Comprehensive Health Service Centers Research Articles

Prevalence of Elder Abuse and Its Related Factors in Isfahan, Iran

Background: Elder abuse presents a significant public health concern with implications for overall well-being. As Iran undergoes demographic aging, there is a lack of data regarding the prevalence of elder abuse. Objectives: This study aimed to provide insight into the prevalence of elder abuse in Isfahan, Iran. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Isfahan in 2021, recruiting 424 individuals aged 60 and above from the "Comprehensive Health Services Centers" through simple random sampling. Demographic information and responses to the Elderly Abuse questionnaire were collected via interviews. Descriptive statistics, including mean and confidence intervals, were utilized, while analytical methods such as independent t-tests, chi-square tests, Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients, and logistic regression were employed for data analysis. Results: The study revealed a 36% prevalence of elder abuse across at least one category, with authority deprivation (19.6%) and emotional neglect (19.3%) being the most prevalent forms. This prevalence was higher among individuals aged 60 - 69 years (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2, CI (1.19 - 3.45), P = 0.01), females (adjusted OR = 2.61, CI (1.30 - 5.25), P = 0.007), retirees (adjusted OR = 4.15, CI (1.59 - 10.92), P = 0.004), and those with a history of chronic illness (adjusted OR = 2.11, CI (1.26 - 3.53), P = 0.004). Conclusions: Elder abuse emerges as a significant public health issue in Isfahan. Given the ongoing aging process nationwide, there is a critical need for interventions aimed at preventing and mitigating this public health concern.

Colorectal cancer literacy and related factors in northeast of Iran: A cross-sectional study.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a health challenge and the second most common cancer worldwide. Increasing colorectal cancer literacy (CRCL) is one of the most effective factors in CRC prevention. The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate CRCL and its related factors in Torbat Heydarieh, northeastern Iran. This study was a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2021 in Torbat Heydarieh, a city in northeastern Iran, on 200 clients presenting to a comprehensive health service centers. In addition to collecting sociodemographic characteristics, participants were administered the Knowledge and Attitude Questionnaire and the Colorectal Cancer Literacy Questionnaire (CRCLQ). Data were analyzed with SPSS software version 25 using independent samples t-tests, one-way analysis, chi-square, and Pearson correlation coefficients. The statistical significance level was set at p < .05. The results showed that the mean age of the participants was 51.12 ± 8.45 years. The majority of participants (84%) stated that their friends and relatives had no history of CRC. Pearson correlation coefficient results showed a significant correlation between knowledge and attitude toward CRC (r = .15, p = .041). A significant correlation was also found between knowledge and CRCL (r = .4, p ≤ .001). We found low CRCL among clients of comprehensive health service centers. More targeted educational interventions are needed to promote CRCL among Iranian adults.

Prognostic performance of serum protein markers in assessing mortality risk for North African pediatric population hospitalized with complicated severe acute malnutrition

Background: Complicated severe acute malnutrition (SAM) continues to kill numerous pediatric populations at the global level. Yet, significant progress has been achieved in the clinical management and treatment of this lethal condition in the pediatric population. Aims: To determine the prognostic performance of selected serum protein markers in predicting high-risk mortality in a pediatric population with complicated SAM. Subjects and Methods: This non-interventional cohort prognostic accuracy study included 59 pediatric patients (aged 6 – 60 months) with complicated SAM admitted to Moulay Ali Cherif Regional Hospital, Errachidia, Morocco, during the period from 01.02.2021 to 02.11.2022. Only the SAM pediatric population with medical complications were included in the study. SAM was defined as weight-for-height or weight-for-length z-score &lt; -3 standard deviations, bilateral edema of nutritional origin, or mid-upper arm circumference &lt; 11.5 cm. The enrolled pediatric population received standard inpatient care as per World Health Organization protocols for nutritional rehabilitation of SAM. The pediatric population was divided into two groups, deceased (n=10) and survivors (n=49), based on their outcomes during their hospital stay. Blood samples upon admission were obtained to assess levels of transthyretin, transferrin, albumin, retinol-binding protein, fibronectin, and C-reactive protein. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed using the area under the curve (AUC), the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Results: At a threshold of (≤ 0.13 g/L), transthyretin displayed the best performance of all nutritional markers, with an AUC of 0.71, good sensitivity (80.4%), and specificity (73%). While transferrin, albumin, retinol-binding protein, fibronectin, and C-reactive protein presented good to excellent sensitivity and negative predictive value, their performance was rated “fail” to “poor” (0.5 ≤ AUC &lt; 0.7) with a “poor” positive predictive value. Conclusion: Low levels of transthyretin (≤ 0.13 g/L) demonstrated a prognostic advantage compared to other biomarkers such as transferrin, albumin, retinol-binding protein, fibronectin and C-reactive protein suggesting transthyretin's potential as a prognostic marker for predicting pediatric population with complicated SAM at high mortality risk. Keywords: biochemical markers; death; predictive accuracy; undernutrition.

