Comprehensive Thermodynamic Model Research Articles

Simulation study of a novel approach to couple compressed CO2 energy storage with compression heat storage in aquifers

The integration of energy storage systems is essential for addressing the limitations of renewable energy generation, such as intermittency and fluctuations. This study introduces a porous media adiabatic compressed CO2 energy storage system (PM-ACCES) that combines thermal energy storage with compressed CO2 energy storage within aquifers at different depths. PM-ACCES aims to reduce the overall system complexity by eliminating the need for thermal storage systems at the ground level to store compression heat, while simultaneously integrating CO2 energy storage with sequestration. Through comprehensive numerical simulations and thermodynamic modelling, the study evaluates the performance of the PM-ACCES system under various operating conditions. The results show that, under the default conditions of this study, the average discharge power and charge power of the PM-ACCES with solar heating over 30 days are 4663.7 kW and 2342.9 kW, respectively, with a corresponding discharge capacity of 18,655 kWh and a charge capacity of 23,429 kWh. The PM-ACCES system can operate without external heat sources, achieving a discharge power of 3045.31 kW and a discharge capacity of 12,156 kWh, while attaining a higher round-trip efficiency of 51.93 %. Additionally, the study examined various factors affecting the energy storage performance of the solar-heated PM-ACCES. The findings suggest that improving wellbore thermal insulation and utilizing deeper aquifers can significantly enhance energy storage performance. However, increasing the circulation flow rate, while boosting charge and discharge power, reduces the round-trip efficiency. These findings provide a robust foundation for future optimization of CO2-based energy storage systems, offering a promising solution for integrating renewable energy into the power grid.

A thermophysical mechanism exploration of the brain: Motor cortex modeling with canonical ensemble theory

The brain, recognized as one of the most intricate systems globally, has been a focal point for scientific exploration. Researchers have made efforts to construct models of the brain based on neural dynamics and complex networks to gain insights into its workings. It is crucial to investigate the brain's working principles from various perspectives. This study presents a novel thermophysical model of the motor cortex and examines its potential thermodynamic properties. Utilizing canonical ensemble theory, we constructed the thermophysical model using spike and local field potential (LFP) signals obtained from intracortical brain-machine-interfaces (iBMIs) in two monkeys. The parameters derived from this model—namely internal energy, free energy, and entropy—were employed to assess the thermodynamic properties and observe alterations in these properties during reaching and grasping movements. Furthermore, this proposed model was applied to movement pattern decoding, highlighting its potential in neural decoding tasks. In both LFP- and spike-based thermodynamic models, there was an increase in internal energy and free energy, coupled with a decrease in entropy when the motor cortex was activated across various movement tasks. This suggests that the neural system adheres to the principles of a thermophysical system. Notably, the thermodynamic features demonstrated superior performance in decoding movement intentions compared to traditional LFP and spike features. This study represents the first construction of a comprehensive thermodynamic model of the motor cortex based on LFP and spike signals. The model exhibits remarkable stationarity and holds promise for long-term and stable evaluations of motor cortex functions.

Identifying effective parameters on capillary tube performance with HCFCs, HFCs blends, and hydrocarbon refrigerants: Numerical assessment

This work offers a comprehensive numerical evaluation of the performance of capillary tube utilizing different refrigerants, including HCFCs, HFCs blends (Zeotropic, Azeotropic), and hydrocarbon, such as such as R22, R404A, R407C, R410A, R507A, and R290 refrigerants to predict the critical length of the adiabatic capillary tube. Utilizing a comprehensive thermodynamic model is applied to simulate the behavior of different refrigerants. Moreover, the effective design parameters based on the internal diameter for the adiabatic capillary tube (ACT), inside surface tube roughness, degree of subcooled, metastable region, condenser diameter, design of evaporator pressure (at critical length), condenser operating pressure, and refrigeration capacity are considered. The numerical model is developed based on the governing equations for mass, momentum, and energy, while a specified empirical equations are employed to represent each of the friction factor for single-and-two phase flow and metastable region. The results showed that the longest length of the ACT of 10.5 m revealed with R410A at mass flow rate of 8 g/s compared with 0.25 m at mass flow rate of 16 g/s for R290. Also, the results showed that the minimum value of friction factor of 0.0189 for R410A compared with maximum value of 0.0208 for R407C. The developed model is validated with available experimental results and models under different operation conditions and is found expectable with a good agreement. Where the standard error for different refrigerant with range value between (2.774% to 3.677%). However, the model represents accurate prediction the flow behavior and the thermal performance of the ACT.

