Compressed Air Storage System Research Articles

Market clearing price-based energy management of grid-connected renewable energy hubs including flexible sources according to thermal, hydrogen, and compressed air storage systems

With the advancement of energy generation and storage technologies, it is expected that the environmentally-friendly integrated units of these elements will have a significant application in the power system so that the energy management of this unit can play a considerable role in improving the technical and economic status of energy networks, besides improving the technical and economic status of its power sources and storage facilities. Thus, the paper concerns the participation of flexible renewable energy hubs equipped with wind farms, bio-waste units, and hydrogen, thermal, and compressed air storage systems in the energy market based on the market clearing price model. Hubs are simultaneously present in both electrical and thermal networks. The bio-waste unit is equipped with combined heat and power technology, producing electrical and thermal energy. The proposed design is in the form of bi-level optimization. Its upper level formulates the maximization of the hub's expected profit, considering the operational constraints of the mentioned resources and storage devices and the hub's flexibility. The market clearing price strategy is included at the lower formulation level, considering minimizing the expected operation cost of electricity and thermal power generation units subject to the optimal power flow equations of electrical and thermal networks. The Karush-Kuhn-Tucker method obtains a single-level formulation for the design. The Unscented Transformation method is used to model uncertainties of load and renewable resources to achieve low computation time and accurate flexibility modeling. The obtained numerical results indicate the proposed design's ability to improve the operation and economic status of energy networks compared with optimal power flow studies (the hub-less network), along with optimal power scheduling of hubs in accordance with improving their flexibility and economic status. So, hydrogen, compressed air, and heat storage devices can reach 100 % flexibility conditions for hubs with wind farms and bio-waste units. Moreover, these storage devices lead to an 11.2 % enhancement in the economic status of the renewable hub. Optimal energy management of renewable hubs based on the storage system has led to a 27 % enhancement in energy network operation status compared to optimal power flow studies.

Investigation and Evaluation of the Hybrid System of Energy Storage for Renewable Energies

The system presented in this paper can change the energy storage landscape by having the advantages of a compressed air storage system and pump storage, as well as minimizing the disadvantages of these two systems. One of the advantages of this system compared to similar systems is the lack of combustion of natural gas. Correspondingly, for construction, it does not require specific specifications for the executive site, and control of the energy and heat of the system (due to the use of water as an operational fluid) is easier than similar systems. In addition, this system is very scalable and can be designed in low capacities to high capacities, energy analysis of this research to identify the basic and effective parameters of the system and determine the limitations and relationships between them. The amount of energy saved in the current research system compared to previous research is significant, and 92% efficiency can be achieved. The energy analysis of this research determined the effect of the parameters on each other and their limitations so that the path of its feasibility design was paved.

3E analyses of a cogeneration system based on compressed air energy storage system, solar collector and organic Rankine cycle

Compressed air energy storage associated with renewable energy sources is a reliable method to solve energy shortage and achieve emission reduction. A novel cogeneration system which combines a compressed air storage system, an organic Rankine cycle system and a solar collector system is proposed. Parametric sensitivity analysis, exergy analysis, and economic analysis are performed. The results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid system with the air mass flow of 5400 kg/h has an output power of 389.19 kW and an output heat of 985.18 kW. The power efficiency, energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of the system are 24.63%, 86.96% and 67.57%, respectively. The total exergy destruction of the proposed system is 649.26 kW. The highest energy destruction, 199.43 kW, is provided by the solar collection system. The cost of total investments of the overall system is 6471.35 k$. The solar collector system and the turbine have the highest percentage of investment costs with 30.72% and 27.87% respectively. The economic analysis revealed that the simple and dynamic payback periods of the proposed hybrid system are 17.68 years and 11.56 years, respectively.