Prediction of Diabetes Using Data Mining and Machine Learning Algorithms: A Cross-Sectional Study.

This study aimed to develop a model to predict fasting blood glucose status using machine learning and data mining, since the early diagnosis and treatment of diabetes can improve outcomes and quality of life. This crosssectional study analyzed data from 3376 adults over 30 years old at 16 comprehensive health service centers in Tehran, Iran who participated in a diabetes screening program. The dataset was balanced using random sampling and the synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE). The dataset was split into training set (80%) and test set (20%). Shapley values were calculated to select the most important features. Noise analysis was performed by adding Gaussian noise to the numerical features to evaluate the robustness of feature importance. Five different machine learning algorithms, including CatBoost, random forest, XGBoost, logistic regression, and an artificial neural network, were used to model the dataset. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, the F1-score, and the area under the curve were used to evaluate the model. Age, waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index, and systolic blood pressure were the most important factors for predicting fasting blood glucose status. Though the models achieved similar predictive ability, the CatBoost model performed slightly better overall with 0.737 area under the curve (AUC). A gradient boosted decision tree model accurately identified the most important risk factors related to diabetes. Age, waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index, and systolic blood pressure were the most important risk factors for diabetes, respectively. This model can support planning for diabetes management and prevention.

The effectiveness of educational intervention based on the Health Action Model (HAM) in improving breast cancer screening behaviors

IntroductionBreast cancer disease is known as the most common cancer among women. Lack of knowledge and awareness is a leading cause of breast cancer, and since nearly all women are increasingly susceptible to this disease, training screening behaviors for early detection is proven essential in order to reduce breast cancer mortality. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the effect of educational intervention based on the Health Action Model in improving breast cancer screening behaviors in women aged 30 to 69 in Kashan, Iran.MethodsThis quasi-experimental study was conducted on 162 women aged 30–69 years old among the clients of Comprehensive health service centers in Kashan, Iran and they were assigned to intervention and control groups. The research instrument included a questionnaire assessed within three phases: baseline, 3-months, and 6-months, containing Health Action Model (HAM) structures and also three screening behaviors. The intervention consisted of a model-based education package and was carried out over 2 months. To evaluate the effect of the intervention, the mean of model structures and proportion screening behaviors in the third and sixth months were compared with the baseline phase. All analyses were carried out using SPSS, version 22.ResultsThe intervention and control groups were homogeneous regarding the structures of the HAM and the proportion of screening behaviors in the baseline phase (p > 0.05). In the 3-month (p < 0.05) and 6-month (p < 0.05) phases, the mean scores of the HAM constructs in the intervention group were found higher compared with the control group. Moreover, the proportion of clinical breast examinations in the intervention group was statistically higher than in the control group in the 3-month (p < 0.001) and 6-month (p < 0.001) phases. In addition, the proportion of mammography performed in the 3-month (p = 0.002) and 6-month (p < 0.001) phases were reported to be higher in the intervention group compared with the control group.ConclusionOverall, these results provide important insight into the effectiveness of the interventions based on the Health Action Model in promoting breast cancer screening behaviors and the determinants of such behaviors.

