Comprehensive Textbook Of Psychiatry Research Articles

Validating the knowledge represented by a self-organizing map with an expert-derived knowledge structure.

Professionals are reluctant to make use of machine learning results for tasks like curriculum development if they do not understand how the results were generated and what they mean. Visualizations of peer reviewed medical literature can summarize enormous amounts of information but are difficult to interpret. This article reports the validation of the meaning of a self-organizing map derived from the Medline/PubMed index of peer reviewed medical literature by its capacity to coherently summarize the references of a core psychiatric textbook. Reference lists from ten editions of Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry were projected onto a self-organizing map trained on Medical Subject Headings annotating the complete set of peer reviewed medical research articles indexed in the Medline/PubMed database (MedSOM). K-means clustering was applied to references from every edition to examine the ability of the self-organizing map to coherently summarize the knowledge contained within the textbook. MedSOM coherently clustered references into six psychiatric knowledge domains across teneditions (1967-2017). Clustering occurred at the abstract level of broad psychiatric practice including General/adult psychiatry, Child psychiatry, and Administrative psychiatry. The uptake of visualizations of published medical literature by medical experts for purposes like curriculum development depends upon validation of the meaning of the visualizations. The current research demonstrates that a self-organizing map (MedSOM) can validate the stability and coherence of the references used to support the knowledge claims of a standard psychiatric textbook, linking the products of machine learning to a widely accepted standard of knowledge.

Abbé Faria (1756-1819): From Lucid Sleep to Hypnosis.

This statue in Goa, India, celebrates theologianphilosopher-scientist Abbe Faria placing a woman intowhat he termed “lucid sleep,”whichhe affirmed occurred due to the will and suggestibility of the epopt,Greek for “subject.”Hedisputed FranzAnton Mesmer’s reigning theories of animal magnetism, cosmology, and the primacy of the mesmerizer’s power. Abbe Faria was born Jose Custodio de Faria, on India’s west coast, in Goa, then under Portuguese rule. At age 15, he left with his father for Portugal. He then went to Rome, finished a doctorate in theology in 1780,moved toParis, and in 1813 joined the avant-garde in mesmerism (1). Mesmer’s theories were challenged in 1778 when a commission—authorized by the court of Louis XVI and led by Benjamin Franklin, American Ambassador—discredited Mesmer’s ideas about physical fluids and magnets. Nevertheless, mesmerism thrived, especially in the scholarship of Mesmer’s ardent student, Marquis de Chastenet de Puysegur, who became intrigued by his own patients’ suggestibility. Abbe Faria treated about 5,000 epopts in public. He was praised for his cures, also vilified and ridiculed. Yet he persevered. He forwarded an Epistle to Puysegur and requested his approval for the book he had just written: De La Cause du SommeilLucideOuEtudede laNaturedeL’Homme(Of theCause Of Lucid Sleep or Study of the Nature of Man) (2). Abbe Faria was a professor of theology and philosophy; his works also referenced metaphysics and physiology. He connected the patient’s will, auto-suggestion, and the power of mind over body to “lucid sleep.” He also criticized “the futility of assumption of a magnetic fluid” (2, p. 369). Faria meant to write three more volumes, but he died on the day the book was published—Sept. 20, 1819. His volume was well read in Europe but remained isolated on academic shelves. However, his formulation was later endorsed by Egas Moniz (1874–1955), Portuguese neurologist and 1949 Nobel prize winner, who called him “the creator of the doctrine of suggestion” (3, p. 327). Faria’s grave inMontmartre, France, has not been located. However, a fragile copy of a reprinted version (1909) of his book was unearthed in the rare book section of Central Goa Library, India. Psychiatrist Rajendra Hegde, who had searched vigorously for it, discovered the national treasure and commissioned its English translation. The hand-written translation by Dr. Manoharrai Sardessai (2) was completed in 2004. Goan intelligentsia celebrated Faria’s 258th birthday with a symposium in June 2014. Abbe Faria was extolled as the Father of Hypnotism (4). The symposium acknowledged his relentless inquiry into “lucid sleep,”which paved the way for the formulation of surgeon James Braid, who in 1843 labeled the phenomena of trance and mesmerism as “hypnosis” (5, p. xi). Hypnosis was used widely in the American Civil War for amputations. Medicare approves hypnotherapy (code 90880) “if reasonable and necessary for treatment of medical or psychological conditions.” Hypnosis can be offered as an adjunct to psychotherapy for varied psychiatric symptoms, PTSD, smoking cessation, surgery, and other ailments. The lexicon of modern hypnosis includes such terms as “trance capacity” and “aroused concentration” (6, p. 1228), echoing Faria’s 1819 critical observations. An Abbe Faria appears as a wise but eccentric priest in The Count of Monte Cristo (7), but the source of the Alexander Dumas character is unknown. The sculpture of Abbe Faria was made by Ramachandra Pandurang Kamat and was installed in1945 in thecapital ofGoa, India. The imagewas takenbyBryceEdwards. Itwas not changed by this writer. Under the Creative Commons Public License (a nonprofit) permission is given to share, copy, and redistribute the image (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/2.5/).