Development and assessment of a novel hydrogen storage unit combined with compressed air energy storage

• This study develops a novel compressed-gas hydrogen storage system. • CAES is integrated to keep the tank at the storage pressure. • Power generation via CAES covers energy demands of hydrogen compression and cooling. • The overall energy efficiency is varied from 99.1% to 35.0%. • The overall exergy efficiency is ranged from 96.97% to 34.38%. The present study concerns the development and performance assessment of a novel hydrogen storage system which is operated at a constant pressure where it is also integrated with a compressed air storage system to supply the necessary pressure needs. The uniqueness of the system is that there is a two-chamber storage system where the air is stored in one chamber while hydrogen is stored in the other one. These two chambers work in a synchronized manner where one is compressed while the other one is expanded. For example, the air is compressed in the air chamber to expand hydrogen for releasing to the fuel cell and vice versa. Integration of the compressed air storage into the present system helps keep the hydrogen storage chamber at the desired storage pressure. For this purpose, the air is compressed into the chamber during the hydrogen discharging period, while air is released from the chamber during the hydrogen charging period. In order to exploit the additional benefit of the compressed air, an ammonia-fueled Brayton cycle is incorporated into the current system. Furthermore, this newly developed system is first analyzed thermodynamically by using both energy and exergy approaches to confirm its conceptually correct functionality and write the balance equations for system analysis and secondly assessed for its performance through energy and exergy efficiencies. Moreover, the results indicate that the compressed air as a part of the Brayton cycle covers the total energy demands of hydrogen compression and cooling. In terms of storage efficiencies, the energy and exergy efficiencies for the charging period are found to be 72.65% and 71.52%, while they become 35.3% and 35.24% for discharging period, respectively. The overall system energy and exergy efficiencies are calculated to be 35.00% and 34.38% for a period of 12 hour charging and a period of 6 hour discharging.

Techno-Economic Comparison of Utility-Scale Compressed Air and Electro-Chemical Storage Systems

The paper deals with a techno-economic comparison between utility-scale diabatic compressed air energy storage (D-CAES) systems equipped with artificial storage and Battery Energy Storage (BES) systems based on consolidated technologies, such as Sodium-Sulfur (Na-S) and Lithium-ion (Li-Ion). The comparison is carried out on the basis of the levelized cost of storage (LCOS). Analyses have been performed by varying key inputs, such as the rated power, the storage capacity, the price of electricity absorbed from the grid during the charging phase, and the cost of fuel fed to D-CAES during the discharge phase. Na-S technology-based systems always show better techno-economic performance in respect to Li-Ion based ones. The economic performance of both D-CAES and BES improves by increasing the storage capacity. The D-CAES performance improvement rate, however, is higher than that estimated for BES based systems. Moreover, the economic performance of D-CAES systems is less sensitive to the price of electricity in respect of BES based storage facilities. As a result, D-CAES based solutions can reach a LCOS lower than that of Na-S batteries if the size of the system and the price of electricity are large enough.

An investigation of a hybrid wind-solar integrated energy system with heat and power energy storage system in a near-zero energy building-A dynamic study

This work focuses on a dynamic model of an innovative multigenerational solar-wind-based system from energetic, exergetic, economic, and environmental approaches. It is integrated to a near-zero energy building in St. Petersburg of Russia, with the purpose of covering the hourly cooling, heating, and electricity loads of the building. It consists of a wind turbine, a parabolic trough solar loop, an absorption chiller, and a compressed air energy storage system. A gas heater is also used to meet the total heating load of the system at off-peak hours of solar energy and becomes the main source of energy in some months. A comprehensive model is developed and the feasibility of the solar and wind energy is investigated dynamically on the proposed system. Results of the study show that the proposed solar system can cover up to 61 % of the yearly heating loads of the building, and the system. The required heat load of the system itself includes the heat demand of the absorption chiller, and the compressed air storage system. It is also noticeable that the presented energy storage system provides almost 99 % of the required electricity load beside the wind turbine and the rest of it needs the grid connection. In January, 13 % of the electricity demand is supplied from the grid and in the last three months, nearly 69 % of produced power of wind turbine is sold to the grid. This system leads to 13859 kg/year of CO2 emission reduction due to heating, cooling, and electricity. Moreover, the maximum monthly energy and exergy efficiencies are achieved in December with amounts of 41 % and 11 %, respectively. Finally, from the economic analysis, it is found that the positive amount of net present value is accessible after 12, 14, and 17 years, assuming interest rates of 1 %, 3 %, and 5 %, respectively.

