes? Ritualized behavior enhances physical self-control.

Does pregame “compulsive action” truly help athletes? Ritualized behavior enhances physical self-control.

Supplemental Material for Does Pregame “Compulsive Action” Truly Help Athletes? Ritualized Behavior Enhances Physical Self-Control

Supplemental Material for Does Pregame “Compulsive Action” Truly Help Athletes? Ritualized Behavior Enhances Physical Self-Control

Crisis of Time! The Tyranny of the Immediate and Community in Two Literary Works by Takahashi Gen'ichirō

ABSTRACT In his fiction, Takahashi Gen’ichirō often portrays crises of contemporary life where characters do not identify with shared ideologies or communities, instead resorting to repetitive actions to survive in their empty daily existences. This article argues that a central factor for such crises is a shattering of perceptions of orders of time, predicated on problematics linked to the lingering postwar Japanese context, and leading to an overextended present as the only dimension that matters. Characters can only focus on acting in their proximate realities, without critically confronting themselves with others or with wider issues in society. Often, this type of compulsive action is in response to sudden violent stimuli, also of a sexual nature. Ultimately, a possible way out of the never-ending cycles of the present is to reconstitute a community based on mutual understanding. This article examines these occurrences of the dominating immediate and community in the salient examples of the novel Godira and the stories in Kimi ga yo wa chiyo ni yachiyo ni. Through this analysis, the article shows the relevance of the theme in Takahashi’s fiction and how it contributes to the broader field of Japanese literary studies, especially vis-à-vis the discourse on post-Fukushima productions.

A Psychophysical Window onto the Subjective Experience of Compulsion.

In this perspective, we follow the idea that an integration of cognitive models with sensorimotor theories of compulsion is required to understand the subjective experience of compulsive action. We argue that cognitive biases in obsessive–compulsive disorder may obscure an altered momentary, pre-reflective experience of sensorimotor control, whose detection thus requires an implicit experimental operationalization. We propose that a classic psychophysical test exists that provides this implicit operationalization, i.e., the intentional binding paradigm. We show how intentional binding can pit two ideas against each other that are fundamental to current sensorimotor theories of compulsion, i.e., the idea of excessive conscious monitoring of action, and the idea that patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder compensate for diminished conscious access to “internal states”, including states of the body, by relying on more readily observable proxies. Following these ideas, we develop concrete, testable hypotheses on how intentional binding changes under the assumption of different sensorimotor theories of compulsion. Furthermore, we demonstrate how intentional binding provides a touchstone for predictive coding accounts of obsessive–compulsive disorder. A thorough empirical test of the hypotheses developed in this perspective could help explain the puzzling, disabling phenomenon of compulsion, with implications for the normal subjective experience of human action.

A Taxonomy of Responses and Respondents to Literature

The stasis, stock, kinetic, spectator, and dialectic responses to literature all serve to deny the popular misconception that literary analysis invariably deals a death blow to the vitally engaged, spontaneous, and thus authentic response. Stasis is a response in which an intuited imaginative identity between subject and object develops in an almost instantaneous recognition of the entire form of the literary work. The stock response exists at a pre-critical level, Lad concerns itself with cliched thought and ego-massage. Kinetic response involves compulsive action and engagement through visceral states and pseudo-feeling. The spectator response is detached and disinterested, and operates at the critical level. The dialecti.: response incorporates intellectual and emotional working through to attain imaginative identity and oscillates between engagement and detachment. The dialectic response to literature is the only response that moves between all levels (precritical, critical, postcritical, and autonomous). Actual student responses to Sinclair Ross's short story "The Painted Door" and John Updike's story "A&P" illustrate the variety of responses possible in the literature classroom. (Thirty-eight notes and two diagrams are included.) (RS) XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX M Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY CLJA.A.N.Q -any\ CLS TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educatioziat Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as orecena received from the person-or organization C Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality POintS of view Or opinions stated in Ind docc ment do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy A TAXONOMY OF RESPONSES AND RESPONDENTS TO LITERATURE Deanne Bogdan Department of History and Philosophy The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto cil,:144614 10 Journal of Canadian Philosophy of Education Society, Universitygf Western Ontario, London, Ontario,46WAmpf4Wifel 40././ 'Af)//6 /771 2 BEST COPY AVAILABLE This paper grows out of three of my research interests: the philosophical bases of aesthetic/literary response, a developmental approach to the pedagogical treatment of student response to literature, and the critical theory of Northrop Frye, in whose work the concepts and some of my terminology originates.' What follows is a sequel to three papers already published, all dealing with the attempt to analyze and systematize kinds and levels of literary response.2 The critical and educational climate which surrounds this study addresses the increasing attention paid to the role of the reader in instantiating the literary text, and to language as the key to cognitive and emotional development.3 Often theories which become "movements" run the risk of imbalance and the creation of false dichotomies, with the result that perfectly valid aspects of doctrines which have gone before become obfuscated and trivialized. For example, reader response criticism comes close to rejecting the very possibil.1.4 of ontological definitions of the text altogether, and language as learning, if carried to extremes, can become a neo-Deweyian hagiography of the child, which, instead of unleashing students' powers of articulation, as it intends to do, threatens to plunge them into mute solipsism. In literature education, this kind of polarization takes the form of the popular misconception that literary analysis invariably deals a death-blow to the vitally engaged, spontaneous, and thus authentic response. TOTAL FORM: STASIS Paradigmatic of the presumed schism between the intellectual and emotional literary response is the attitude adopted by Michael Caine as the alcoholic English professor in the film Educating Rita, who purports to