Investigation of correlation between mothers’ marital satisfaction and depression among their adolescent in Shiraz

Investigation of correlation between mothers’ marital satisfaction and depression among their adolescent in Shiraz

Classification of Mental Disorders Based on Temperament

Context: Different paradoxical theories are available regarding psychiatric disorders. The current study aimed to establish a more comprehensive overall approach. Evidence Acquisition: This basic study examined ancient medical books. “The Canon” by Avicenna and “Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry” by Kaplan and Sadock were the most important and frequently consulted books in this study. Results: Four groups of temperaments were identified: high active, high flexible; high active, low flexible; low active, low flexible; and low active, high flexible. When temperament deteriorates personality, non-psychotic, and psychotic psychiatric disorders can develop. Conclusions: Temperaments can provide a basis to classify psychiatric disorders. Psychiatric disorders can be placed in a spectrum based on temperaments.

Sixty years (1954-2014) of José Leme Lopes's fundamental book: As dimensões do diagnóstico psiquiátrico

At a time when psychiatric diagnosis is again being questioned as to its validity and to the harm it might cause when improperly used, we must turn our attention to the pillars of diagnostic precision. Among the various psychiatric researchers that emerged in the 20th century dealing with the medical model, Jose Leme Lopes (19041990) stands out for his fundamental work. His important scientific contribution was the main subject of his 1954 thesis, published as a book in the same year (Figure 1): The dimensions of psychiatric diagnosis (contribution to its systematization). At the time, his idea of psychiatric diagnosis was a new multi-axial conception, which would earn him a well-deserved homage and broad recognition abroad for the role it would play in the formulation of new nosological classifications suggested by the World Health Organization and by the American Psychiatric Association. The important contribution of this book was further recognized internationally when its original cover page was reproduced in the 6th edition of Kaplan & Sadock’s Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. Leme Lopes fought for a scientific psychiatry with ties to medicine and taking into account the contribution of other aspects of human thought. In his book, Leme Lopes presented the difficulties in precise psychiatric diagnosis as a main problem of our clinical and research practice. Diagnosis is the fundamental process in all medical practice, and psychiatry could not be different. The dimensions of psychiatric diagnosis was republished and updated in 1980. In this edition, the book has 10 chapters, only the first five of which belonged to the original edition. The original five chapters are: ‘‘The vicissitudes of psychiatric diagnosis’’; ‘‘The dissolution of the diagnosis’’; ‘‘The reconstruction of the diagnosis’’; ‘‘The development of the diagnostic problem’’; and ‘‘Diagnosis nowadays.’’ The updated edition had five more chapters: ‘‘The diagnostic evaluation’’; ‘‘Standard diagnostic interviews’’; ‘‘The diagnostic dimensions and the dynamic pluridimensional diagnosis’’; ‘‘The diagnosis procedure’’; and ‘‘The ICD-9.’’ Throughout the book, one can recognize the tremendous psychopathological, philosophical, and scientific background of Leme Lopes. He magnificently mastered each point of the validity of psychiatric diagnosis. The psychiatric interview, the history of symptoms, the psychopathological and physical examinations, the

Low-Dose Quetiapine for the Treatment of Delusional Disorder in a Patient With Von Hippel-Lindau Disease

Low-Dose Quetiapine for the Treatment of Delusional Disorder in a Patient With Von Hippel-Lindau Disease

