Compression Clothing Research Articles

Influence of compression garments on perceived exertion during maximal isometric exercises

Compression garments have gained popularity in the sports world as a means to enhance athletic performance and accelerate recovery. This study investigates the effectiveness of upper-body compression garments and their impact on the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) during maximal isometric contractions. Eight adult males, students of a Master's degree program in Sports Sciences, participated in the study, conducting tests in controlled conditions at the University of Salerno. The subjects performed maximal isometric contractions in three separate sessions, wearing compression garments (CG), traditional sportswear (noCG), and a tight-fitting garment without compression effect, to minimize the placebo effect (Placebo), respectively. Perceived exertion was assessed using the modified CR-10 scale. Statistical analysis revealed a significant reduction in RPE when athletes wore compression garments compared to other conditions, suggesting a benefit in the use of such clothing. The findings indicate that compression garments can attenuate the perception of exertion during intense physical activities, with potential implications for performance, comfort, and recovery. This study contributes to the existing literature by expanding the understanding of the effects of compression clothing and highlighting the importance of further research to optimize the use of these garments in enhancing athletic performance.

The effect of compression on repetitive behaviors and task participation in children with autism spectrum disorder.

Compression clothes are marketed to relieve anxiety and decrease hyperactivity in children with autism. However, few studies have examined the impact of compression for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this study, nine children with autism were observed during Applied Behavioral Analysis therapy sessions while wearing compression clothing. The participants were randomly assigned to wear compression clothing for either their first five sessions or their last five sessions. Videos of the therapy sessions were reviewed and each child's "off task" behavior was identified in the following domains: motor, verbal, and visual. In addition, frequency of the child's repetitive behaviors and external visual stimuli were recorded. The compression clothes failed to increase task participation or reduce the participants' repetitive behavior suggesting that the clothing may not contribute to professional practice of ABA therapy.

Creation of smart compression garment using magnetic nanotextiles

Purpose This paper aims to prove the expediency and effectiveness of magnetic textiles use obtained by adding nanopowder synthesized on the basis of oxides of divalent and trivalent iron oxides, taking into account bacteriostatic, magnetotherapeutic and compressive properties. Design/methodology/approach The research includes methods of synthesis of nanoelements of bivalent and trivalent iron, methods of the theory of elasticity for determining the pressure between compression clothing and a limb, methods of creating an annular magnetic field with determination of its voltage, methods of determining the growth dynamics of mold bacteria and methods of approximation of experimental data. Findings On the base of the determination of the forces arising from the interaction of magnetic nanotextiles with a magnetic field, the expediency of using these materials in the creation of compression clothing has been proven. An additional medical value of magnetic textiles is the bacteriostatic effect. The content of magnetic nanoelements in the textile composition of 0.2% almost completely suppresses mold infections Research limitations/implications Cotton samples with the addition of nanocomponents based on ferric and ferric oxides were studied. Practical implications Magnetotextile materials can be used in magnetotherapy, compression clothing, in textile products that provide bacteriostatic properties. Originality/value The use of magnetic textile materials is a perspective direction for the creation of medical textile products with complex properties.

Functional relationship among pressure, displacement and angle for the waist of elastic pantyhose using finite element simulation

The inward displacement perpendicular to the human body produced by external pressure is a key point to evaluate the pressure comfort and optimize the design of compression garment. However, it is hard to obtain the accurate displacement value using the existing instrument and equipment. In order to find a simple and feasible method to obtain displacement data after the human body wearing compression clothing, the waist cross-section model of human body was obtained by computerized tomography scanning and Mimics modeling, and then the displacement distribution was simulated after wearing four sample elastic pantyhose (A1, A2, B1, B2) using finite element method in this article. Finally, the functional relationship between pressure/displacement ratio and angle was obtained through quadratic curve fitting. Research indicated that the four fitting curves showed almost the same tendency, and we can approximate that the functional relationship between pressure/displacement ratio and angle remains almost unchanged no matter what kind of elastic pantyhose the human body wearing, and no matter what state the human body was in (static or dynamic). As a result, when the human body was under clothing pressure, the corresponding displacement value on the body can be calculated on the premise of the known pressure value at any point of the waist cross section using the quadratic equation. The conclusion provides an important reference for evaluating clothing pressure comfort and optimizing clothing structure. This method is also applicable to other types of compression garment.

