Comprehensive Retention Research Articles

Turnover intention and its antecedents: The mediating role of work-life balance and the moderating role of job opportunity.

Due to the higher attrition rate in higher education institutions (HEIs), the attraction and retention of top talents in higher education have become a challenge for human resource (HR) professionals. The primary area of discussion among business executives and HR professionals is how top talent can be retained and maintained. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of human resource management practises (HRMPs), oraganisational reputation (OGR), occupational prestige (OPP) and work-life balance (WLB) on turnover intention (TOI) of the academics working in HEIs. The study also aims to examine WLB as a mediator and job opportunity (JBO) as a moderator of the relationships mentioned above. Data collected through an online survey from 466 respondents were analysed using partial least square structural equation modelling. The findings of the study showed that OGR, OPP and WLB were negatively related to TOI. However, the impact of HRMPs on TOI was not direct; instead, it was mediated by WLB. The findings also demonstrated that WLB significantly mediated the relationship between OGR and OPP. Furthermore, the results also confirmed that JBO significantly moderated the relationship between WLB and TOI. The findings of the study provide guidelines for a comprehensive retention strategy and a holistic model of academics TOI that can assist HR professionals, policymakers and management in developing an effective strategic recruitment and retention plan.

Designing Comprehensive Retention Efforts for an HBCU

Women in Higher EducationVolume 32, Issue 3 p. 1-3 Profile Designing Comprehensive Retention Efforts for an HBCU Lois Elfman, Lois ElfmanSearch for more papers by this author Lois Elfman, Lois ElfmanSearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 March 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/whe.21247Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume32, Issue3March 2023Pages 1-3 RelatedInformation

Five-year attrition, active enrollment, and predictors of level of participation in the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS-2) study.

Reporting high-quality bariatric surgery outcomes depends on participant attrition and level of study participation among enrolled participants. Our aims are to report participant attrition, active enrollment, and level of participation, and to evaluate pre-surgery sociodemographic, physical health, and psychosocial factors as predictors of attrition and level of participation through 5 years. The Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery-2 study which enrolled 2458 adults undergoing a first bariatric surgical procedure at 1 of 6 US cites from 2006 through 2009. In-person research assessments were conducted pre-surgery and annually for five years. Extensive retention strategies including offering remote assessments (telephone, email, mail, or a combination) were fully implemented in 2009. Among living participants, including those inactivated, annual follow-up assessments were categorized as in-person, remote or missed through 5 years. By year 5, 1.7% of participants had died and 3.2% had withdrawn or were inactivated by the study staff; thus, attrition was 4.9% (n = 121). Controlling for site and calendar year, missed assessments increased from 14.7%-21.8% between years 1 and 2 and then stayed relatively stable (20.8%-19.6%) for years 3-5. Younger age, male sex, White race, lower body mass index, smoking, illicit drug use, and higher weight loss expectations preoperatively were independently associated with a higher likelihood of a missed versus in-person assessment across follow-up. The LABS-2 participant attrition was low. The percentage of missed assessments did not increase after year 2, perhaps due to implementation of a comprehensive retention plan. Predictors of missed assessments highlight subgroups to target for focused retention efforts.

Efficient E/Z conversion of (all-E)-lycopene to Z-isomers with a high proportion of (5Z)-lycopene by metal salts

In this paper, the effects of eleven metal salts on the isomerization and stability of lycopene were screened. The results showed that AlCl3, Al2(SO4)3, FeCl3, Fe2(SO4)3, and CuSO4 had significant catalytic effects (p < 0.05) on lycopene isomerization. The total content of lycopene Z-isomers were in the order of FeCl3 (70.8%) > Fe2(SO4)3 (54.0%) > AlCl3 (50.2%) > CuSO4 (40.0%) > Al2(SO4)3 (29.3%) after reacting with 10 mmol/L metal salts at 40 °C for 60 min. When the concentration was greater than 10 mmol/L, lycopene was seriously degraded by FeCl3 and Fe2(SO4)3, but the retention rate of lycopene remained above 70% by AlCl3. Then, the effects of these five metal salts on lycopene isomerization and degradation were analyzed by kinetic tools. All five metal salts reduced the activation energy of lycopene isomerization and degradation reaction. The activation energy of lycopene degradation catalyzed by AlCl3 was 23.9 kJ/mol, higher than that of induced by FeCl3 and Fe2(SO4)3. The estimated equilibrium values of total-Z-lycopene and most stable isomer (5Z)-lycopene reached up 81.1% and 33.0% in the presence of AlCl3. Therefore, AlCl3 is an ideal lycopene catalyst based on the comprehensive retention rate, catalytic efficiency, and high production of (5Z)-lycopene.