The Effect of Visual and Cerebellar Exercises on Dyslexia

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article LettersFull AccessThe Effect of Visual and Cerebellar Exercises on DyslexiaMona Delavarian, M.D., G. Ali Afrooz, M.D., and Shahriar Gharibzadeh, M.D., Ph.D.Mona DelavarianSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., G. Ali AfroozSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., and Shahriar GharibzadehSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., Ph.D.Published Online:1 Jan 2013https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.12020035AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail To the Editor: Reading disorder, or dyslexia, affects at least 5% of school-age children.1 This disorder has a genetic basis. The learning difficulties in these persons are unexpected according to age and cognitive or academic abilities.2The exact etiology of dyslexia is unknown. Some studies have declared that the visual magnocellular system of the lateral geniculate nucleus is immature in dyslexics.3,4 This immaturity leads to a reduction in their motion sensitivity, which causes deficiency in identifying the visual order of letters and the visual form of the words.3It should be noticed that the cerebellums of dyslexics have some anatomical, metabolic, and activation differences in some brain-imaging studies.2 There is a powerful hypothesis about this dysfunction, which claims that dysfunction of the cerebellum in dyslexics leads to motor and cognitive problems associated with reading.2 Impaired balance and time perception in studies on people with learning disability confirm the differences in cerebellum functions also.2Based on the abovementioned evidences, one of the most important parts impaired in dyslexia is the visual magnocellular system. We hypothesized that visual stimulation in a dark room will excite the visual magnocellular system, and in this way the cerebellum will be affected too, because the cerebellum receives many inputs from various magnocellular systems.3 It is also believed that general magnocellular defects affect the cerebellum.2 By stimulating the dorsal tract of visual magnocellular system (this tract seems to gradually develop through neuro-plasticity) and by visual stimulation, visual attention and eye movements following the letters will be improved because the visual magnocellular system plays the main part in controlling these two items. It is suggested that the stimulus presents as searching and tracking a radiant object to improve visual tracking and visual attention. Adding cerebellum rehabilitation leads to 1) increasing attention;5 and 2) improving equilibrium,6 which are both impaired in individuals with learning disorder, especially in dyslexia. It is recommended that the cerebellum and vision stimulations be done simultaneously through sensory-integration exercises so that it will be more effective on functional improvement. Surely, for confirming this hypothesis, larger clinical trials are needed.Faculty of Psychology and Education University of Tehran, Iran, TehranBiomedical Engineering Faculty Amirkabir University of Technology Iran, TehranReferences1 Sadock BJ, Sadock VA: Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry, 10th Edition. Baltimore, MD, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007Google Scholar2 Sadock BJ, Sadock VA: Kaplan & Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 8th Edition, Vol II. Baltimore, MD, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005Google Scholar3 John Stein: The magnocellular theory of developmental dyslexia. Dyslexia 2001; 7:12–36Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar4 Ungerleider LG, Mishkin M: Two Cortical Visual Systems. Edited by Ingle DJ, Goodale, MA. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.1982Google Scholar5 Mansfield RJ (ed): The Analysis of Visual Behavior. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, pp 549–586Google Scholar6 Delavarian M, Gharibzadeh S: The role of cerebellar rehabilitation in improvement of ADHD imbalance. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011; 23:E34Link, Google Scholar FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited ByEffects of oculomotor rehabilitation on the cognitive performance of dyslexic children with concurrent eye movement abnormalities21 July 2020 | Early Child Development and Care, Vol. 192, No. 4 Volume 25Issue 1 Winter 2013Pages E31-E31 Metrics PDF download History Published online 1 January 2013 Published in print 1 January 2013

Correlation between anxiety in labor and duration as well as outcome

Correlation between anxiety in labor and duration as well as outcome

Female premature orgasm: Does this exist?

Summary Introduction Female premature orgasm (FPO) is almost unknown in scientific literature. In Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry, two lines of text are written about this condition, which is classified as a not otherwise specified (NOS) sexual dysfunction. Whatever this entity is or not, it's a common topic in internet sexual forums and chats. How many women are suffering from premature orgasm, which occurs sometimes even before intercourse or just by a little stimulation and with no more interest in continuing the sexual interaction, is unknown. It is also necessary to differentiate from persistent sexual arousal syndrome with which it is sometimes erroneously linked. Objectives The aim of this study is to measure the extend of FPO. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out with an analytical component concerning the sexual active female population in between 18–45 years old. A sample of women from general population ( n = 510) was invited to answer questionnaire in an exploratory evaluation. A four-criteria questionnaire was used to try to capture the extension and form of the syndrome: (a) occurrence and frequency of premature orgasm, (b) sense of loss of control with the orgasm, (c) difficulties in the relationship with partner, and (d) distress with the orgasm. Results According to our results, around 40% of sexual active women have occasionally episodes of premature orgasm, 14% comprised criteria for probable case, and 3.3% comprised criteria for FPO. Conclusions To expand currently results, further studies are needed using larger samples and also with different ones as those collected in clinical settings.