Effect of Clothing Pressure on Exercise Fatigue Based on EEG

To optimize the use of compression clothing to alleviate sports fatigue, this review discusses the current research status on clothing pressure and fatigue relief, and the principle of clothing pressure to relieve fatigue. In addition, research developments on the application of electroencephalography (EEG) in clothing pressure and sports fatigue are discussed and the relationship between the clothing pressure, EEG, and sports fatigue is analyzed. The mechanism of sports fatigue can be understood more comprehensively via EEG. Building a garment pressure evaluation system provides avenues for the research and development of apparel to relieve fatigue.

Orthostatic hypotension: Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Symptoms, Diagnostics and Treatment

Viktorija Bleizgytė1 1Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kaunas Abstract Background. Orthostatic hypotension is a decrease in systolic ABP ≥20 mmHg or a decrease in diastolic ABP ≥10 mmHg after standing up after first 3 minutes. This pathology is not common, but the incidence increases exponentially with age. The absence or poor expression of symptoms increases the risk of fall, as well as morbidity and mortality. The most common risk factors are age, high consumption of drugs, hypertension, diabetes, amyloidosis. OH may include weakness, tiredness, nausea, palpitations, headaches, dizziness, blurred vision, fainting. In a patient, who stood up from a supine position and had a decreased ABP within the first 3 minutes, established with orthostatic hypotension. Aim: to review and analyze the sources of scientific literature related to orthostatic hypotension, the causes of its development, main diagnostic methods and principles of treatment. Methods: scientific literature sources were searched in PubMed, UpToDate, Cohrane Library, ScienceDirect databases. During the literature review, articles related to orthostatic hypotension, its causes of development, diagnostic possibilities, and treatment principles were selected. Results. If it is not possible to measure the decreased ABP, but if OH is suspected, the ABP can be measured at 24 hours. The goal of OH treatment is to improve symptoms. Non-drug treatment is preferred. The fludrocortisone, midodrine, pyridostigmine can be used. It is recommended for the patient to wear compression clothing, increase physical activity, perform various exercises, consume more salt, drink about 1,5 – 2,5 liters of water. If OH symptoms occur, it is recommended to drink 500 ml of water as quick as possible and sleep with head raised 20 to 30 cm to increase orthostatic tolerance. Conclusion: this brief review of the scientific literature presents the main aspects of orthostatic hypotension, its etiology and pathogenesis, principles of diagnosis and treatment. Keywords: Orthostatic hypotension, decrease in arterial blood pressure, compensatory mechanism, venous stasis.

Dynamic simulation of the relationship between pressure and displacement for the waist of elastic pantyhose in the walking process using the finite element method

The inward displacement perpendicular to body surface produced by external pressure is an important index to evaluate pressure comfort and optimal design of tight clothing products. Because of the limited pressure exerted on the human body after wearing compression clothing, the corresponding displacement is generally small, and it is difficult to obtain an accurate displacement value of the human body using general methods. In this paper, we focused on the functional relationship between pressure and displacement when the human body was in the walking state after dressing in elastic pantyhose, and then the displacement data could be easily obtained using this method. Through computerized tomography scanning, establishing of the waist cross-section, finite element simulation, and curve fitting, we finally obtained the functional relationship between the pressure/displacement ratio and angle when the body is dressed in four sample elastic pantyhose during the walking process in this study. In the formula, pressure data can be easily obtained through the pressure experiment, and the corresponding displacement value at any point of the human body can be calculated using the quadratic fitting curve equation. Results indicated that no matter what state the human body was in (static or dynamic) after wearing elastic pantyhose, the relationship between pressure and displacement at the corresponding point remains basically unchanged. That is to say, the relationship between pressure and displacement was basically not affected by the state of the human body when dressed in a tight garment. The conclusions provide an important reference for evaluating pressure comfort and optimizing clothing structure. This method is also applicable to other types of compression clothing.