Small-Scale Energy Generation for Remote Rural Areas using Solar-Powered Compressed Air Storage System

Energy reach in the rural areas is still of major concern today especially in developing nations. Small-scale energy generation with stored compressed air is the focus of this work towards solving the energy deficit in remote rural environments through renewable sources. The method involves an experimental setup that harnessed energy from the sun through solar PV for isothermal compression and expansion of an air storage system to gain the advantages of low cost, longevity, and environmental friendliness of air storage in small scale electrical power generators. Results from a small, scalable, artificial air storage system of 360m3 show that one charge results in approximate temperature loss of 29oC for compression and 10oC for expansion (in a single cycle). A pressure charge of about 6bars from a compressor speed of 300rpm was also obtained and was able to maintain a constant alternator speed of 2500rpm on no load to produce electricity at 230Vac during expansion. When advanced and standardized, the air storage could provide a medium for cheap electrical energy storage for small scale renewable sources and a means for electrical energy availability in remote rural environments.

Evaluation of the energy potential of an adiabatic compressed air energy storage system based on a novel thermal energy storage system in a post mining shaft

The paper describes an energy storage system that uses compressed air and thermal energy storage, enabling installation in a post-exploitation mine shaft. The paper presents the concept and construction of thermal energy and compressed air hybrid storage system. Storage potential and effectiveness of the compressed air energy storage (CAES) system are demonstrated. The main motivation for undertaking the research was to manage post-mining infrastructure, especially in highly urbanized areas, and to propose a system to compensate for power fluctuations in the power system. The analyzed system includes a two-section air compressor, one compressed air reservoir with built-in two-section thermal energy system and a two-section air expander. The proposed energy storage system uses a post-mine shaft with a volume of about 60,000 m3 and the proposed thermal energy and compressed air storage system can be characterized by energy capacities of 140 MWh at a moderate pressure of 5 MPa. Important features of the system that determine high values of electric energy storage efficiency, in excess of 70 %, are identified. A numerical investigation of the Thermal Energy Storage (TES) tank supported by experimental studies is also presented, and the energy efficiency of the TES was calculated to be 95 %. This paper provides a detailed description of the concept, discusses its advantages and limitations, and highlights areas for future research.

Performance of isobaric adiabatic compressed humid air energy storage system with shared equipment and road-return scheme

• Novel isobaric adiabatic compressed humid-air energy storage system was investigated. • Water spray absorbs compression heat and controls compressed air outlet temperature. • Shared equipment and road-return scheme of energy storage/release system is employed. • Optimal system efficiency occurs at compression outlet parameters of 10 MPa/320 °C. • System efficiency reaches 72.6% and theoretic energy storage density is 17.2 kWh·m −3 . To cope with the inherent problem when intermittent renewable energies of solar and wind are connected to the grid, a novel isobaric adiabatic compressed humid air energy storage system was proposed and investigated. This system adopts a single stage dual-usage compressor-expander with synchronous rotating multi-cylinder to replace two separate multi-stage turbine type machines. The temperature of the compressed air is controlled by water spray before compression. The shared equipment with road-return stratagem of thermal oil energy storage/release system is employed. A hydro-assisted isobaric adiabatic compressed air storage system is formed with an underground cavern such as abandoned coal mine as the lower reservoir and a surface reservoir as the upper reservoir, and the nylon cloth pipe system is arranged in the underground cavern to store compressed air around water. By establishing the thermodynamic model of the system, the influences of the outlet pressure and temperature of compression on the system performance were analyzed determined respectively by the depth of the underground cavern and the working temperature of the thermal oil of the energy storage system. The results show that the round-trip efficiency varies slightly with the compression outlet pressure. Under the conditions of compression outlet parameters of 10 MPa/320 °C and the isentropic efficiencies in compression and expansion are 85%, the round-trip efficiency reaches 66.6% and the theoretical energy storage density is 16.5 kWh·m −3 .

Performance analysis of an integrated pumped-hydro and compressed-air energy storage system and solar organic Rankine cycle

This research presents the performance study of a new energy storage system, i.e. Pumped-Hydro and Compressed-Air storage system, coupled with organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and Linear Fresnel solar reflector (LFR). The proposed cycle is capable of generating electricity and heat as well as storing storage. The LFR receives solar energy and turns it to the thermal power. The heat obtained from this way is used to supply heat to the evaporator of the ORC, and this system generates power. This power is then fed to the storage system pump. In the result section, the performances of storage system, solar and ORC systems, as well as coupled process are examined. The effect of key parameters such as operating pressures of the storage system, inlet temperature and pressure of organic fluid of the turbine of ORC, solar system inlet temperature and solar irradiance on process operation is examined. Furthermore, it is assumed that the solar collector works in the weather conditions of Esfahan (in Iran). The findings showed that the energy required by the pump and the energy level in the vessel for the isothermal process are 3.24 and 2.43 MJ/m3, respectively. These values were 2.79 and 2.09 MJ/m3, respectively, for the isentropic process. In addition, the system storage efficiency is equal to 60%. Furthermore, the isentropic process compared to isothermal process requires less solar collector area.