A conceptual framework for the revision of the ICD‐10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders

A conceptual framework for the revision of the ICD‐10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders

Brain SPECT Imaging in Clinical Practice

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Communications and UpdatesFull AccessBrain SPECT Imaging in Clinical PracticeDaniel Amen, M.D.Daniel AmenNewport Beach, Calif.Search for more papers by this author, M.D.Published Online:1 Sep 2010https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10060814AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail To the Editor: I agree with the statement by Bryon Adinoff, M.D., and Michael Devous, Ph.D. (1), in their Letter to the Editor published in the May 2010 issue of the Journal, that “it is likely that, within the next decade, Dr. Amen's claims [and fervent hope] will be realized in that psychiatrists will enjoy the ability to diagnose and prescribe treatments based, in part, upon neuroimaging findings” (1, p. 598). Imaging is now being used by psychiatrists here in the United States, in Canada, and abroad to aid patients. I cannot imagine anything more damaging to the imaging field, however, than encouraging medical board investigations for those who are early adopters. The California Medical Board investigated my use of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) 13 years ago, found no violation, and encouraged me to publish our findings, which I have done.One would think that a more enlightened attitude toward a field, as plagued by uncertainties as psychiatry still is, would welcome the practical application of neuroimaging. In 2001, Camargo wrote “Brain SPECT is rapidly becoming a clinical tool in many places, particularly in dementias, head injury, [obsessive compulsive disorder] OCD, Tourette's, schizophrenia, depression, panic disorder, and drug abuse” (2). Additionally, Brockman demonstrated SPECT's usefulness in choosing between treatments for depression (3).Our work is based on hundreds of texts and scientific articles, including 26 articles and the chapter on functional imaging in the Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry that I co-authored (4). Respected hospitals, such as Sierra Tucson, have added SPECT to their armamentarium. Thoughtful clinicians would never use SPECT in isolation, and contrary to what was written about me, I have never recommended such use.Clinical practice and careful observations have provided researchers with important hypotheses to test, and I have successfully invited researchers to use our database of rigorously diagnosed patients, including SPECT when indicated, to advance neuroimaging, and I extend the same invitation here.The Society of Nuclear Medicine has never formally approached me to perform a study. Plus, I would never engage in a charade where I was expected to give a diagnosis from a scan. That is not how imaging is or should be practiced. The notion of Adinoff and Devous that SPECT is dangerous is disingenuous. Devous recently wrote, “SPECT and PET have no more risk than MRI-based procedures” (5).The hope that SPECT and other imaging modalities will be as routine and useful to psychiatry as imaging the heart is to cardiology has animated my practice for nearly 20 years. It, indeed, is starting to happen. My hope is that our journal will help translate imaging research into clinical practice rather than threaten practitioners who have been trying to make it happen.Newport Beach, Calif.accepted for publication in June 2010.Dr. Amen is the CEO and owner of Amen Clinics, Inc.Reference1. Adinoff B , Devous MD: Scientifically unfounded claims in diagnosing and treating patients. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167:598–598Link, Google Scholar2. Camargo EE: Brain SPECT in neurology and psychiatry. J Nucl Med 2001; 42:611–623Medline, Google Scholar3. Brockmann H , Zobel A , Joe A , Biermann K , Scheef L , Schuhmacher A , von Widdern O , Metten M , Biersack HJ , Maier W , Boecker H: The value of HMPAO SPECT in predicting treatment response to citalopram in patients with major depression. Psychiatry Res 2009; 173:107–112Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar4. http://www.amenclinics.com/meet-dr-amen/credentials/Google Scholar5. Devous MD: SPECT functional brain imaging, in Functional Cerebral SPECT and PET Imaging. Edited by Van Heertum RLTikofsky RSIchise M. Philadelphia, Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2009Google Scholar FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited ByThe Potential for Medicolegal Abuse: Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Traumatic Brain Injury18 March 2014 | AJOB Neuroscience, Vol. 5, No. 2Triangulating perspectives on functional neuroimaging for disorders of mental health8 August 2013 | BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 13, No. 1AJOB Neuroscience, Vol. 3, No. 4Journal of Neurotrauma, Vol. 29, No. 14 Volume 167Issue 9 September 2010Pages 1125-1125 Metrics PDF download History Accepted 1 June 2010 Published online 1 September 2010 Published in print 1 September 2010