Thermodynamic modeling and optimal short-term scheduling of a green H2-fueled combined heat and power generation system for industrial zones

This paper presents a novel green combined heat and power generation system for industrial applications. It composes of a hydrogen-fueled combined cycle power plant and a battery energy storage. Firstly, the hydrogen-air rich mixture enters the combustion chamber of the gas turbine cycle for generating electricity, while recovering the heating energy from the exhausted flue gases for driving a steam turbine cycle. The heating energy extracted from the condenser heat exchanger is also used to supply the heating demand of the end-user. Moreover, a comprehensive thermodynamic model and analysis of H2 combustion process is provided to estimate the adiabatic flame temperature based on enthalpies of reactants and products. The optimum operating point of the cogeneration system is found by solving a mixed-integer nonlinear problem using MATLAB and GAMS over a 24-h study horizon aiming to minimize its daily operation cost considering all technical constraints of system components and load-generation balance criterion. It is found that the energy efficiency of the hydrogen-fueled combined cycle changes from 46 to 58 % while generating 11.331–12.982 MW electricity and 4.436–4.984 MW heat. Two cases are studied without and with participation of battery in energy procurement strategy. It is demonstrated that the objective function of the optimization problem improves from 18 $ cost in case 1 to 29 $ revenue in case 2.

Development of a DFT-driven thermodynamic framework for ferrous alloy electrochemistry in acidic media

The electrochemical behavior of different phases (ferrite, austenite, martensite, cementite) and effect of alloying addition in ferrous alloys was examined in acidic media. A comprehensive thermodynamic model, incorporating first-principles calculations, was constructed to predict cathodic and anodic behavior in acidic environments. Cementite emerged as the most corrosion resistant phase, followed by austenite, while ferrite displayed the least resistance. Interestingly, carbon additions improved corrosion resistance in ferrite and austenite. Alloying with Cr, Mn, and Cu was observed to hinder anodic dissolution, reducing electrochemical activity. Finally, the thermodynamic framework provides a reliable and efficient screening tool that can accelerate the development of alloys and coatings.

Environmental and Economic Aspects of a Containership Engine Performance in Off-Design Conditions

A comprehensive thermodynamic model of the marine diesel engine in combination with the operating cost assessment is used in the decision-making process regarding the selection of the most favorable slow steaming speed. The influence of the number of cylinders and sailing speed on exhaust emissions, fuel consumption and operating costs is analyzed for the case of a containership sailing on a Trans-Pacific route. The engine simulation model was used for the calculation of engine fuel consumption, NOX and soot emissions. The operating costs and annual income were calculated through a fuel consumption correlation. The benefit of slow steaming is shown through the comparison of calculated data with the data calculated for the six-cylinder engine and the design speed of 23 knots. The highest reduction of 67.2% in CO2 and 93.3% in NOX emissions is achieved with the seven-cylinder engine at 15 knots, but the six-cylinder engine yields the highest increase in income per route of 6.2%. To comply with the proposed regulations for GHG emissions, the sailing speed should be reduced by at least 26%, which results in a decrease in the annual income by 24% compared to the design speed.

Effect of key parameter on the energy consumption and start-up time in the cold start-up process of an opposed-piston free-piston linear generator

The opposed-piston free-piston linear generator exhibits considerable energy conversion efficiency; however, its operational dynamics are highly sensitive to key parameters owing to the elimination of mechanical limitations. In the present study, an analysis was conducted on the impact of significant system variables on the operating performance of the cold start-up process in conjunction with energy decomposition. At the same time, the operational boundaries of the cold start-up process were explored. A comprehensive thermodynamic model with a cold start-up process was established to predict the operation characteristics. The established model was verified through experimental data obtained from the stable operation of a prototype. The error between simulated cylinder pressure values and experimental observations was determined to be below 1 bar. The findings indicate that as the motor force and bounce energy ratio increased, there was a corresponding reduction in both the time and total energy input necessary to accomplish the cold start-up process. To achieve lightweighting and simultaneously reduce electrical energy consumption, it is advisable to decrease the piston mass by no more than 30 %. A comprehensive energy decomposition study revealed that friction loss accounted for the majority of total energy consumption. To optimize the cold start-up process of the opposed-piston free-piston linear generator, the motor force should be between 300 and 400 N, the bounce energy ratio between 9 and 11, and the piston assembly mass optimization range between −15 % and 15 %.