Effects of 5-HT2C receptor modulation and the NA reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine in tests of compulsive and impulsive behaviour

Drug repositioning has gained strategic value as a reaction to high attrition rates of new drugs as they pass through the clinical development process. The 5-HT2C receptor agonist lorcaserin (Belviq®), and the selective NA reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine (Strattera®) represent two drugs FDA approved for obesity and ADHD respectively. Although both drugs are of differing pharmacological class, each share a property of regulating impulsive behaviours in preclinical studies, and thus represent candidates for consideration in clinical conditions labelled as ‘impulsive-compulsive disorders’. The present studies investigated both drugs, as well as the highly selective 5-HT2C agonist CP-809101 in two tests of compulsive action: schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) and increased perseverative [PSV] (and premature [PREM]) responses emitted during an extended ITI 5-choice task. While lorcaserin (0.06–0.6 mg/kg), CP-809101 (0.1–1 mg/kg) and atomoxetine (0.1–1 mg/kg) each reduced both PREM and PSV measures in the 5-choice task, at equivalent doses only lorcaserin and CP-809101 affected excessive water intake in the SIP task, atomoxetine (0.1–2 mg/kg) was essentially ineffective. Further evidence supporting a role of the 5-HT2C receptor as an important regulator of impulsive-compulsive behaviours, the selective antagonist SB-242084 produced the opposing effects to lorcaserin, i.e promoting both impulsive and compulsive behaviours. The profile of atomoxetine may suggest differences in the nature of compulsive action measured either as non-regulatory drinking in the SIP task, and PSV responses made in a 5-choice task. These studies support the consideration of 5-HT2C receptor agonists, typified by lorcaserin, and atomoxetine as potential treatments for clinical conditions categorised as ‘impulsive-compulsive disorders’.This article is part of the special issue entitled ‘Serotonin Research: Crossing Scales and Boundaries’.

The Sense of Agency in OCD

This paper proposes an integrated account of the etiology of OCD that accommodates both dysfunctional cognitions and sensorimotor features of compulsive action. It is argued that cognitive/metacognitive theories do not aspire to address all obsessive-compulsive phenomenal properties and that empirical evidence concerning some of these requires the incorporation of motor deficits as an independent factor in a plausible conception of OCD. The difference in agency attribution between obsessive-compulsive persons and schizophrenia patients with delusions of control is also accounted for in terms of bottom-up processes.

Modelling of lane-changing behaviour integrating with merging effect before a city road bottleneck

Merging behaviour is a compulsive action in a discretionary lane-changing traffic system, especially in a system with a bottleneck. This paper aims to investigate the generic lane-changing behaviour considering the merging effect before a city road bottleneck. Thus firstly the merging behaviour is distinguished from other generic lane-changing behaviour. Combining discretionary lane-changing and compulsive merging, we developed an integrative traffic model, in which a method to calculate the lane-changing probability and the merging probability was proposed. A simulation scenario derived from real life was conducted to validate the proposed programming algorithm. Finally, a discussion on the simulation findings shows that the merging influence can be expanded and the merging behaviour can increase the probability of local traffic jamming in its affected area of the adjacent lane. The distribution of the merging distance provides fundamental insights for actual traffic management. The result of the clearance time implies the position of the incident point has a significant effect on the clearing time and it is important to ensure the end (exit) of the road is unimpeded in traffic evacuation.

