Comprehensive Finite Element Model Research Articles

A Computational Model Reveals How Varying Muscle Activation in the Lateral Pharyngeal Wall and Soft Palate Differentiates Velopharyngeal Closure Patterns.

Finite element (FE) models have emerged as a powerful method to study biomechanical complexities of velopharyngeal (VP) function. However, existing models have overlooked the active contributions of the lateral pharyngeal wall (LPW) in VP closure. This study aimed to develop and validate a more comprehensive FE model of VP closure to include the superior pharyngeal constrictor (SPC) muscle within the LPW as an active component of VP closure. The geometry of the velum and the lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls with biomechanical activation governed by the levator veli palatini (LVP) and SPC muscles were incorporated into an FE model of VP closure. Differing muscle activations were employed to identify the impact of anatomic contributions from the SPC muscle, LVP muscle, and/or velum for achieving VP closure. The model was validated against normative magnetic resonance imaging data at rest and during speech production. A highly accurate and validated biomechanical model of VP function was developed. Differing combinations and activation of muscles within the LPW and velum provided insight into the relationship between muscle activation and closure patterns, with objective quantification of anatomic change necessary to achieve VP closure. This model is the first to include the anatomic properties and active contributions of the LPW and SPC muscle for achieving VP closure. Now validated, this method can be utilized to build robust, comprehensive models to understand VP dysfunction. This represents an important advancement in patient-specific modeling of VP function and provides a foundation to support development of computational tools to meet clinical demand.

Failure behavior of hole hemmed joints with a novel configuration for hybrid busbars in electric vehicle batteries

This study, for the first time, investigates the failure behavior of hole hemmed joints with a novel configuration in shear tests. These joints are formed through plastic deformation without the need for additional elements, heat, or welding. The aim is to evaluate their potential for connecting hybrid copper–aluminum busbars in electric vehicle batteries. Initially, copper’s fracture limits are characterized under various loading conditions, and the Modified Mohr-Coulomb criterion is calibrated. The hole hemming process is then used to join AA6082-T4 aluminum and Cu-ETP R240 copper sheets by deforming and folding the outer aluminum sheet onto the inner copper sheet, creating a mechanical interlock. This is followed by shear tests on the resulting joints. A comprehensive finite element model is developed to simulate both the joining process and the shear test. Results indicate that the joints fail gradually through hole bearing, with cracks forming and propagating in the copper sheet. The mechanical interlock, influenced by punch displacement, enhances failure load and displacement while reducing the initial load. Only the copper inner sheet is damaged during shear tests, while the aluminum outer sheet is damaged during the joining process. With a maximum shear strength of 4.54 kN and a displacement of 13.84 mm for a mechanical interlock of 0.9 mm, these joints show significant potential for hybrid busbar applications in electric vehicle batteries.

An Interactive Fluid–Solid Approach for Numerical Modeling of Composite Metal Foam Behavior under Compression

Composite metal foams (CMF) are renowned for their high strength‐to‐density ratio, high stiffness, and energy absorption capabilities. Homogenized finite element models of CMF have been numerically solved to understand the mechanical behavior of the material under a variety of external loading conditions. This work aims to pioneer a comprehensive finite element model for steel–steel composite metal foam by incorporating the interactions between embedded stainless‐steel hollow spheres with entrapped air inside stainless‐steel matrix. The material behavior of hollow spheres, surrounding matrix, and air are modeled using Johnson–Cook (JC) plasticity, Deshpande–Fleck (D–F) foam, and linear polynomial equation of state in LS DYNA. Further, the finite element model utilizes a combination of Lagrangian solid elements and meshfree smooth particles hydrodynamics with appropriate contacts to effectively model the interaction of entrapped air within stainless‐steel hollow spheres with surrounding metallic spheres and matrix. The strain rate and the crosshead velocity of 65 s−1 and 2.4765 m s−1 are used for quasistatic compression analysis. Finally, the results obtained from the computational model are compared and validated using previously reported experimental quasistatic compression data. The numerical model corroborates stress–strain response of CMF with 5.6% error for plateau stresses average within 25% and 30% strain.