Geographic pattern of the prevalence of intimate partner violence against women in Zanjan (Iran).

Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a serious public health issue and refers to physically, sexually and psychologically harmful behaviors as well as emotionally controlling behaviors and financial abuse that occur in the form of marriage or cohabitation. Knowing the current situation of the IPV prevalence against women and high-risk areas in the Zanjan city, Iran, can help policymakers to establish better health programs for risk reduction. This population-based cross-sectional study consisted of married women aged 18-55 years living in Zanjan city in 2021. 760 married women covered by 19 urban comprehensive health service centers (UCHSCs) were selected by the stratified systematic random sampling method. The prevalence of IPV against women was measured in four types: psychological, physical, sexual, and economic. Mean (SD) age of the women was 35.49 (8.76) years. 606 women (79.7%) experienced one type of IPV. The highest and lowest IPV prevalence against women were psychological (76.6%) and economic (12%), respectively. The highest and lowest prevalence of psychological violence were observed in CUHSCs 2 and 17, physical violence in CUHSCs 1 and 14, sexual violence in CUHSCs 2 and 17, and economic violence in CUHSCs 2 and 8, respectively. The severity of violence was higher among self-employment or workers husbands, with low monthly household income, and among younger women. The IPV rate in the target population is high, and the highest rate is related to psychological violence. These results highlight the need to intervention in the society and high-risk women for policymakers of the health system.

Association of body mass index with dietary intake and self-care health activities of mothers after postpartum: A mixed-method research in Chennai City, India

Background: Overweight and obesity have become serious health problems worldwide, with more than 1.5 billion adults classified as overweight according to the World Health Organization in 2020. Getting overweight after the gestational period is a common phenomenon and getting back to prepregnancy weight is a major challenging concern for mothers. This study aimed to explain the importance of maintaining body mass index (BMI) and evaluate the association of BMI with dietary intake and self-care health behaviors among mothers after the postpartum period. Methods: A mixed-method study was conducted among mothers after the postpartum period having children aged 2 to 10 years old. The current study was performed on a total of 17 mothers who were referred to comprehensive health service centers in Chennai city, Tamil Nadu, India. They were purposefully selected according to the inclusion criteria. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and analyzed using SPSS software for testing the significance of the P value. Results: The majority of mothers (88.23%) were in the category of overweight and obese. The mean age of mothers was 26.53 ± 5.21 years. BMI was strongly associated with the dietary intake of mothers, hindrance in dietary intake of mothers, and self-care activities of mothers since the P-value was &lt;0.01 level of significance. Conclusion: This study reveals that the BMI of mothers has increased compared to prepregnancy. The adherence to the balanced dietary and self-care activity was very low. It is critically important to pay more attention to how individual, organizational, and societal interventions might assist mothers in attaining the target level of BMI.

Sexual health literacy and its related factors among couples: A population-based study in Iran.

Sexual health literacy is one of the factors that affect sexual health. Several factors can influence sexual health literacy. As a result, the current study was carried out to determine sexual health literacy and its associated factors among Iranian couples. In 2022, 410 couples of reproductive age were referred to comprehensive health service centers and private clinics in Kerman city for the descriptive-analytical study. The study questionnaires included sexual health literacy for adults, sexual knowledge and attitude scale, marital intimacy scale, sexual intimacy scale, depression anxiety stress scale, sexual self-efficacy, the multidimensional scale of perceived social support, and socioeconomic status. Finally, multiple linear stepwise regression models were used to determine the factors related to sexual health literacy using the SPSS software version 22. According to the findings of this study, the mean(SD) of sexual health literacy in couples was 68.76(12.96), which was a desirable level. Furthermore, the findings revealed that sexual self-efficacy (B = 0.649، P<0.001), sexual knowledge and attitude (B = 0.217، P<0.001), the ability to identify reliable and non-reliable sources (B = -3.116، P<0.001), feelings of shame and embarrassment for obtaining sexual information (B = 1.860، P = 0.011), social support (B = 0.127، P<0.001) and the obscenity of sexual issues in family (B = 1.764، P = 0.015) were the final predictors of sexual health literacy in couples. It is suggested that researchers and health managers consider these factors when designing interventions to promote sexual health literacy.