Strategies to Enhance Retention in a Cohort Study Among Adults of Turkish Descent Living in Berlin

Retention is important for statistical power and external validity in long-term cohort studies. The aims of our study were to evaluate different retention strategies within a cohort study of adults of Turkish descent in Berlin, Germany, and to compare participants and non-participants. In 2011–2012, a population-based study was conducted among adults of Turkish descent to primarily examine recruitment strategies. 6 years later, the participants were re-contacted and invited to complete a self-report questionnaire regarding their health status, health care utilization, and satisfaction with medical services. The retention strategy comprised letters in both German and Turkish, phone calls, and home visits (by bilingual staff). We calculated the response rate and retention rate, using definitions of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, as well as the relative retention rate for each level of contact. Associations of baseline recruitment strategy, sociodemographic, migration-related and health-related factors with retention were investigated by logistic regression analysis. Of 557 persons contacted, 249 (44.7%) completed the questionnaire. This was 50.1% of those whose contact information was available. The relative retention rate was lowest for phone calls (8.9%) and highest for home visits (18.4%). Participants were more often non-smokers and German citizens than non-participants. For all remaining factors, no association with retention was found. In this study, among adults of Turkish descent, the retention rate increased considerably with every additional level of contact. Implementation of comprehensive retention strategies provided by culturally matched study personnel may lead to higher validity and statistical power in studies on migrant health issues.

Improving comprehensive retention rate of peppermint oil in freeze-dried preparation based on cyclodextrin inclusion technology

The freeze-drying technique, characterized by low-temperature processing, is especially suitable for sensitive volatile oils with thermal instability. However, there are few studies focusing on the retention of volatile oils in the processing of freeze-dried preparations. This study evaluated the effects of different addition methods(adsorption, emulsification, solid dispersion, and inclusion) on the retention rate of the main components in peppermint oil, aiming to explore the application feasibility of freeze-dried preparations of volatile oils. Firstly, the addition method was determined based on the retention rates of menthol in four freeze-dried preparations. Secondly, an orthogonal test was designed to optimize the preparation process based on the characteristics of the preferred addition method. The results showed that the most suitable preparation form of peppermint oil was inclusion with beta-cyclodextrin(β-CD), and the retention rate of menthol in freeze-drying was 86.36%. According to the two-step preparation process of inclusion and freeze-drying, we introduced the product of inclusion rate and retention rate, i.e., comprehensive retention rate, to determine the optimum processing parameters. The results showed that β-CD/oil ratio of 7∶1, inclusion temperature of 40 ℃, and inclusion time of 2 h were the optimum processing parameters. The product prepared with these parameter had the comprehensive retention rate of 68.41%, retention rate of 92.53%, and inclusion rate of 73.93%. The inclusion compound was white powder with significantly increased solubility. The pre-paration process based on cyclodextrin inclusion in this study is stable and reliable and provides a new idea for ensuring the efficacy and stability of volatile components in freeze-dried preparations.