Production of complex Fe-Si-Mn-Cr ferroalloy using high-ash coal: a sustainable metallurgical approach

The article presents the results of comprehensive thermodynamic modeling and laboratory tests conducted for smelting a complex ferroalloy of silicon, manganese, and chromium (Fe-Si-Mn-Cr) from chromium, medium-grade manganese ores, and high-ash coals from Kazakhstan. Thermodynamic analysis was performed using HSC Chemistry software to model the Fe-Si-Mn-Cr smelting process over a temperature range of 900 °C–1800 °C. This analysis involved six actual charge compositions with solid reductant (Csolid) consumption ranging from 5 to 20 kg per 100 kg of Cr and Mn ore mixture. The mechanism of the combined carbothermic reduction of Cr, Mn, Si, and Fe was investigated using the Cr-Si-Al-Ca-Mn-Mg-O-C system. According to thermodynamic data, the optimal consumption of Csolid per 100 kg of ore mixture is 17 kg, and the optimal temperature range for smelting ferroalloys is between 1600 and 1700 °C. Laboratory tests were conducted in a high-temperature Tamman furnace at 1700 °C, resulting in experimental samples of the new complex ferroalloy with an average composition of 14.85% Fe, 14.05% Si, 7.55% Mn, 57.54% Cr, and 6.01% C, with P < 0.03% and S < 0.02%. The phase composition included (Cr, Fe, Mn)3Si and carbides Cr23C6 and (Fe, Mn)3C. The resulting alloy is suitable for alloying high-carbon and tool steels.

Activation of zinc uptake regulator by zinc binding to three regulatory sites.

Zur is a Fur-family metalloregulator that is widely used to control zinc homeostasis in bacteria. In Streptomyces coelicolor, Zur (ScZur) acts as both a repressor for zinc uptake (znuA) gene and an activator for zinc exporter (zitB) gene. Previous structural studies revealed three zinc ions specifically bound per ScZur monomer; a structural one to allow dimeric architecture and two regulatory ones for DNA-binding activity. In this study, we present evidence that Zur contains a fourth specific zinc-binding site with a key histidine residue (H36), widely conserved among actinobacteria, for regulatory function. Biochemical, genetic, and calorimetric data revealed that H36 is critical for hexameric binding of Zur to the zitB zurbox and further binding to its upstream region required for full activation. A comprehensive thermodynamic model demonstrated that the DNA-binding affinity of Zur to both znuA and zitB zurboxes is remarkably enhanced upon saturation of all three regulatory zinc sites. The model also predicts that the strong coupling between zinc binding and DNA binding equilibria of Zur drives a biphasic activation of the zitB gene in response to a wide concentration change of zinc. Similar mechanisms may be pertinent to other metalloproteins, expanding their response spectrum through binding multiple regulatory metals.

Energy, exergy analysis in a hybrid power and hydrogen production system using biomass and organic Rankine cycle

This study conducts a thorough analysis of an integrated system that has been specifically engineered to generate power and hydrogen concurrently by utilizing biomass and an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). Under its feed fluid heater and heat recovery exchanger, the ORC exhibits a dual-generation capability and is powered by biomass combustion. This research investigates a range of ORC configurations that utilize unique working fluids specifically designed for hydrogen production. A comprehensive thermodynamic model is applied to each fluid. An essential goal is to perform a parametric analysis, wherein the impact of critical parameters on the overall performance of the system is thoroughly examined. In addition, an innovative system comprising an integrated proton membrane exchange electrolyzer and biomass in ORC is presented in this study. An evaluation of the energy and exergy efficiencies of five distinct working fluids (R113, R114, R218, RC318, and R236fa) is conducted. The R113 working fluid exhibited the highest energy and exergy efficiencies, whereas the other fan working fluids were found to possess noteworthy characteristics. The R113 working fluid exhibits exergy and energy efficiencies of 67.15 % and 3.69 %, respectively. In addition, the study reveals valuable information regarding exergy losses in the electrolyzer and evaporator, emphasizing their impact on the generation of electricity. This study clarifies the correlation between fluctuations in temperature within the biomass fluid and the subsequent alterations in power and hydrogen generation, uncovering a compromise characterized by a reduction in energy and exergy efficiency. Furthermore, the research illustrates how escalating the mass flow rates of biomass fluids results in a decline in energy and exergy efficiency while concurrently generating power and hydrogen.