Relationship between spiritual intelligence and intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety and fear of Corona in the elderly

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused physical and psychological health problems in the elderly. Spiritual intelligence has an effect on health and healing. The aim of this study determining the relationship between spiritual intelligence and intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety, and fear of corona in the elderly. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was done on 207 elderly people who referred to comprehensive health service centers in Mashhad in 2022. The samples were selected based on the inclusion criteria using multistage and cluster sampling. To collect data, various questionnaires were used, including demographic characteristics (age, gender, marital status …), King's Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire, Freestone's Intolerance of Uncertainty Questionnaire, Corona Anxiety Scale, and Coronavirus Fear Scale. Statistical analysis of variables was done using descriptive and analytical (independent t-test, Mann-Whitney, analysis of variance, linear regression) tests by means of STATA version 14. RESULTS: The average level of spiritual intelligence was 54.1. Participants reported a high level of intolerance of uncertainty (M = 79.2) and fear of corona (M = 14.09). Education, economic status, and marital status were the predictors of spiritual intelligence of the studied subjects (r = 0.24, P &lt; .05). Spiritual intelligence and gender were also related to uncertainty intolerance (r = 0.12, P &lt; .05). Another finding of the study was the superiority of variables of spiritual intelligence and gender in predicting the level of anxiety of corona compared to other variables (r = 0.17, P &lt; .05). CONCLUSION: There was a relationship between spiritual intelligence, education, and gender with the level of fear and anxiety of corona. Therefore, planning and implementing educational projects based on increasing spiritual intelligence for the elderly with priority for elderly women and with a low level of literacy and income is recommended.

A cross-sectional study on the reasons for vaccine hesitancy in children under seven years of age in Isfahan, Iran

IntroductionThe diminution in vaccination coverage in recent years has contributed to the reappearance of infectious diseases, and vaccine hesitancy is one of the main causes. As a result, we investigated the causes of vaccine hesitancy in children. Materials and methodsThis descriptive-analytical study was conducted cross-sectionally in 27 comprehensive health service centers in Isfahan City from June to October 2022. This study included Iranian families living in Isfahan who did not vaccinate their children by the due date. A researcher-made questionnaire collected data on children's vaccine hesitancy after verifying validity and reliability over the phone and in person by the researcher. The mothers completed informed consent. Independent T-tests, Pearson's correlation coefficient, analysis of variance, and a generalized linear model were used to analyze the data. FindingsFinally, 298 families participated in the study, 34.3% refused, and 65.7% delayed their child's vaccination. Vaccination was hesitant due to the child being sick at the time of injection (57.3%), believing that vaccination is not necessary to prevent uncommon diseases (49%), and being concerned about severe side effects caused by the vaccine (48.7%). Vaccine hesitancy among mothers with bachelor's degrees and families less than one kilometer from the health center was significantly less than among others. Additionally, Vaccines at birth, four, six, twelve, and eighteen months, and six-year-old vaccines were associated with vaccine hesitancy. ConclusionChildren's illness at the time of vaccination, the belief that vaccination is unnecessary to prevent uncommon diseases, and the worry about severe complications were among the most common reasons for vaccine hesitancy. Mother's education, distance to the health center, and vaccine type were associated with vaccine hesitancy.