Performance analysis of a novel hybrid solar photovoltaic - pumped-hydro and compressed-air storage system in different climatic zones

It has been proven that the future of energy demands for human society is related to renewable energy sources such as solar energy. However, the operation of solar energy systems is associated with some challenges, such as naturally uncertainty, instability, and intermittently at different hours of the day, which has caused problems with their widespread use. One of the most innovative ways to overcome these challenges is to use energy storage systems. The Pumped-Hydro and Compressed-Air (PHCA) system is a new energy storage system which can be coupled with power generation from renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the performance of the PHCA system is coupled with power generation from photovoltaic (PV) system from the energy and exergy points of view. The proposed energy system is able to generate electricity and storing energy. The solar PV system absorbs solar energy and converts it to the electricity. This electrical energy is then fed to the pump of storage system. Then, the required energy is produced by the turbine of storage system when needed. To examine the energy system performance, two different scenarios are considered: the first determines the required number of solar PV panels for a constant capacity of the PHCA storage system. In the latter, the storage system volume is determined for a solar PV system with a capacity of 1 kW. To evaluate the energy system performance the climatic conditions of two different cities in the Middle East (Dubai and Yazd) are considered. The results of the scenario I revealed that, the required pump work, which must be supplied by solar PV system, is equal to 3.69 and 4.0 MJ/m3 for isentropic and isothermal processes, respectively. In such a context, the total efficiency of the energy system is equal to 63.75%. In addition, the total exergy destruction of energy system for isentropic process is 8.36% and 8.39% less than that isothermal process in Dubai and Yazd, respectively. From scenario II, it was fond that the storage system should have a fixed capacity of 7.79 and 7.19 m3 for isentropic and isothermal processes, respectively. Based on research findings engineers must establish the right balance between the storage system and the solar system according to the energy needs for storage, storage volume, storing water method, and hours of operating and geological requirements.

Stirling-powered solar dish collector with compressed air energy storage system

At present time, the SE applied to solar dish reflectors is not competitive compared to other concentrated solar power technologies because Stirling CSP equipment has complex and expensive engines and does not have a proper energy storage system. This paper introduces Stirling solar dish technology, proposes a layout of a simple SE with compressed air storage system, and examines the total performance of the equipment.

Performance analysis of a compressed air energy storage system integrated into a coal-fired power plant

Compressed air energy storage is considered to be a potential large-scale energy storage technology because of its merits of low cost and long design life. Coupling with coal-fired power plant is an attractive way for its competitiveness improvement. A novel compressed air storage system that integrates into the regenerative subsystem of coal-fired power plant is proposed. The mathematical model is established, and the possible coupling schemes are discussed. Furthermore, analyses of thermodynamics, purchased-equipment costs and key parameters are carried out. The results show that at the ambient temperature of 20 ℃ the round-trip efficiency and exergy efficiency of the proposed system are 78.85% and 83.81%, respectively. The largest exergy destruction process is shown to take place in the throttle valve, and heat exchangers are shown to be the equipment with the largest investment. The parametric analysis shows that the proposed system has good performance in a wide range of storage pressures and ambient temperatures. Such good features make the proposed system a promising scheme for prompting energy storage technology.

Demand-Response Application in Wastewater Treatment Plants Using Compressed Air Storage System: A Modelling Approach

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are known to be one of the most energy-intensive industrial sectors. In this work, demand response was applied to the biological phase of wastewater treatment to reduce plant electricity cost, considering that the daily peak in flowrate typically coincides with the maximum electricity price. Compressed air storage system, composed of a compressor and an air storage tank, was proposed to allow energy cost reduction. A multi-objective modelling approach was applied by analyzing different scenarios (with and without anaerobic digestion, AD), considering both plant characteristics (in terms of treated flowrate and influent chemical oxygen demand, COD, concentration) and storage system properties (volume, air pressure), together with the current Italian market economic conditions. The results highlight that air tank volume has a strong positive influence on the obtainable economic savings, with a less significant impact held by air pressure, COD concentration and flowrate. In addition, biogas exploitation from AD led to an improvement in economic indices. The developed model is highly flexible and can be applied to different WWTPs and market conditions.