Unveiling the potential of concentric tubular solar stills (CTSS) through comprehensive thermodynamic modeling and analysis

ABSTRACT The present research work delves into the thermodynamic modeling and analysis of concentric tubular solar stills (CTSS) using a rigorous mathematical approach. The primary objective is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the system’s behavior by formulating and analyzing various crucial parameters. These parameters include the basin water temperature, inner and outer glass cover temperatures, heat transfer coefficients, heat loss coefficients, thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, hourly yield, and cumulative yield. The study is specifically conducted under the environmental conditions of Nagpur city (21.1458° N, 79.0882° E), India, in the month of May 2022. By selecting this location, the present study ensures that their findings are contextually relevant and applicable to the local conditions. To facilitate the computation of results and generate informative visualizations, MATLAB code has been developed. This code allows for efficient analysis, processing, and presentation of the obtained data, enabling a comprehensive interpretation of the research findings. Results of the study indicate that hourly yield, considering only bottom losses, is 5.071 k g / m 2 and 3.012 k g / m 2 when water and air are used as cooling mediums, respectively. However, when all losses are taken into account, the hourly yield decreases to 4.575 k g / m 2 and 2.555 k g / m 2 for water and air as cooling mediums, respectively. The percentage error when water and air are used as the cooling medium by considering bottom losses is 1.05 and 3.06, while considering all losses, the error is 10.73 and 18.26.

A comprehensive thermodynamic modeling of the solubility of sugar alcohols in ionic liquids

Environmental regulations have recently drawn attention from fossil sources to green materials, among which sugar alcohols (SA) have particular importance due to their vast use in the nutrition, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Their properties and equilibrium conditions, including the extraction and solubility behavior utilizing novel solvents such as ionic liquids (ILs), are essential for developing further processes and their optimization. On account of this, the present study aims to develop a comprehensive thermodynamic approach based on simple and accurate tools such as activity coefficient models (ACMs) and equations of state (EoSs), which have not been hitherto addressed. To this end, eleven calculation schemes based on these two approaches were applied to the largest databank investigated thus far (13 SAs, 21 ILs, and 653 data points), and the performance of the models was analyzed. NRTL, free-volume Flory-Huggins (FVFH), and Redlich-Kister (RK) ACMs with different schemes, as well as athermal and ideal solution models, were evaluated and compared against well-known cubic EoSs such as Peng-Robinson (PR) and Valderrama-Patel-Teja (VPT). Benefitting from three adjustable parameters and a simple form, the three-parameter RK model yielded the best results with a 0.82 % (2.77 K) deviation in the entire databank. Moreover, employing temperature-dependent interaction parameters with FVFH ACM (3.55 K, 1.05 %), PR EoS (3.60 K, 1.07 %), and VPT EoS (3.66 K, 1.08 %) improved the accuracy of the calculations remarkably. The results of this contribution prove that thermodynamic models based on NRTL, FVFH, and RK ACMs are the best options for calculating solid–liquid conditions equilibrium of SA-IL systems with a simple and precise calculation procedure, and can therefore be employed for the simulation and optimization tools. This study investigates the most extensive SA-IL databank, a large number of models from different routes, and the nature of SA-IL pairs employing the obtained parameters.

Speciation and Phase Equilibria of Aqueous Boric Acid and Alkali Metal Borates from Ambient to Hydrothermal Conditions: A Comprehensive Thermodynamic Model

Speciation and Phase Equilibria of Aqueous Boric Acid and Alkali Metal Borates from Ambient to Hydrothermal Conditions: A Comprehensive Thermodynamic Model

Optimization of carbon dioxide ejector expansion transcritical refrigeration system with ANOVA and NSGA-II