Deliberate Insulin Underdosing and Omission Should Be Included in DSM-V Criteria for Bulimia Nervosa

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article LETTERFull AccessDeliberate Insulin Underdosing and Omission Should Be Included in DSM-V Criteria for Bulimia NervosaAlbert Shaw M.D.Armando Favazza M.D., M.P.H.,Albert Shaw M.D.Search for more papers by this authorArmando Favazza M.D., M.P.H.Search for more papers by this author,Published Online:1 Jul 2010https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.2010.22.3.352.e13AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail To the Editor: Fourteen percent of young women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) deliberately omit or underdose their insulin in order to lose weight, as do 50% of women with IDDM and an eating disorder. 1 The first case reports of this behavior appeared in 1983. 2 It is called “diabulimia” in diabetic textbooks 3 and in the lay media. The Yahoo search engine reveals over 100,000 hits for diabulimia including blogs, newspaper/magazine articles, and TV shows. The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry4 and the text of DSM-IV mention skipping insulin doses, but neither it nor “diabulimia” is included in the American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry , 5 the Kaplan and Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry , 6 or DSM-IV criteria for bulimia nervosa. We are unaware of any articles in psychiatric journals that use the word “diabulimia.” We report a case of diabulimia in which the patient underdosed or omitted doses of insulin by disconnecting her insulin pump. Case ReportAn endocrinologist referred a 22-year-old woman with IDDM to our psychiatry clinic because of her bulimia, anxiety, and depression. She started bingeing four to five times a week during her sophomore year of college. She felt out of control and decided to disconnect her insulin pump overnight after bingeing. She reasoned that omitting insulin would cause the same weight loss she experienced in high school before she was diagnosed with IDDM. Unhooking her pump partially reduced her anxiety about gaining weight, but her hemoglobin A1c climbed from 7% to 16%, and guilty and embarrassed by her behavior, she avoided her family and her endocrinologist.We diagnosed her with bulimia nervosa, with disconnection of her insulin pump counted as the “inappropriate compensatory behavior” needed for this diagnosis. We prescribed both low dose clonazepam to help with her anxiety and poor sleep and weekly psychotherapy for bulimia and depression. She responded to graduated exposure techniques to decrease her postbinge anxiety and the frequency of disconnecting her insulin pump. She learned to challenge cognitive distortions (e.g., that bingeing was a reward and that her life was better when she was thinner). During therapy, she practiced telling her family and friends about her disorder, and her guilt, isolation, and anxiety declined quickly after she shared her “secret” with them. She stopped disconnecting her insulin pump although she still has occasional thoughts of restarting her diabulimic behavior. Her mood was stable and euthymic at her 3- and 6-month follow-up appointments. She has kept her regular appointments with us and with her endocrinologist, and her hemoglobin A1c has steadily improved.Comment We urge the specific inclusion in DSM-V of insulin misuse, as occurs in ICD-10, among the recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain in bulimia nervosa. DSM-IV lists only “laxatives, diuretics, enemas, and other medications.” DSM-V should use the word “diabulimia” in discussing insulin omission—by stopping injections, by underdosing, or by turning off insulin pumps—in the body of text on bulimia. Although our patient did not suffer any serious medical problems, the acute consequences of diabulimia include ketoacidosis and death, while chronic consequences include nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. 7Department of Psychiatry, University Of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri

Kaplan and Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry

Article AbstractFrom our regular book review column. This well-known synopsis of Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry is now in its 10th edition since its first publication in 1972. The authors have condensed and updated this definitive 4000-page text into an abridged version designed to serve the day-to-day needs of practicing psychiatrists, residents, medical students, nonpsychiatric physicians, psychologists, social workers, nurses, and other mental health professionals. Similar to previous editions, Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry is organized, but not explicitly so, into 4 general sections.