Accountability in educational dialogue on attrition rates: Understanding external attrition factors and isolation in online law school

Australian higher education institutions have focused on attrition rates with increased vigour in light of the introduction of a new student success metric tied to attrition rates. Online programs have been of particular concern given persistently high attrition rates, being roughly double that of programs delivered either face-to-face or in blended online/face-to-face mode. This study considers attrition theory as it has evolved for the online environment with particular reference to the role of external risk factors such as employment, and internal factors, such as social integration. The study presents data from a 2018 survey of students enrolled in a fully online law school program at an Australian university (n = 203). The data reveals a cohort with an array of external attrition risk factors, who are not only time poor but experience a strong sense of isolation. The study contributes to the attrition literature by providing insights into effective educational design and delivery aimed at student retention.&#x0D; Implications for practice or policy&#x0D; &#x0D; Online program convenors ought to consider the attrition risk factors at issue in their cohort before designing comprehensive retention initiatives and plans.&#x0D; Instructors ought to consider external attrition factors, such as family and employment demands, when selecting and designing student assessments.&#x0D; Instructors ought to realistically appraise retention initiatives, such as social media initiatives, to address internal risk factors of perceived isolation and institutional commitment.&#x0D;

Simultaneously quantitative analysis of peptides and chemical components in Cervus and Cucumis polypeptide injection (Songmeile®) using reversed phase liquid chromatography-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Co-occurrences of peptides and chemical components are usually observed in complicated matrices. Notably, those traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions (TCMPs) contain both plant and animal ingredients. It is still challenging to simultaneously monitor peptides and chemical components attributing to their different liquid chromatographic (LC) and mass spectrometric (MS) behaviors. Herein, efforts were made to pursue an eligible approach enabling simultaneous determination of peptides and chemical components in a TCMP namely Cervus and Cucumis polypeptide injection (CCPI, Songmeile®) that is prepared from the acid hydrolytic peptide-enriched extract of Sika deer (Cervus nippon Temminck) bone and the aqueous extract of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) seeds. Reversed phase liquid chromatography and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography were serially connected (RPLC-HILIC) to achieve comprehensive retention and separation. Sensitive detection was accomplished with selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode, and multiply charged and singly charged ion transitions were defined for peptides and chemical components, respectively. Inter-batch variations of CCPI were evaluated in an authentic compound-independent manner. In particular, online energy-resolved MS was proposed to gain optimal parameters for five targeted peptides after that CCPI peptidome was profiled using nanoLC-LTQ Orbitrap Velos Pro MS. A so-called universal metabolome standard (UMS) sample was built for calibration curve construction and subsequently applied to acquire the quasi-contents of all 31 analytes, including five peptides and 26 chemical components, in ten batches of CCPI (CCPI1–CCPI10). The quantitative dataset revealed mild fluctuation for the quasi-content profiles of analytes-of-interest within different batches. More importantly, RPLC-HILIC–SRM is a promising method to fully address the demands of simultaneous measurement of peptides and chemical components in complicated matrices, and it might be a robust analytical tool for in-depth quality evaluation of CCPI as well as other TCMPs.

Strategies to enhance follow-up response in a cohort study with Berliners of Turkish descent

Abstract Background Follow-up participation and retention are essential in long-term cohort studies. Loss to follow up may reduce the power of statistical analyses and external validity. The aim of this analysis was to evaluate the response after different contact methods in a cohort study with Berliners of Turkish descent and to compare characteristics of participants with those of non-participants. Methods In 2012-2013, Berliners with a Turkish migration background were recruited for this cohort study that initially aimed to examine recruitment strategies. The participants were contacted again 5 years later via postal mail and were asked to complete a questionnaire on the onset of new diseases and health care utilization. Written reminders, phone calls, and home visits were used to increase the response. Study documents were available in German and Turkish language. In descriptive analyses, we examined the response rate in relation to the recruitment approach. A regression analysis was conducted to investigate associations between individual, socioeconomic, and medical factors and the response. Results Out of 560 contacted persons, the neutral non-response (unknown address or death) was 13.6%. Of the remaining 484, 234 persons participated in the follow-up (women: 63.1%, mean age±SD: 49.8±12.6 years). The response was 16.1% after the first invitation letter, 24.2% after phone calls, 33.3% and 42.1% with a first and a second reminder letter, respectively, and 48.3% after home visits. The participants had more often German citizenship and a higher net income at baseline than non-participants. Migration generation, age, sex, education, and chronic diseases were not associated with participation (preliminary results). Conclusions In our participants with a migration background, every additional contact effort including home visits further increased cohort retention. Investing in comprehensive retention efforts may lead to studies that are more valid to examine the health of migrants. Key messages Investing in different contact efforts including reminder letters and home visits can improve follow-up response in longitudinal studies. Retention strategies should be used in longitudinal studies to increase statistical power and external validity.