With a projected increase of over 30 % by 2050, refrigeration systems are already responsible for 17 % of all electrical energy. To address these critical environmental concerns and enhance overall efficiency while reducing costs, a shift to eco-friendly and neutral impact alternatives is imperative. When carbon dioxide (CO2) is used as a working fluid since it is a natural gas, coupled with optimized system configurations, it holds the promise to mitigate these challenges effectively. In this study, a novel transcritical refrigeration cycle with an ejector operating with CO2, is proposed to further improve system efficiency. To validate the system's performance, a comprehensive thermodynamic model was established, and published results were used for validation. Remarkably, the new system demonstrated higher energy and exergy efficiency when compared to existing systems documented in the literature. To identify the most influential factors affecting cycle performance, an ANOVA analysis was conducted. The evaporator temperature was shown to be the most important variable, impacting the COP, exergy efficiency, and overall cost of the product by a combined 81, 46, and 75 %, respectively. In addition, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) method was used to maximize the effectiveness of the system. This method of multi-objective optimization took into account both the thermodynamic criterion of exergy efficiency and the economic criterion of total product cost. The integration of these criteria in the optimization process allows for an environmentally friendly and economically viable NEETR cycle.

Comparative study on thermodynamic analysis of solid oxide fuel cells supplied with methanol or ammonia

The increasing demand for green hydrogen and power production necessitates the development of novel and upgraded power generation technologies. The solid oxide fuel cell combined heat and power (SOFC–CHP) system is a promising solution due to its high efficiency, clean operation, and fuel flexibility. In practical terms, SOFCs can operate using a variety of fuels such as alcoholic fuel, hydrogen, ammonia, etc. Recently, methanol and ammonia have become noteworthy alternative fuel options as it possesses advantages such as low transportation cost and high hydrogen storage capacity. In this paper, we have established two SOFC–CHP models fueled by methanol or ammonia integrated with the steam Rankine cycle. A comprehensive thermodynamic model is proposed for energy and exergy analyses. Sensitivity analysis is performed to study the system's characteristics. The results show that the SOFC–CHP system fueled by ammonia exhibits superior performance, the maximum electrical power, efficiency, and exergy efficiency is 430W, 7% and 10% greater than the methanol fueled system. The operating temperature is about 30K higher in methanol supplied system. The largest thermal power difference can reach 0.65 kW. Overall, the ammonia fueled SOFC–CHP system shows greater potential than that fueled by methanol.

Assessment of Co-Gasification Methods for Hydrogen Production from Biomass and Plastic Wastes

In recent decades, economic development and population growth has been accompanied by the generation of billions of tonnes of solid residues or municipal “wastes”, a substantial portion of which is composed of plastics and biomass materials. Combustion-based waste-to-energy is a viable and mature method of extracting calorific value from these end-of-life post-recyclable materials that are otherwise landfilled. However, alternative thermochemical methods, such as gasification, are becoming attractive due to the ability to synthesize chemical precursors for supply chain recirculation. Due to the infancy of gasification technology deployment, especially in the context of anthropogenic CO2 emission reduction, additional systems engineering studies are necessary. Herein, we conduct an attributional life cycle analysis to elucidate the syngas production and environmental impacts of advanced thermochemical gasification methods for the treatment of biomass and plastic wastes obtained from municipal solid wastes, using a comprehensive thermodynamic process model constructed in AspenTech. Feedstock composition, process parameters, and gasification methods are varied to study the effects on syngas quality, yield, power generation potential, and overall greenhouse gas emissions. Steam-based gasification presents up to 38% reductions in CO2 emissions when compared to conventional thermochemical methods. Using gasifier-active materials, such as metal hydroxides, can also further reduce CO2 emissions, and realizes a capture load of 1.75 tonnes of CO2 per tonne of plastic/stover feedstock. This design alteration has implications for reductions in CAPEX due to the mode of CO2 capture utilized (e.g., solid sorbent vs. liquid SELEXOL). The use of renewable energy to provide a method to generate steam for this process could make the environmental impact of such MSW gasification processes lower by between 60–75% tonnes of CO2 per tonne of H2. Overall, these results can be used to inform the guidance of advanced waste gasification methods as a low-carbon transition towards a circular economy.

Comprehensive thermodynamic modeling framework for the estimation of physico-chemical properties of deep eutectic solvent-heavy crude oil system

Physico-chemical properties such as density, solubility parameter, viscosity, volume change on mixing and surface tension for pure deep eutectic solvent (DES), heavy crude oil (saturate, aromatic, resin and asphaltene i.e. SARA) and DES-SARA mixtures are estimated. The models are established considering the variation of SARA from three geographic locations and five DESs from hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature. Further, variation in temperature and concentration of DESs or SARA are explicitly considered. The structural variations are incorporated by estimating the critical properties in Lydersen–Joback–Reid framework using group contribution methodology. Cohesion based equation of state is used to estimate the density of SARA and DES. Geometric similitude concept in conjunction with cubic equation of state is used to estimate the surface tension and viscosity of DES and SARA. Later six different formulations namely, Arrhenius, Power law model, Lobe, Cragoe, Double-log, and Lederer model are employed to calculate the mixture viscosity of DES-SARA system.