Особенности реабилитации детей с послеожоговыми рубцами дистальных отделов нижних конечностей

Background: rehabilitation after burns of the distal limbs is a challenging process due to many small joints and heavy functional load. During active growth periods, the risk of rapid progression of deformities is particularly high as intensive growth under scarring may result in sprains and even bone angulation. Regular monitoring is a prerequisite for adequate treatment. Aim: to analyze the rate and terms of the development of foot deformities in children of various ages and the actual amount of rehabilitation measures based on clinical anamnestic data. Patients and Methods: anamnestic data, clinical presentations, and X-ray exams of 65 children with foot deformities who were managed in the G.I. Turner National Medical Research Center for Children’s Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery in 2015–2019 were analyzed. All children were distributed across age groups. Results: the analysis of anamnestic data revealed an inadequate amount of preventive rehabilitation measures after skin integrity recovery. In half of the patients, conservative therapy included anti-scarring creams and gels and, occasionally, compression clothing. The highest rate of scar deformities requiring surgery was reported in preschool and early school children (these are the ages of rapid growth). In preschool children, scar deformities are significantly more common in the earliest period (up to 2 years after epithelization). Conclusion: rehabilitation of children after burns should be continued until a child stops growing. These measures should include complementary surgical and conservative treatment in both in-patient and out-patient departments. KEYWORDS: burn, scar deformities, foot deformities, check-up of children after burns, prevention of scarring. FOR CITATION: Filippova O.V., Afonichev K.A. Rehabilitation of children with post-burn scars of the distal limbs. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2021;4(2):168–172. DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2021-4-2-168-172.

The conservative treatment of longstanding adductor-related groin pain syndrome: a critical and systematic review

Longstanding (chronic) adductor-related groin pain syndrome is a widely common problem for athletes in many sports activities which often drastically reduces player activity and performance. The first choice in therapeutic treatment is conservative therapy. The objective of this study is to provide a systematic review regarding conservative treatment for longstanding adductor-related groin pain syndrome present in literature today. Furthermore, this study aims to give a critical vision of the current state of the art of the considered topic. After screening 234 articles, 19 studies following the inclusion criteria were included and summarized in this current systematic review and seven different types of therapeutic interventions were described. Compression clothing therapy, manual therapy together with strengthening exercise and prolotherapy were the therapeutic interventions which showed both the greatest level of strength of evidence (Moderate) and grade of recommendation (D). The remaining four types of therapeutic interventions i.e.: corticoid injection, platelet rich plasma therapy, intra-tissue percutaneous electrolysis and pulse-dose radiofrequency, showed both lower levels of strength of evidence (Conflicting) and grade of recommendation (C). In conclusion the literature available on the conservative treatment for longstanding adductor-related groin pain syndrome is limited and characterized by a low level of evidence. Therefore, our recommendation is to refer only to the few studies with higher level of evidence and at the same time to encourage further research in this area. The intervention showing the greater level of strength of evidence, and the greater grade of recommendation are compression clothing therapy, manual therapy and strengthening exercise, and prolotherapy. Other therapeutic interventions such as intra-tissue percutaneous electrolysis and pulse-dose radiofrequency seem promising but require further studies to confirm their efficacy.

Effectiveness of Using Compression Garments in Winter Racing Sports: A Narrative Review.

Nowadays, compression garments (CGs) are widely used in winter racing sports, such as speed skating, short-track speed skating, alpine skiing, and cross-country skiing. However, the effect of wearing CGs on athletic performance in these specific sports is still not fully examined. Thus, the aim of this narrative review is to summarize the research and application of CGs in winter racing sports and to discuss how the CGs help athletes improve their performance in an integrative manner (i.e., physiology, aerodynamics, and biomechanics). A total of 18 experimental studies dedicated to CGs in winter racing sports were identified from the peer-review scientific literature. The main findings are as follows. (1) Currently, CG studies have mainly focused on drag reduction, metabolism, muscle function, strength performance, and fatigue recovery. (2) The results of most studies conducted in wind tunnels showed that, for cylindrical structures similar to the human body, clothing with rough surfaces can reduce air drag. Notably, the effect of CGs on drag reduction in real competition has not been fully explored in the literature. (3) Compression can reduce muscle vibrations at high impact and help athletes control the center of pressure movement, a function that is important for alpine skiing. Future studies are needed to improve current understanding of the effects of compression clothing microstructure on drag reduction and their stretching in different parts of the body. Furthermore, the design of experimental protocol must be consistent with those during the competition, thus providing a full discussion on energy metabolism, fatigue, and recovery affected by CGs.