Energy and exergy analysis of wind farm integrated with compressed air energy storage using multi-stage phase change material

One of the most common issues associated with wind energy penetration as a viable resource is high instability under diverse amplitudes and frequencies. Compressed air storage systems (CAES) and thermal energy storages (TES) not only are promising alternative solution for renewable resources generally, but they are also used with the aim of peak shaving to provide cleaner and affordable power. Due to high storage density with low temperature gradient between storing and retrieving in comparison with sensible heat storage, phase change material (PCM) is selected considering their thermophysical properties. This work, presents a recovery approach by using PCM during 12 h’ compression periods to retrieve it in 12 h’ expansion as a case study in November for Baladeh (a city in north of Iran). It is worthy to mention that, in order to use PCM in multiple mentioned stages, auxiliary heaters facilitate system to provide constant heat load in each used stage. This concludes system to be more efficient, sustainable and can reduce irreversibilities. Temperature of PCMs and amount of heat stored and released versus time are modeled. A good agreement between PCM model and reported results of related articles was seen. Following to the energy and exergy balances calculation, round-trip efficiency (RTE) and total exergy efficiency of system, reach 70.83%, 80.71%. Exergy analysis showed that near 60% exergy destruction occurred in PCMs with major contribution of second ones in both charge and discharge times. Sensitivity analysis is also investigated assuming the effect of number of wind turbines which shows a reduction in RTE, steeper slope in increasing TES volume for PCM3 and amount of heat stored, by increasing them.

Thermal Management of Dynamic Operation of Solid Oxide Cell-Based Energy Storage System for 2 Renewable Electricity Scenarios

The increasing contribution of renewable energy sources (RES) to the power generation sector has motivated researchers to devise new methods for reliable energy storage systems. The significance of mechanisms for storing large amounts of electricity for longer time-scales is accentuated by the dynamics of renewable electricity generation that depend upon the season of the year, time of day, and the location. Conventional large-scale electricity storage technologies such as pumped-hydro and compressed-air storage systems are limited by geographical features (e.g., access to a cavern or high elevations). Traditional rechargeable batteries are limited by the fact that energy and power capacities do not scale independently. One of the promising and multipurpose techniques for storing electricity from these fluctuating renewable sources such as wind and solar, is conversion of the electric power to sustainable and carbon free gaseous fuel like hydrogen (power-to-gas (P2G)). In fact, owing to its diverse applications and worthwhile features such as high gravimetric energy density, hydrogen has become an attractive means of delivering renewable energy to many heavy-duty transport and industrial processes that are difficult to electrify. The renewable hydrogen produced from these zero emission electricity sources could be stored in caverns or injected into existing natural gas grids, initially at low concentrations as mixed with natural gas and ultimately piecewise replacing natural gas in the system. The stored hydrogen could be utilized in transportation for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), in power generation for stationary fuel cells or in chemical industries as a feedstock for chemical synthesis of low-carbon fuels or other products, enabling the eventual decarbonization of all energy conversion. One of the efficient and cost-effective techniques for electrochemical conversion of electricity to hydrogen is steam electrolysis using solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC). The steam electrolysis reaction is intrinsically an endothermic reaction for which the required energy is to be supplied as electricity or heat or a combination of both. High temperature electrolyzers, such as SOEC, benefit from both lower energy required for the electrochemical reactions and an ability to provide part of the endothermic energy demand with the heat content of the inlet streams. At high current densities, SOEC can operate exothermically, meaning that the heat generation due to the losses and electricity supply are greater than the endothermic energy demand. When the SOEC systems are connected to intermittent renewable sources like solar or wind, the varying electricity profile will cause the SOEC operation to dynamically switch between endothermic to exothermic modes and all levels of endothermicity and exothermicity in between. This transient behavior of the electrolyzer could lead to highly dynamic thermal response that could have detrimental effects on thermal stress and degradation. In this work, an energy storage system (ESS) is designed in Matlab/Simulink which simulates the dynamic operation of an integrated SOEC system applied to an intermittent RES. The main focus of the research is the thermal management of the SOEC stack during highly dynamic operation throughout the entire operating regime from highly endothermic to thermo-neutral and to highly exothermic operation. An additional thermal management challenge is to keep the SOEC system hot during periods of non-operation (hot standby). These challenges are addressed in the current work by a novel system design that integrates a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with the SOEC and combines several control strategies within the balance of plant (BoP). For thermal balance of the system the SOFC exothermicity is used to reduce the dependence of the system on electric heaters. The SOFC system oxidizes a fraction of the renewable hydrogen produced by SOEC and generates heat and electricity. A heat exchanger network is designed to convey the SOFC heat to the SOEC for a wide range of endothermic conditions. The main function of SOFC is to keep the SOEC warm when it is not operating or when it is operating in highly endothermic regions. The proposed configuration is integrated with 2 different patterns of electricity production from RES: one representing measured wind dominant RES such as that in Germany, and one representing solar dominant RES such as that in California. Dynamic analysis of the system in terms of the electric power generated by RES for these 2 conditions is presented. The response of different parameters in the system to keep the integrated system warm, self-sustaining, and within desired limits for lower thermal stress and degradation are presented. These parameters include required SOFC power, voltage and temperature profiles of both SOEC and SOFC, BoP parasitic consumption, system efficiencies, hydrogen production amounts, consumption, and storage levels during transient operation.