Deploying “connectors”: A control to manage employee turnover intentions?

This paper investigates whether individuals that we identify as “connectors”—who possess a blend of innate traits and skills that predispose them to be personable, willing to relate to others, and able to influence others’ relationships—can serve as a catalyst for improving group outcomes. More specifically, we explore whether identifying connectors and placing them in work groups can serve as a control to help firms manage undesirable voluntary employee turnover by improving the group experience and reducing their fellow group members’ turnover intentions. We conduct an experiment to test our hypotheses that members in a group with a connector (versus without) have lower turnover intentions because their experiences are perceived as more positive, and that this turnover intention effect is more pronounced for group members who are demographically distinct from others in their group. Results are consistent with predictions, although the effect of connectors on lowering group members’ turnover intentions is driven by members who are distinct. Our findings broaden the understanding of who connectors are and how they affect group interactions, and further suggest that hiring and deploying connectors in work groups can be an effective component of a more comprehensive retention strategy.

Retention of Valuable Talent: Developing an Effective Retention Strategy for Technology Professionals in India using Structural Equation Modelling

The competition to retain valuable talent is intense in nature. Employers frame retention strategies to control job hopping which is mostly common among technology professionals. Voluntary turnover among technology professionals is a rampant issue particularly in a country like India which is on the forefront of Information Technology. Utilizing the data collected from 942 technology professionals this article formulates an employee retention strategy making use of Structural Equation Modelling. This model was developed using Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS v21.0). This study highlights the need to examine the reasons why technology employees voluntarily quit their present company of work so as to frame a suitable retention strategy. Apart from framing a comprehensive retention strategy this research also suggests some lesser discussed retention ideas such ensuring a good job fit for every employee, quick counter strike against a job offer that an employee gets by an offer of a competitive raise in pay as well as other employee favoring changes if the resource is considered valuable to the organization.

Outcomes of a Comprehensive Retention Strategy for Youth With HIV After Transfer to Adult Care in the United States

The retention of youth living with HIV (YLHIV) in adult care after transfer from pediatric care in the United States is a challenge. A targeted comprehensive retention strategy (CRS) may improve retention among YLHIV. A retrospective cohort study of YLHIV after transfer from pediatric to adult care for patients with at least 1 adult visit at 2 urban HIV care programs in the United States employing CRSs with internal medicine/pediatrics-trained providers, peer navigators, social workers and mental health resources. Primary outcomes were successful retention in care after transfer (≥2 provider visits in the adult clinic ≥90 days apart within 1 year of transfer) and successful transition (successful retention plus a stable HIV viral load (VL) defined as VL 1 year after transfer that was less than or equal to the VL obtained at or immediately before transfer). Logistic regression assessed factors associated with successful transition. A subgroup analysis was performed to examine rates of successful transfer and linkage from pediatric to adult clinics (attending at least 1 adult visit after transition). Of the 89 patients included in the study, 79 (89%) patients had successful retention and 53 (60%) had successful transition to the adult program. Factors associated with successful transition included non-African American race [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 11.26, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32-95.51], perinatal HIV (aOR = 8.00, 95% CI: 1.39-46.02) and CD4 count > 500 cells/mm (aOR = 5.22, 95% CI: 1.54-17.70). Of those who were retained, 53/79 (67%) had stable or improved virologic control at 1 year after transition. In a subgroup analysis, 54/56 (96%) patients who were targeted to transition successfully linked to adult care. Overall, YLHIV in the United States engaged in a CRS program appear to have high retention rates but suboptimal virologic control after transfer from pediatric HIV care.