Body Fat In Short And Tall: Comparisons Of The 3D-Infrared Vs. DXA Scanner

Three-dimensional (3D) infrared scanners, which estimate body composition via measurements of circumference, are gaining popularity. Since participants rotate 360° on a scale in front of a full-length mirror, visual changes in body shape are quickly assessed while numerical values are generated. PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to compare total body fat percentage (BF%) in participants using both the 3D-infrared and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanner. METHODS: Non-pregnant individuals were invited to participate in total body composition measurements using both the 3D-infrared and DXA scanners within the laboratory. Participants wore the same compression clothing and scanned within 30 minutes of each other. After height and weight were obtained, a whole body DXA scan was performed and analyzed by trained technicians. For the 3D-infrared scan, participants stood on a rotating scale in a standardized position in front of a full-length mirror. Data are expressed as mean±SD, with significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Seventy participants (4 females; age=21±5years; weight=96±21kg; height=1.80±0.07m) successfully completed both scans, in a randomized order. Significant difference was noted between the DXA vs. 3D-infrared scans in BF% (23.7±5.1 vs. 19.5±8.6%;p<0.0001). A significant positive correlation was noted between the DXA versus 3D-infrared scan for BF% (r=0.93;p<0.0001). However, the slope of the regression line was not in alignment with the line of identity, with the 3D-infrared scanner underestimating BF% at low levels (<30%) while overestimating BF% at high levels of BF%. The mean difference (Bland-Altman) was 4.2%, with the limits of agreement (LOA) between -4.3% to 12.7%. CONCLUSION: Although the correlation between the 3D-infrared versus DXA scan for BF% was high (87% of variance), the underestimation of BF% in smaller individuals and overestimation of BF% in larger individuals makes the 3D-infrared scanner not suitable for individuals outside of the normal range for BF% (~30%). Therefore, we do not believe the 3D-infrared scanner is a surrogate measure of BF%, compared with the DXA, for lean or obese persons.

The measurement of interface pressure applied by sports compression garments: A comparative study of two portable devices

The interface pressure applied by compression clothing is an important measure in evaluating the efficacy of the bio-physical impact of compression. The aim was to compare two portable pneumatic pressure measuring devices (PicoPress and Kikuhime), against a non-portable, Hohenstein System (HOSY) reference standard, used by medical regulatory agencies. Interface pressure obtained in-vivo (calf) by the PicoPress and Kikuhime, were compared with HOSY. The mean bias and limits of agreement indicate the PicoPress satisfies the a priori thresholds for acceptable validity at the posterior and lateral orientation with calf stockings (−0.4[−3.3;2.5]; 0.5[−3.4;4.4] mmHg) and tights (0.2[−4.7;5.1]; 1.2[−0.3;5.4] mmHg) respectively. The Kikuhime did not satisfy thresholds for acceptable validity at any orientation, overestimating the pressure compared with HOSY. We recommend using the PicoPress, specifically at the posterior or lateral aspect of the calf. This is of particular relevance when the hosiery is applying relatively low levels of pressure, applicable to sports compression.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF COMPRESSION THERAPY USE FOR PREVENTION OF SCARS AFTER BURNS