The Association Between the Perception of Aging and Hope in Older People of Gorgan, Iran

Background and aims: Aging is one of the life stages of all human beings, but people’s understanding of this issue is highly different. This study aimed to determine the association between the perception of aging and hope in older people. Methods: Using stratified random sampling, this cross-sectional study was performed on 300 older people referring to Gorgan’s comprehensive urban health service centers from 2021 to 2022. The Aging Perceptions Questionnaire and Schneider’s Hope Questionnaire were completed by older people. The Pearson correlation coefficient was estimated finally. Results: The mean total hope score in older women and men was 39.78±5.61 and 40.93±5.58, respectively. There is no statistically significant relationship between the total hope score and understanding of aging. The highest negative correlation was related to the emotional representation subscale of perception of aging with a total hope score (r=-0.42, P&lt;0.0001). The aging perception score was higher in older people whose number of children was less than equal to 3. In addition, the total hope score was better in older people who lived with their spouses and had a higher education, housing, and better economic status. Conclusion: In this study, the perceptions of aging and hope in older people had a high level. Although overall hope was not related to perceptions of aging, hope was associated with the emotional representation subscale of perception of aging.

The role of health locus of control, health literacy and people attitudes regarding coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccination

The role of health locus of control, health literacy and people attitudes regarding coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccination

Investigating the relationship between demographic and socio- economic characteristics on the attendance to comprehensive health services center for blood pressure measurement: a cross-sectional study

Objectives: Many people around the world suffer from hypertension which increases the risk of heart failure and mortality. But most cases are not interested in referring to medical centers to have their blood pressure checked. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of attending Barzok Comprehensive Health Services Center for blood pressure measurement.&#x0D; Methods: The current cross-sectional study was performed in 76 hypertensive patients. Demographic and socioeconomic information was collected and compared based on referral to Barzok Comprehensive Health Services Center for blood pressure measurement.&#x0D; Results: In this study, out of 76 cases, 10 patients (13.15%) referred to medical centers for blood pressure measurement, 66 cases (86.8%) did not go to medical centers. There was no statistically significant difference in gender and age between the two groups of patients (p&gt;0.05). In addition, the two groups were similar in terms of education level, occupational status, smoking history, and family history of hypertension (P=0.824, P=0.492, P=0.233 and P=0.276, respectively). However, mean systolic blood pressure (118 ± 9.18 mmHg vs 140.55 ± 17.06 mmHg, P&lt;0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (75 ± 8.49 mmHg vs 84.53 ± 8.62 mmHg, P=0.006) in the group of cases referred to Barzok medical center was significantly lower (better) than in cases who did not refer (p&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusions: People at high risk for hypertension or those with hypertension regardless of their demographic or socio- economic characteristics or even where they live, should be trained to refer to comprehensive health service centers by creating motivation and insight.

Approaches and styles of mothers in sex education process of children and the related factors

IntroductionSex education supports the development of suitable sexual behaviors in children. However, due to the limitations of sexual issues in Iran, parents may have different sex education styles. This study aimed to assess the styles of mothers in the sex education process of children and the related factors.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, from March to May 2021, 306 mothers with a 4–12-year-old child who were referred to the comprehensive health service centers in Rasht city were entered into the study by a convenience sampling method. The tool was a questionnaire of parents' sex education styles. Data analysis was performed with independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and the multiple linear regression model using SPSS software version 16.ResultsThe majority of the mothers had a mean age of 36.2 ± 6.4 years. The score of the authoritarian sex education style was significantly higher than the other styles (P < 0.001). According to the multivariate analysis, 40.6% of the changes in the strict style (R2 = 0.406), 32.7% of the changes in the permissive style (R2 = 0.327), and 36.1% of the changes in the authoritative style (R2 = 0.361) were explained by the personal characteristics of the participants.ConclusionThe authoritative style was a dominant sex education style. Identifying the factors associated with types of child sex education styles has an important role in promoting the health of children and the community. It is recommended that nursing policymakers identify related factors of sex education styles in mothers of different cultures, and therefore, implement training programs for empowering mothers.