Comprehensive retention model for PFAS transport in subsurface systems

A comprehensive compartment model is presented for PFAS retention that incorporates all potential processes relevant for transport in source zones. Miscible-displacement experiments were conducted to investigate separately the impact of adsorption at the air-water and decane-water interfaces on PFAS retention and transport. Two porous media were used, a quartz sand and a soil, and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was used as the model PFAS. The breakthrough curves for transport under water-unsaturated conditions were shifted noticeably rightward (delayed arrival) compared to the breakthrough curves for saturated conditions, indicating greater retardation due to adsorption at the air-water or decane-water interface. The retardation factor was 7 for PFOS transport in the sand for the air-water system, compared to 1.8 for saturated conditions. PFOS retardation factors for transport in the soil were 7.3 and 3.6 for unsaturated (air-water) vs saturated conditions. Air-water interfacial adsorption is a significant source of retention for PFOS in these two systems, contributing more than 80% of total retention for the sand and 32% for the soil. For the experiments conducted with decane residual emplaced within the sand, adsorption at the decane-water interface contributed more than 70% to total retention for PFOS transport. Methods to determine or estimate key distribution variables are presented for parameterization of the model. Predicted retardation factors were similar to the measured values, indicating that the conceptual model provided adequate representation of the relevant retention processes and that the parameter estimation methods produced reasonable values. The results of this work indicate that adsorption by fluid-fluid interfaces in variably saturated porous media can be a significant retention process for PFAS that should be considered when characterizing their transport and fate behavior in source zones.

Effects of ultra-high temperature treatment and packages on baked purple sweet potato nectar

The effects of ultra-high temperature (UHT) (140 °C, 10 s) and packages on quality and shelf life of baked purple sweet potato nectar (BPSPN) were evaluated in this study. UHT did not change pH, titratable acidity (TA), centrifugal sediment ratio, viscosity, lightness, redness, particle size distribution (PSD) character of D(4,3), reducing sugar, total phenols and antioxidant capacity, but lightly reduced browning degree, ascorbic acid and total anthocyanins while increased PSD character of D(3,2). UHT treatment succeed in assuring the microbial safety at 4 °C for 28 days, total aerobic bacteria in different packing materials did not shown statistical tendency (P < 0.05) at same condition storage. All three packages had no or less effect on total soluble solid, pH and TA, but glass-bottled BPSPN performed the comprehensive retention of color parameters, nutritional and critical volatiles during the whole storage. This study developed a purple sweet potato nectar with backed flavor, which was a pioneer in the market. This study provided technical support for commercialization of purple sweet potato products.

HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake and Retention Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in a Community-Based Sexual Health Clinic

In a community-based clinic serving men who have sex with men in San Francisco, California, this study characterized key steps of the pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) cascade and identified correlates of retention in care. In total, 344 patients were evaluated for PrEP. Three-fourths (78%) of those who sought PrEP services initiated PrEP. The overall cumulative incidence of discontinuing PrEP at 13months was 38%. Men with a sexually transmitted infection (STI) were 44% less likely to be retained (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.56, 95% confidence interval [0.33-0.95]). Comprehensive retention efforts for men with STIs are crucial to optimize the benefits of PrEP.

Nurse-led HIV services and quality of care at health facilities in Kenya, 2014-2016.

ObjectiveTo develop a novel measure to characterize human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) programme quality at health facilities in Kenya and explore its associations with patient- and facility-level characteristics.MethodsWe developed a composite indicator to measure quality of HIV care, comprising: assessment of eligibility for antiretroviral therapy (ART); initiation of ART; and retention on ART or in care, if ineligible for ART, for 12 months. We applied the comprehensive retention indicator to routinely collected clinical data from 13 331 patients enrolled in HIV care and treatment at 63 health facilities in the Eastern and Nyanza regions of Kenya from 1 January 2014 to 31 March 2016. We explored the association between facility- and patient-level characteristics and the primary outcome: appropriate staging and management of HIV, and retention in care over 12 months.FindingsOf the enrolled patients, 8404 (63%) achieved comprehensive retention 12 months after enrolment in care. In univariate analyses, patients at facilities where nurses delivered HIV treatment services (including eligibility assessment, initiation and follow up of ART) had significantly higher comprehensive retention rates at 12 months. In multivariate analyses, after adjusting for both facility- and patient-level characteristics, patients at facilities where nurses initiated ART had significantly higher comprehensive retention in care at 12 months (relative risk, RR: 1.22; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.00–1.48).ConclusionNurse-led HIV services were significantly associated with quality of care, confirming the central role of nurses in the achievement of global health goals, and the need for further investment in nursing education, training and mentoring.