Biomechanical properties analysis of posterior lumbar interbody fusion with transpedicular oblique screw fixation

ObjectiveAn alternative to conventional posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) is a PLIF with transpedicular oblique screw fixation system. An assessment of new fixation system's viability and efficacy is conducted through a comparison of its biomechanical properties with those of conventional PLIF. MethodA comprehensive finite element model (FEM) of the lumbar regions L1-L5 was developed and the surgical segment L3-L4 was chosen to comprise the surgical models of both traditional PLIF and new PLIF. In new PLIF model, an analysis was conducted on segmental range of motion (RoM), cage stress, inferior endplates stress, vertebral stress, and internal fixation stress. Three-dimensional printers are utilized to fabricate and assemble the fusion cage and vertebrae, and compression test machines are employed to execute physiological load and extreme load experiments on new PLIF, so as to verify the accuracy of the FEM analysis and the mode of fatigue exhibited by new PLIF. ResultsIn new PLIF, the maximum stress on the inferior endplates under physiological loads was reduced in comparison to conventional PLIF. While the maximum stress on the cage, vertebral body, and screw increased, it remained within an acceptable range. The experimental data indicates that new fixation system can endure a vertical load exceeding 2800 N and an ultimate bending moment of 77 Nm. ConclusionThe new PLIF exhibits a comparable RoM to its predecessor, simultaneously mitigating inferior endplate stress and accommodating physiological loads, which reduce the amount of surgical incision and fusion fixation instruments. Consequently, it emerges as a sanguine surgical approach to fuse the degenerative lumbar spine.

Numerical modeling of seismic performance of shallow steel tunnel

Advanced numerical models can be used to complement experimental results and further elucidate their findings. This is particularly true when certain scaled model “adjustments” are incorporated in the testing scheme to reduce the testing cost or schedule. This study conducts comprehensive finite element modeling to simulate large-scale shaking table tests conducted by Kim et al. (2023) [1] to evaluate the seismic performance of steel tunnels. The numerical model was calibrated by comparing its predictions with the experimental observations in the initial tests. The calibrated model was then validated by comparing its predictions with the results obtained from other test models and subjected to different input ground motions. The validated model was employed to comprehensively investigate the effects of the testing scheme parameters including the input motion time scaling, tunnel burial depth, and soil relative density. It was found that reducing the time scale factor during the tests led to decreased seismic responses. It was also found that the presence of overburden soil on top of the tunnel resulted in higher seismic bending moment values, and that higher overburden height increased both lateral and vertical soil pressures on the tunnel side walls and top slab. In addition, lateral soil distortion and tunnel deformations were found to be directly correlated with the overburden soil height. Furthermore, in the absence of overburden soil, there was a significant amplification in horizontal soil acceleration. The results demonstrated that lower-density sand bed experienced greater acceleration amplification and larger displacement, and the tunnel experienced larger lateral soil pressure and higher racking. Additionally, the results revealed that subjecting the same soil bed to several shaking tests affected its stiffness, and hence affected the test observations in the subsequent tests. This should be considered when planning shaking table tests. Finally, the strain values and racking ratios obtained from the numerical simulations and the shaking tests were in agreement with the values obtained from the FHWA procedure.

Quantitative evaluation of PI-RDL interfacial delamination in fan-out wafer-level packaging during unbiased highly accelerated stress test

Fan-Out Wafer-Level Packaging (FOWLP) is increasingly utilized for its superior performance, facilitated by flexible heterogeneous integration. Despite its advantages, the interface between Polyimide (PI) and Redistribution Layers (RDL) is susceptible to significant vulnerabilities, notably delamination. This study introduces a quantitative method to assess PI-RDL interface delamination in FOWLP under unbiased Highly Accelerated Stress Tests (uHAST), a standard approach in accelerated reliability testing characterized by high humidity and temperature. Central to our methodology is the development of a time–temperature-moisture equivalence-based creep constitutive model, which significantly enhances our understanding of the impact of temperature and moisture on creep behavior. Furthermore, we have developed an innovative “open moisture absorption” method for preparing samples for four-point bending tests, enabling precise quantification of the time-induced degradation of PI-RDL interfacial fracture toughness under saturated conditions. Our comprehensive finite element model integrates moisture diffusion, the newly developed creep constitutive model, and solid mechanics to accurately simulate the accumulation of strain energy release rate during uHAST, facilitating precise predictions of delamination initiation times in FOWLP. Experimental validation under two uHAST conditions—130 °C/85 %RH for 96 h and 110 °C/85 %RH for 264 h—demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach, predicting the delamination initiation time at the PI-RDL interface with over 80 % accuracy. This predictive methodology is pivotal in enhancing the structural optimization and extending the service life of FOWLP in varied environmental conditions.