Comparison the effect of self-care training program in two methods of multi-media education and tele-nursing on social isolation in patients with COVID-19 in Bandar Abbas

Background. With the spread of the contagious disease of COVID-19, the necessity of quarantine came to prevent the transmission of the disease. For this reason, patients suffered from social isolation. On the other hand, in order to control and treat the disease, it was necessary to provide self-care training. The present study was designed with the aim of comparison of the effect of self-care training program in two methods of multi-media education and tele-nursing on social isolation in patients with COVID-19 in Bandar Abbas city. Methods. This study was performed as a quasi-experimental study on 88 patients with COVID-19 referred to comprehensive health service centers in Bandar Abbas in 2021. The research samples were selected through convenience method and were divided into two groups of multimedia training and tele-nursing using block random allocation. First, social isolation in patients with COVID-19 was assessed using the questionnaire in two groups and then self-care training was provided using multimedia and tele-nursing methods. At the end of day twenty-one, social isolation was measured again and the data was entered into SPSS software version 26 and analyzed. Results. There was no significant difference in pre-intervention assessment in term of social isolation score between the two groups (P&gt;0.05). The results of the multiple covariance analysis test showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test of each dimension of social isolation, the mean score of the loneliness, social disability, social anxiety and social tolerance dimensions after the intervention in the telenursing group was significantly lower than that of the multimedia group (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion. Educational methods such as multimedia education and tele-nursing for awareness and self-care education, along with other medical care, can reduce social isolation. Therefore, it is necessary to consider a self-care education program and provide information about the necessary care during COVID-19 disease for patients in comprehensive health service centers and to use tele-nursing for more effective self-care education. Practical Implications. Research findings can be applied in self-care training programs in infectious diseases such as COVID-19.

Applying the theory of planned behavior for prediction of oocyte donation intention among Iranian women

BackgroundOocyte donation is a complex and multifaceted behavior in women. Due to the acute deficiency of donated oocytes, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting the desire to donate. Planned behavior theory is a suitable model for explaining and predicting behavior in many behavioral domains. The aim of this study was to predict oocyte donation intention using the theory of planned behavior.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was performed on 556 women who were covered by the comprehensive health service centers in Gonabad and Neyshabour cities in 2020. Sampling was performed by the two-step method in Gonabad city and by the convenience sampling method in Neyshabour city. Data were collected online using researcher-made questionnaires included oocyte donation awareness questionnaire and oocyte donation intention questionnaire (based on the TPB constructs). The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by face and content validity and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 16) using hierarchical linear regression. The statistical significance was considered as P < 0.05.ResultsThe results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the oocyte donation intention with all constructs of planned behavioral theory (P < 0.050). Planned behavior theory constructs explained 47% of the variance of oocyte donation intention. In addition, constructs of perceived power (β = 0.461), control beliefs (β = 0.154) and normative beliefs (β = 0.125) were the strongest predictors of oocyte donation intention, respectively.ConclusionPlanning and implementing educational courses according to the constructs of the theory of planned behavior can be a great step toward the elimination of oocyte deficiency and infertility problems. Also performing of intervention or training strategies in the field of oocyte donation requires the enhancement of social norms and perceived behavioral control in the population under study.

Effects of Telenursing on the Management of Self-care Behaviors in Patients With Chronic Hypertension

Background: The high prevalence of hypertension worldwide and its severe effects on various body organs are major health concerns in every community. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of telenursing on the management of self-care behaviors in patients with chronic hypertension. Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on two groups with a pretest-posttest. The sample population included 82 patients with hypertension referred to comprehensive urban and rural health service centers in Garme City, Iran who were initially selected via two-stage cluster sampling and allocated into two groups of intervention and control by permuted block randomization (six patients in each block). Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the hypertension self-care profile, and phone follow-up, which were completed at the beginning of the study. The patients received a two-hour training session. The intervention group was followed up (telenursing) for three months, and the control group received routine care. After the intervention, the self-care questionnaire in patients with chronic hypertension was completed by both groups. Data were analyzed with SPSS software, version 25 using the Mann-Whitney U test, paired t-test, and the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: Telenursing increased the mean score of a healthy diet by 1.3 units (P=0.04) and the score of disease management by 1.19 units (P=0.004). However, the intervention had no significant effects on weight (P=0.09), supervision of the awareness of food labeling (P=0.38), and medication regimen (P=0.62). Conclusion: According to the results, it is recommended to use this method to manage the disease and dietary habits of patients with chronic hypertension.