Mechanical squeezing of a skin cover by knitted clothes or its details is considered as the basic technological principle of compressive therapy. The definition of a level of squeezing the body by medical pressure clothes and manufacturing of an individual pattern for it sewing is offered to be carried out on the basis of physiologically adequate criteria of blood microcirculating of patients with various anthropometrical and functional blood pressure parameters with the help of the device - electronic tension-meter. Ischemization of the connective tissue parts of the scar, which is clinically confirmed by the foliation of the skin under compression elastic clothing, leads to a decrease in the mass of connective tissue and accelerated subsidence of the processes of inflammation and maturation of scar tissue. At the same time, the object affected by the compression therapy is the connective tissue that is formed, keeping the collagen fibers and fibroblasts in disorder. Creating a compression in excess of 25 mm Hg per cm2 in the early stages leads to a reduction in interstitial edema and limitation of excess formation of granulation tissue capillaries. According to the results of experimental and preliminary clinical studies, it was found that the optimum mechanical compression of the body tissues with elastic clothing is achieved by mechanical compression, which in quantitative terms corresponds to half of the average dynamic blood pressure, adjusted to the level of development of subcutaneous adipose tissue of the patient. In addition to the anatomical and physiological features of the structure of subcutaneous adipose tissue in different parts of the body, according to the results of clinical observations in people with different levels of vascular tone, it became necessary to take into account not only the average dynamic but also diastolic pressure, that largely determines the conditions of transcapillary blood exchange, resulting in additional compression of their outer compression clothing that can not only affect the level of local blood flow, but also the ability of hemodynamic function. While wearing medical clothing for compression therapy, the patient subjectively felt compression of the tissues, and objectively this was accompanied by mechanical pressure on the pressure sensor, and therefore – by switching on a light indicator, which indicated the achievement of the necessary mechanical impact on the compression therapy of the tissue. Thus, the suggested method provides a technological and accurate removal of the pattern of clothing for compression therapy, which will help to produce the optimal clothing size, and therefore to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.

Post-exercise effects of graduated compression garment use on skeletal muscle recovery and delayed onset muscle soreness: a systematic review

The study aimed to review the literature on the effects related to post-exercise of graduated compression garments (GCGs) use on muscle recovery and delayed onset muscle soreness. The search was performed in Pubmed/Medline, Bireme, Scielo, and Lilacs electronic databases using the following descriptors in English: "compression clothing", "physical exercise", "recovery", "physical activity", "compression stockings" and "delayed onset muscle soreness". The search resulted in 102 articles and after removing duplicates, applying exclusion criteria and checking the reference lists, nine studies fulfilled the criteria and were included in the review. Seven studies associated the use of GCGs with reduction of delayed muscle soreness and improvement in performance after the use of compression clothes. However, the methodological quality of the studies, using PEDro scale, presented an average of 5.1±0.9 points (out of a total of 11 points), classified as intermediate. In conclusion, although the positive effects of using CGCs on improving recovery and reduction of delayed muscle soreness after physical exercises are almost consensual, the insufficient methodological quality of the included studies requires careful consideration of the results.

EMS를 활용한 압박의류의 착용이 등속성 근력과 근활성도에 미치는 효과

EMS를 활용한 압박의류의 착용이 등속성 근력과 근활성도에 미치는 효과

Effects of a new selective compression garment on thermoregulation and muscular oscillations during exercise

The market for compression clothing has developed considerably to manage the demand of athletes who are looking for optimum conditions to improve their performance and recovery (Doan et al. 2003; B...

A novel method for determining skin deformation of lower limb in cycling

Skin deformation is the foundation of defining appropriate ease distribution at different parts of the body for compression clothing. The purpose of this study is to introduce a novel method to determine skin deformation of lower limb in cycling. Ten male volunteers (height 175 ± 2.4 cm and BMI 22.7 ± 1.7 kg/m2) were selected as the subjects in this study. The skin areas from waist to knee of this subject’s lower limb in 12 cycling postures were obtained with a gel rubbing method. Then image pixels were transplanted to calculate the deformation of these skin areas in different postures and the skin deformation in cycling was plotted with the interpolation function in MATLAB. The results showed that skin deformations on the areas of abdomen, groin, haunch bone, gluteal fold, knee, and peoples changed obviously in cycling. The skin deformation on the area of abdomen and peoples was about −30% and −50% separately. Whereas, the skin had an about 40% stretch deformation on the areas of haunch bone, gluteal fold and knee and at the position of inner thigh, buttock bumps, and the middle of front and posterior thigh, the skin deformation was about 15%.The study presents a reliable and convenient method to procure skin deformation for active body postures. The results can provide primary data for pattern designer to determine suitable ease distribution, reasonable divisions of clothing pattern and matching elastic fabric for each division of cycling shorts.

Použitie kompresného oblečenia u bežcov: áno, nie?