Energy coupling and stoichiometry of Zn2+/H+ antiport by the prokaryotic cation diffusion facilitator YiiP

YiiP from Shewanella oneidensis is a prokaryotic Zn2+/H+ antiporter that serves as a model for the Cation Diffusion Facilitator (CDF) superfamily, members of which are generally responsible for homeostasis of transition metal ions. Previous studies of YiiP as well as related CDF transporters have established a homodimeric architecture and the presence of three distinct Zn2+ binding sites named A, B, and C. In this study, we use cryo-EM, microscale thermophoresis and molecular dynamics simulations to address the structural and functional roles of individual sites as well as the interplay between Zn2+ binding and protonation. Structural studies indicate that site C in the cytoplasmic domain is primarily responsible for stabilizing the dimer and that site B at the cytoplasmic membrane surface controls the structural transition from an inward facing conformation to an occluded conformation. Binding data show that intramembrane site A, which is directly responsible for transport, has a dramatic pH dependence consistent with coupling to the proton motive force. A comprehensive thermodynamic model encompassing Zn2+ binding and protonation states of individual residues indicates a transport stoichiometry of 1 Zn2+ to 2–3 H+ depending on the external pH. This stoichiometry would be favorable in a physiological context, allowing the cell to use the proton gradient as well as the membrane potential to drive the export of Zn2+.

Energy coupling and stoichiometry of Zn2+/H+ antiport by the prokaryotic cation diffusion facilitator YiiP.

YiiP from Shewanella oneidensis is a prokaryotic Zn2+/H+ antiporter that serves as a model for the Cation Diffusion Facilitator (CDF) superfamily, members of which are generally responsible for homeostasis of transition metal ions. Previous studies of YiiP as well as related CDF transporters have established a homodimeric architecture and the presence of three distinct Zn2+ binding sites named A, B, and C. In this study, we use cryo-EM, microscale thermophoresis and molecular dynamics simulations to address the structural and functional roles of individual sites as well as the interplay between Zn2+ binding and protonation. Structural studies indicate that site C in the cytoplasmic domain is primarily responsible for stabilizing the dimer and that site B at the cytoplasmic membrane surface controls the structural transition from an inward facing conformation to an occluded conformation. Binding data show that intramembrane site A, which is directly responsible for transport, has a dramatic pH dependence consistent with coupling to the proton motive force. A comprehensive thermodynamic model encompassing Zn2+ binding and protonation states of individual residues indicates a transport stoichiometry of 1 Zn2+ to 2-3 H+ depending on the external pH. This stoichiometry would be favorable in a physiological context, allowing the cell to use the proton gradient as well as the membrane potential to drive the export of Zn2+.

Performance analysis and multi-objective optimization of a combined system of Brayton cycle and compression energy storage based on supercritical carbon dioxide

The energy storage system plays a pivotal role in optimizing the power grid’s peak mobilization. In this study, we propose a combined cycle of supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) recompression cycle (sCO2-RC) coupled with compressed sCO2 energy storage (S-CCES) system. Two distinct layouts are thoroughly investigated, each corresponding to different auxiliary heat source locations: utilizing waste heat to heat hot water of S-CCES (SCW-CCES) and heat CO2 of S-CCES (SCC-CCES). Through comprehensive thermodynamic modeling and analysis, we evaluate the performance of both layouts and conduct multi-objective optimization using a genetic algorithm. The results indicate that, under identical design conditions, the heat input leads to a respective increase of 4.25 MW and 7.02 MW in the output power of S-CCES for the SCW-CCES and SCC-CCES layouts. Furthermore, parametric analysis reveals that the performance of SCC-CCES surpasses that of SCW-CCES when considering performance indicators other than round-trip efficiency (RTE). The results obtained from multi-objective optimization demonstrate that the optimal solution for SCW-CCES achieves a higher RTE of 25.94 %, while the optimal solution for SCC-CCES exhibits a superior levelized cost of electricity and exergy efficiency, amounting to 68.94 $/MWh and 58.76 %, respectively.