Social Health Status and Its Related Factors in Older Adults

Introduction: For successful aging, it is necessary to evaluate social health as a basic component of the health system. Older adults are an increasingly large proportion who are potential candidates for vulnerability in social health. Objective: This study aimed to determine social health and its related factors in older adults referred to urban comprehensive health service centers. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 older adults referred to urban comprehensive health service centers in Ardabil City, Iran, between February 2021 and April 2022. The multistage sampling method was used to select the older adults. The social health scale for older people was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using an independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, the Tukey post hoc test, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and linear regression with a stepwise method. Results: The Mean±SD age of the participants was 69.49±7.16 years. The mean score of social health was 57.27±8.7, and for subscales of social support, social adjustment, and perceived environment resource were 30.16±5.9, 15.15±4.14, and 11.95±2.83, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that marital status (B=4.68, 95% CI, 2.82%-6.54%, P=0.001), education (B=-2.89, 95% CI, -4.87% to -0.9%, P=0.004), job (B=-2.15, 95% CI, -4.1% to -0.21%, P=0.03), income (B=1.48, 95% CI, 0.63%-2.89%, P=0.04), visiting exhibitions (B=4.69, 95% CI, 2.39%-6.98%, P=0.001), and recreational or fun activities (B=-2.36, 95% CI, -3.99% to -0.72%, P=0.005) were predictors of social health in older adults (R2=20%). Conclusion: The social health of older adults is moderate. Our study showed that several factors would influence social health. Healthcare providers should plan necessary interventions to enhance the social health of older adults.

Weight Management Challenges in Nulliparous Women Being Overweight or Obese Due to Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study.

Getting overweight after pregnancy is a common phenomenon and getting back to pre-pregnancy weight in the postpartum period is a major concern for mothers. This study aimed to explain the challenges in performing post-pregnancy weight-management behaviors in nulliparous women being overweight and obese due to pregnancy. The present qualitative study was conducted with the conventional qualitative content analysis method based on Granheim and Landman's approach from October to December in 2021. In this study, participants were 15 women who referred to comprehensive health service centers in Tehran, Iran; they were purposefully selected according to the inclusion criteria. Data were collected through individual, in-depth, and semi-structured face-to-face interviews and simultaneously analyzed using the MAXQ Data version 10 software. The mean age of the participants was 25.93±3.21 years. Data analysis resulted in three main categories: 1) failure to adhere to calorie-restricted diets, 2) inability to engage in physical activity, and 3) lack of adequate social support. Women with obesity due to pregnancy face many challenges to improve their weight-control behaviors. As such, improving healthy behaviors not only requires relevant stakeholders' commitment, but also demands women, their families and communities' intention to engage in healthy behaviors.

Investigating the self-care status of pregnancy and its relationship with social support and anxiety caused by corona disease in pregnant women following the implementation of the national COVID-19 vaccination program

Background and aims: COVID-19 has adverse effects on health. The best way to prevent it is vaccination. One of the high-risk groups for COVID-19 is pregnant women. Self-care of pregnancy can reduce the adverse consequences of pregnancy, which are affected by many factors. The present study aims to investigate the self-care status of pregnancy and its relationship with social support and anxiety caused by Corona in pregnant women following the implementation of the national vaccination program for COVID-19. Methods: A total of 199 pregnant women from comprehensive health service centers were included in the study and completed self-care questionnaires during pregnancy, social support, and anxiety questionnaires caused by corona. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18 software. Results: The average score of self-care was 41.19±5.21, the average score of social support was 65.14±11.45, and the average score of anxiety caused by Corona was 10.64±8.93. The Pearson correlation test showed that self-care was significantly associated with social support (P&lt;0.05, r: 0.347) but not coronavirus anxiety. The regression model showed that social support is the strongest predictor of pregnancy self-care (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Considering the favorable score of self-care and social support and the low score of corona anxiety of the participants in the study and comparing with the results of other studies in the COVID-19 pandemic and before vaccination, it seems that COVID-19 vaccination had a significant effect on the results. However, longitudinal studies are suggested to ensure the results.