The main aim of this article is to emphasize the potential effect of compression clothing in a group of runners. We want to provide an objective view on evaluation of the advantages or potential risks in the use of compression clothing (socks or calf sleeves). This work is not a metanalysis, the purpose of this study provides basic information about the use of compression clothing. The work focuses on selected parameters which directly or indirectly determine the sport performance and affects the ability to repeat the sport performance. The scientific literature describes only two potential effects of compression clothing (increased venous flow and reduced muscle oscillation). As with most trends that come and go in sports, it takes a while to evaluate with the practice for the science. In our work, we focus on selected parameters with regard compression value. Based on scientific sources, the effect of compression clothing for sport performance and recovery is unclear. It is also caused by applied compression which is not also written in scientific literature. At this point, we want to emphasize this fact is probably important not only for future study design but also for customers. It makes sense if the different compression pressure lead to different results then it should exist the gold standard depending on the pressure and types of physical activity.

Effects of compression clothing on speed-power performance of elite Paralympic sprinters: a pilot study.

BackgroundCompression garments are thought to aid performance in some selected speed–power activities owing to improved sensory feedback and proprioception. The aim of this study was to test the effects of using compression garments on speed and power-related performances in elite sprinters with visual impairment, who rely more on proprioception to perform than their Olympic peers. Eight top-level Paralympic sprinters competing in 100- and 200-m races performed, in the following order: unloaded squat jump (SJ), loaded jump squat (JS) and sprint tests over 20- and 70-m distances; using or not the compression garment. The maximum mean propulsive power value obtained during the JS attempts (starting at 40 % of their body mass, after which a load of 10 % of body mass was progressively added) was considered for data analysis purposes. The athletes executed the SJ and JS attempts without any help from their guides. Magnitude-based inference was used to analyze the results. FindingsThe unloaded SJ was possibly higher in the compression than the placebo condition (41.19 ± 5.09 vs. 39.49 ± 5.75 cm). Performance differences in the loaded JS and sprint tests were all rated as unclear. ConclusionsIt was concluded that the acute enhancement in vertical jump ability should be explored in the preparation of Paralympic sprinters during power-related training sessions. However, chronic effects in Paralympic athletes wearing compression garments need to be further tested, in order to support its use as a specific training aid.

Is There Evidence that Runners can Benefit from Wearing Compression Clothing?

Runners at various levels of performance and specializing in different events (from 800m to marathons) wear compression socks, sleeves, shorts, and/or tights in attempt to improve their performance and facilitate recovery. Recently, a number of publications reporting contradictory results with regard to the influence of compression garments in this context have appeared. To assess original research on the effects of compression clothing (socks, calf sleeves, shorts, and tights) on running performance and recovery. A computerized research of the electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science was performed in September of 2015, and the relevant articles published in peer-reviewed journals were thus identified rated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) Scale. Studies examining effects on physiological, psychological, and/or biomechanical parameters during or after running were included, and means and measures of variability for the outcome employed to calculate Hedges'g effect size and associated 95% confidence intervals for comparison of experimental (compression) and control (non-compression) trials. Compression garments exerted no statistically significant mean effects on running performance (times for a (half) marathon, 15-km trail running, 5- and 10-km runs, and 400-m sprint), maximal and submaximal oxygen uptake, blood lactate concentrations, blood gas kinetics, cardiac parameters (including heart rate, cardiac output, cardiac index, and stroke volume), body and perceived temperature, or the performance of strength-related tasks after running. Small positive effect sizes were calculated for the time to exhaustion (in incremental or step tests), running economy (including biomechanical variables), clearance of blood lactate, perceived exertion, maximal voluntary isometric contraction and peak leg muscle power immediately after running, and markers of muscle damage and inflammation. The body core temperature was moderately affected by compression, while the effect size values for post-exercise leg soreness and the delay in onset of muscle fatigue indicated large positive effects. Our present findings suggest that by wearing compression clothing, runners may improve variables related to endurance performance (i.e., time to exhaustion) slightly, due to improvements in running economy, biomechanical variables, perception, and muscle temperature. They should also benefit from reduced muscle pain, damage, and inflammation.