Bi‐level model for generation expansion planning with contract pricing of renewable energy in the presence of energy storage

This study presents a bi-level model for expansion planning of generation systems. The proposed model endogenously determines the incentive to invest (guaranteed purchase contract) for wind and storage units. In the upper level of the proposed model, wind turbines and compressed air storage systems focus on maximising their profits by presenting a strategic offering, while at the lower level, there is an independent system operator with the purpose of increasing social welfare run the market clearing equations. In solving the bi-level model, the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions are used to develop the mathematical program with equilibrium constraints. The problem was first linearised and then solved by GAMS software. The outputs of this problem are the installation time and capacity of the wind and storage units and the price of the purchase contract. The obtained results were compared with other existing studies for verification purposes.

Optimal energy management of an underwater compressed air energy storage station using pumping systems

The paper is part of the development of a novel underwater isothermal Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) system. Compared to conventional CAES plant, the performances of this system only depend on the electrical energy required for a round-trip cycle; performances of each sub-system of the power conversion process takes part of the overall efficiency. Consequently, this work is focused on an optimal energy management of the electrical power conversion system driving the isothermal hydro-pneumatic mechanism enabling the air compression/expansion. After examining inherent characteristics of conversion components challenging the overall conversion efficiency, we propose an efficient platform layout based on the segmentation of the energy conversion multiplying power conversion systems with different power ranges. Then, we establish control laws required by the electrical multi-machines system in order to drive pumping systems closed to their best efficiency points. However, these laws subject the conversion platform to a transient and variable operating needing the design of robust controller structures. Finally, we develop a dynamic reversible modelling of the multi-physic conversion platform along with the control scheme. The layout is modelled on Matlab® Simulink® environment and the paper closes with simulation results. We evaluate the dynamic performances of the compressed air storage system in both storage and production mode. Moreover, the effectiveness of power segmentation for the grid integration of the proposed system is discussed.

The Dimensioning of a Compressed Air Motor Dedicated to a Compressed Air Storage System

Storage represents the key to the penetration of renewable energies especially wind and solar energy on the network electric. It avoids unloading in the event of overproduction, ensuring real-time The production-consumption balance and also improve the robustness of the electricity grid. CAES (Compressed Air Energy Storage) is a mature technology that allows to store long or short duration an amount of energy sucient to support the number of cycles requested. The E-PV-CAES system will be presented and the modeling of the compressed air engine will also be treated in more detail in this article.

Looping of Hybrid PV/Wind Turbine Power Plants by a Compressed Air Storage System and Creation of Artificial Wind to Ensure the Permanent Availability of Energy in the Tropical Zones

Looping of Hybrid PV/Wind Turbine Power Plants by a Compressed Air Storage System and Creation of Artificial Wind to Ensure the Permanent Availability of Energy in the Tropical Zones