Insight and its relationship with stigma in psychiatric patients

Background:The literature on insight has paid insufficient attention to the social experiences that are associated with receiving and endorsing a diagnosis of mental illness. The psychological and behavioral commitments associated with insight extend beyond agreeing with a diagnosis and accepting treatment to include taking on the identity of an individual diagnosed with mental illness. This study sought to examine the relationship between insight and stigma in psychiatric patients.Materials and Methods:Cross-sectional assessment of insight and stigma was done using the system adopted by Kaplan and Sadock in their comprehensive textbook of psychiatry and Felt Stigma Scale in 100 psychiatric patients (40 patients suffering from Bipolar affective disorder, 30 Schizophrenics, 20 Substance dependents and 10 with Obsessive Compulsive disorder).Results:It was found that the level of stigma felt by patients with insight was significantly higher than that felt by patients without insight.Conclusion:Though there is a certain extent of stigma present in patients without insight, as is expected, the level of stigma increases as the patients develop insight.

Kaplan and Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, Eighth Edition

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article This article has been corrected | View Correction Book ForumFull AccessKaplan and Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, Eighth EditionDAVID W. HODO M.D.,DAVID W. HODO M.D.Search for more papers by this author,Published Online:1 Aug 2006https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.8.1458AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail The latest edition of this large book succeeds greatly in addressing those subjects that compose the field of psychiatry. The book is praiseworthy in defending psychiatry as a discipline while supporting its diversity.The sections on the basics of science and medicine as they relate to the field of psychiatry are, perhaps, the most creditable, given the wealth of information that is currently available. The chapters on genetics and the immune system are also laudable. The following statement from the book is categorical: “Based on family, twin, and adoption studies, it is apparent that both genetic and environmental factors play important roles in the normal development of temperament, personality, and attitudes as well as in the pathogenesis of major mental disorders.”The most enjoyable and interesting sections are those dealing with the most elusive psychiatric pursuit: normality. A convincing definition of normality seems all too important to the acceptance and direction of psychiatry. While less than definitive, the authors bring us closer to the truth and present convincing evidence and conclusions.The chapters on psychiatric illnesses are concise, without excessive speculating. The psychotherapies presented are somewhat succinctly addressed, and it is not clear whether they are essential to psychiatrists and how they should be integrated into the biological treatises that seem to dwarf them. The discussions on drug treatment and child psychiatry, however, are broad. Geriatric psychiatry is given extended attention as well, although long-term care systems are not extensively addressed. Discussions on education and even a bit of anthropology are also presented.The section entitled History of Psychiatry provides a good synopsis of the transformation of the field throughout the years. In imagining transforming possibilities, one task that might be essential is to convince the world that what psychiatry does works and to show how we know that it works.This book succeeds! It is an excellent reference for any psychiatrist, nonpsychiatrist physician, psychologist, counselor, or anyone with an interest in the field. This two-volume guide with over 4,000 pages contains a lot of information to comprehend. Although the book has enormous strengths, one of its weak points is that it draws the field into a connected whole, without defining a clear delineation between psychiatry and other disciplines and without bringing a clear understanding of the legal, ethical, and moral never-never land that psychiatry faces.Selma, Ala.Reprints are not available; however, Book Forum reviews can be downloaded at http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org. FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited byTelephone-Delivered Interventions for Suicide Prevention in Schizophrenia and Related Disorders: A Systematic Review2 February 2023 | Healthcare, Vol. 11, No. 3Social Support Levels, Mental Health Status and Related Factors in Postpartum Women During the Pandemic29 December 2022 | Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry, Vol. 14, No. Ek 1Kritik Analitik Düşünmeye Tuzak Kuran İki Sinsi Kardeş; Ruminasyon Ve Endişe1 March 2022 | Academic Perspective Procedia, Vol. 5, No. 1Nurse-Led Intervention on Teachers’ Knowledge and Management of Pupils with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Primary Schools in Abeokuta, Ogun State6 January 2022 | African Journal of Health, Nursing and Midwifery, Vol. 5, No. 1 Volume 163Issue 8 August, 2006Pages 1458-1458THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY August 2006 Volume 163 Number 8 Metrics PDF download History Published online 1 August 2006 Published in print 1 August 2006