‘I wash until it feels right’: The phenomenology of stopping criteria in obsessive–compulsive washing

Recent elaborations of cognitive behavioral theory in OCD suggest that difficulties in deciding when to stop a compulsive action may be related to the use of counter-productive termination criteria by obsessional patients [Salkovskis, P. M. (1999). Understanding and treating obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, s29–s52]. Such criteria are characterized by their subjective nature, i.e. a primarily internal reference point (e.g. ‘just right’ feelings), and are conceptualized as the “top level” of a general strategy involving elevated evidence requirements. Thirty-eight obsessional washers, 41 obsessionals with other problems and 43 healthy controls were interviewed about and rated two situations varying in the degree of urgency to wash; they also washed their hands in a behavioral test. Washers reported using subjective criteria more frequently and rated them as more important for the termination of the washes than the other groups in questionnaire, interview and laboratory data. Both obsessional groups considered more criteria before stopping than the healthy controls, suggesting that using multiple criteria is a general strategy. The data are consistent with the predictions of the elaborated cognitive-behavioral model of OCD. They indicate that the use of subjective criteria and elevated evidence requirements is affected by the perceived significance of the situation in a similar way for obsessional and non-obsessional individuals.

Sense of agency in narrative processes of repeatedly convicted drunk drivers

The study examines sense of agency as this appears in the narratives of two repeatedly convicted drunk drivers during the five-hour counselling sessions. The cases were chosen from a total of 30 cases, as representing the opposite polar types of action stories. Analysis of narrative processes showed the narrators' drunk driving (DD) as opposite solutions relating to conflicts concerning their sense of agency; for the NON-AGENTIVE CLIENT (NAC) DD as a compulsive action solution represented an abandonment of her agentive position, while for the STRONGLY-AGENTIVE CLIENT (SAC) consciously chosen DD represented an attempt to assert his personal autonomy. DD provided only a momentary sense of relief from the position of agency for the NAC, and only a momentary sense of autonomy for the SAC. The clients processed differently these agentive positions. The narration of the NAC was a stable process of alternativeness throughout the counselling sessions and repeated sense of absent agency. The narration of the SAC began as controlled process that strove to avoid the issue of DD, but during the sessions it changed, as the narrator switched from regarding himself as the counsellor's opponent, to regarding himself as a participant and responsible agent.

V.—FREEDOM AND COMPULSION

THE problem of freedom or free will consists of finding valid criteria for our application of certain common words and our use of well-known concepts, which we apply to human behaviour and actions. Under certain conditions, it seems, we describe men as 'acting freely ', as ' guilty', 'blameworthy ', or ' wicked ', and as ' deserving punishment'; under other conditions we describe them as ' forced ' or ' compelled ', ' not to blame ', ' not responsible' or ' acting involuntarily'. It is this group of concepts to which we refer when we use phrases like ' It's not his fault', ' I did it against my will', 'he's to be pitied rather than blamed', and so on. In other words, we make a distinction between free action and compulsive action: between acting of one's own free will, and acting under compulsion. It is the basis of this distinction which is commonly called into question. Let us first be clear that this is not a distinction between freedom and predictability. I doubt whether any such distinction has been made in practice, except by muddle-headed philosophers. Ordinary men do not behave, and do not talk, as if the predictability of their actions disqualified them from being free. I can predict that a child will work out a simple sum correctly, or that he will not stab me with a carving-knife; but unless some.one is threatening him with dire punishment if he gets the sum wrong or does stab me, no compulsion is being exercised on the child. On the contrary, ' unpredictable' is if anything a word of dispraise; whereas freedom is something which we cherish, so that it would be very queer indeed if freedom were to depend upon unpredictability. But it is a mistake to suppose that after having explained, as some philosophers have very adequately explained,' the muddle about freedom and causality, we are left with nothing that can properly be called a problem. There is indeed no particular difficulty in appreciating and using the criteria which, in everyday life, we actually employ in distinguishing between free and compulsive actions. We all know, for instance, the difference between jumping and being pushed, between stealing and kleptomania, between signing a' contract freely and signing it under duress. We all know when we would accept evidence for the truth of statements like He could have acted otherwise . or 1 E.g. Professor Ayer in ' Freedom and Necessity ', Polemic, No. 5, 1946.