Understanding human resource management practices in Botswana's public health sector.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the management of the public sector health workforce in Botswana. Using institutional frameworks it aims to document and analyse human resource management (HRM) practices, and make recommendations to improve employee and health system outcomes. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws from a large study that used a mixed methods approach to assess performance of Botswana's Ministry of Health (MOH). It uses data collected through document analysis and in-depth interviews of 54 key informants comprising policy makers, senior staff of the MOH and its stakeholder organizations. Findings Public health sector HRM in Botswana has experienced inadequate planning, poor deployment and underutilization of staff. Lack of comprehensive retention strategies and poor working conditions contributed to the failure to attract and retain skilled personnel. Relationships with both formal and informal environments affected HRM performance. Research limitations/implications While document review was a major source of data for this paper, the weaknesses in the human resource information system limited availability of data. Practical implications This paper presents an argument for the need for consideration of formal and informal environments in developing effective HRM strategies. Originality/value This research provides a rare system-wide approach to health HRM in a Sub-Saharan African country. It contributes to the literature and evidence needed to guide HRM policy decisions and practices.

Testing with feedback yields potent, but piecewise, learning of history and biology facts.

Does correctly answering a test question about a multiterm fact enhance memory for the entire fact? We explored that issue in 4 experiments. Subjects first studied Advanced Placement History or Biology facts. Half of those facts were then restudied, whereas the remainder were tested using “5 W” (i.e., who, what, when, where, or why) or analogous questions. Each question assessed a specific critical term of the fact. In the first 3 experiments, 1 test question was posed per tested fact; in the fourth experiment, up to 3 different test questions were posed per tested fact. After a delay of at least 24 hr, a final test involved questions that assessed the same terms that were tested during training, as well as questions that assessed a different term from that previously tested. Results showed that testing produced piecewise fact learning: Tested terms benefited relative to restudy, but untested terms did not. That pattern held when either fill-in-the-blank or multiple-choice questions were used during training, when 1 or 2 test trials were used during training, for both history and biology facts, and when more than 1 term from each fact was tested during training. Thus, across a range of circumstances, taking tests on complex facts results in a selective memory benefit for tested terms. In analogous applied settings, testing on multiple response terms should promote more comprehensive retention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)

Boost student success with comprehensive efforts

A 22‐percent jump in the number of bachelor's degrees earned in four years. A 74‐percent increase in the number of associate degrees earned in two years. At Paul Smith's College in New York, a comprehensive retention plan has produced those results, said Registrar Loralyn Taylor.

Minority nursing students’ perception of their baccalaureate program

Background: Review of the literature indicates that a number of barriers affect the success of minority nursing students and contribute to the high attrition rate. Identified barriers include feeling of loneliness, alienation, isolation, as well as academic and financial difficulties. To increase minority representation in the nursing work force and retention in nursing schools require understanding of perceived educational experience. Methods: The purpose of this study was to examine the perceived educational experience of minority nursing students at a southeast rural regional university in Georgia. These students were also enrolled in a comprehensive nursing workforce diversity project called SCRUBS Program, a comprehensive retention program designed to support minority nursing students’ academic achievement. Data were collected from forty-six participants of which 90% were African American; 5% Hispanic and 5% other. Of the 46 participants, 85% were female and 15% male. Results: Participants perceived their educational experience as “good, challenging, stressful, but overall positive and worth it.” Though participants noted that the nursing program curriculum was rigorous and overwhelming, available resources including mentoring, tutoring, peer socialization, and resources from the SCRUBS Program enhanced their educational experience. Conclusions: These findings have implications for retention of minority students in nursing education. The need to create a supportive and an inclusive cultural climate is essential for minorities’ academic success in nursing programs.