Kaplan and Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, Eighth Edition

Kaplan and Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, Eighth Edition

Letter

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article LetterFull AccessLetterDavid J. Rissmiller D.O.Joshua H. RissmillerDavid J. Rissmiller D.O.Search for more papers by this authorJoshua H. RissmillerSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:1 Aug 2006https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2006.57.8.1216AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail In Reply: We appreciate the numerous letters regarding our article, "Evolution of the Antipsychiatry Movement Into Mental Health Consumerism." We apologize for erroneously listing Mr. Frank as the founder of Support Coalition International. We also acknowledge that a fundamental problem was the need to summarize in 3,000 words three decades of history. This required limitation necessitated, as Mr. Oaks points out, "the authors appear[ing] to observe us from afar." Mr. del Vecchio writes, "Today's consumer movement is not 'radical.' It is a mainstream, cornerstone approach to improve mental health care quality." We disagree. Quoting from the eighth edition of Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, "it is important to distinguish between the mental health 'consumer movement,' which has been positive through empowering patients … and the 'consumer/survivor' movement, which has advanced a radical reform." Mr. Oaks, Mr. Ludwig, Dr. Lehrman, and Mr. Chabasinski all maintain that our basic hypothesis is false. They maintain that the survivor movement had nothing to do with the antipsychiatry movement. We dispute this point of view. As Tomes ( 1 ) noted, "The modern consumer/survivor movement arose in the wake of a radical restructuring of the U.S. mental health system between 1950 and 1970, resulting from deinstitutionalization, new psychotropic drug treatments, the widening legal conceptions of patients' rights, and the intellectual critiques associated with the antipsychiatry movement." We maintain that the antipsychiatry ethos, as disseminated by its seminal thinkers, was maintained as the antipsychiatry movement declined. It significantly affected two other movements: the consumerist movement that had been in existence since the late 19th century and the survivor movement, which dates back to worldwide deinstitutionalization. Many of the resultant hybrid radical consumer-survivor coalitions have carried forward, to this day, a message almost identical to that of the earlier antipsychiatry movement: that organized psychiatry is a self-serving guild that oppressively sacrifices consumers' needs and has little basis in science. Mr. Haan and Ms. Hill state that the survivor movement is "not 'anti-psychiatry'" but is against "the way the profession treats people" and against "psychiatric oppression," which Ms. Hill defines as "any language or action that would allow for mental health treatment … to be forced upon any individual." Her listed doctrine could have been taken directly from the 1960s antipsychiatry manifesto, which contended that society deals with undesirables by locking them away. Foucault, as noted in our article, argued against society's pressing need to sequester members who would not comply with its definition of "Reason." Mr. Oaks notes that survivor organizations encompass many disciplines, including psychiatrists. We never asserted otherwise. As Dain ( 2 ) notes, "Over the years psychiatry has been a target for antipsychiatry groups competing for influence or authority over the mentally ill. At various times these groups have included neurologists, social workers, new religions, consumers, and psychiatrists themselves." The authors of several letters state that members of their movements do not consider themselves antipsychiatrists. However, many members do. Weitz ( 3 ), in an article titled "Call Me Antipsychiatry Activist—Not 'Consumer,'" made the point, and organizations such as the Antipsychiatry Coalition emphasize it. Mr. Oaks disputes our contention that in response to pressure from the antipsychiatry movement, psychiatry marginalized electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery, and he states that both are now resurging. In 1991 Fink ( 4 ) noted, "In spite of its acknowledged efficacy and safety … electroconvulsive therapy remains a controversial treatment, with limited use … the controversy results from attack by the antipsychiatry movement." The demise of psychosurgery following the antipsychiatry movement has also been documented by Feldman ( 5 ). He noted that after the turbulent 1960s, "Public and political scrutiny severely restricted, or actually banned, the use of psychosurgery in many American states, as well as in other countries such as Germany, Australia, and Japan." Finally, the authors respectfully disagree with Ms. Van Tosh, who maintains that our essay widens an already existing schism and "could easily drive help-seeking consumers from the development of a therapeutic relationship." We believe our essay offers a balanced view of the antipsychiatry movement's evolution. However, we applaud and close with her sentiment, "Yes, some psychiatrists and consumers may be at war over ideology, but it is the struggle and eventual healing that can result in ultimate recovery. In this most fundamental instance, psychiatrists and consumers can make a new history that is based on mutual understanding and compassion."

A new way of looking at eating

the analysis of meals, especially of spontaneous meals, has long had a problematic place in the behavioral neuroscience of eating. Only a small minority of eating researchers now, or ever, have concerned themselves with meal patterns. On first glance this seems paradoxical. After all, eating occurs

Conversation with George Vaillant

Conversation with George Vaillant

Secondary Mania Following Traumatic Brain Injury

Secondary Mania Following Traumatic Brain Injury