Design and optimization analysis of pylon open lower corbel

This study, centered around the engineering context of the Wuxue Yangtze River Bridge, addresses the challenge of significant temperature-induced secondary internal forces in the short lower tower column. A novel open lower corbel tower scheme is proposed as a solution. Firstly, comprehensive finite element models are established for both the open lower corbel pylon scheme and the traditional lower continuous beam pylon scheme. These models are employed for finite element analysis to derive bending moments and displacements of the bridge pylon under various loads, including permanent, vehicle, temperature, and wind loads. Subsequently, considering internal force distribution and stiffness, a comparative assessment is made between the open lower corbel cable pylon scheme and the traditional lower continuous beam cable pylon scheme. The findings reveal that the open corbel structure bridge pylon exhibits lower transverse bending moment values under the influence of permanent load, vehicle load, temperature load, and wind load. This reduction is advantageous for mitigating the issue of significant temperature-induced secondary internal forces in the bridge pylon. Additionally, the transverse bridge stiffness of the open lower corbel cable pylon scheme is found to be on par with that of the lower continuous beam cable pylon scheme. Moreover, topology optimization of the original corbel design is accomplished using the relative density method. The computational results demonstrate that the corbel’s stress and deformation under vertical loads meet code requirements. These research findings offer valuable insights for the design and construction of similar projects.

Investigation into the effect of deltoid ligament injury on rotational ankle instability using a three-dimensional ankle finite element model.

Injury to the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle may cause ankle instability and, when combined with deltoid ligament (DL) injury, may lead to a more complex situation known as rotational ankle instability (RAI). It is unclear how DL rupture interferes with the mechanical function of an ankle joint with RAI. To study the influence of DL injury on the biomechanical function of the ankle joint. A comprehensive finite element model of an ankle joint, incorporating detailed ligaments, was developed from MRI scans of an adult female. A range of ligament injury scenarios were simulated in the ankle joint model, which was then subjected to a static standing load of 300N and a 1.5Nm internal and external rotation torque. The analysis focused on comparing the distribution and peak values of von Mises stress in the articular cartilages of both the tibia and talus and measuring the talus rotation angle and contact area of the talocrural joint. The dimensions and location of insertion points of ligaments in the finite element ankle model were adopted from previous anatomical research and dissection studies. The anterior drawer distance in the finite element model was within 6.5% of the anatomical range, and the talus tilt angle was within 3% of anatomical results. During static standing, a combined rupture of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and anterior tibiotalar ligament (ATTL) generates new stress concentrations on the talus cartilage, which markedly increases the joint contact area and stress on the cartilage. During static standing with external rotation, the anterior talofibular ligament and anterior tibiotalar ligament ruptured the ankle's rotational angle by 21.8% compared to an intact joint. In contrast, static standing with internal rotation led to a similar increase in stress and a nearly 2.5 times increase in the talus rotational angle. Injury to the DL altered the stress distribution in the tibiotalar joint and increased the talus rotation angle when subjected to a rotational torque, which may increase the risk of RAI. When treating RAI, it is essential to address not only multi-band DL injuries but also single-band deep DL injuries, especially those affecting the ATTL.

Research on vibration characteristics of a straddle-type station induced by moving trains

The novelty of straddle-type railway stations as a modern railway infrastructure necessitates thoroughly examining their vibration behavior under high-speed train-induced vibrations. This study focuses on Shangrao station, the inaugural straddle-type high-speed railway station in China, to investigate its vibration properties induced by high-speed trains. A comprehensive finite element model is developed and validated against empirical data to ensure accuracy. The vibration response and propagation patterns induced by railway operations are extensively studied under diverse operational conditions. The results illustrate that the peak acceleration in the vertical (Z) direction significantly exceeds that in the horizontal (X and Y) directions in most test cases. Moreover, under consistent train speed and axle load, the multiple parallel traffic scenario results in higher peak accelerations in all directions compared to the grade separation traffic scenario. Additionally, a positive correlation exists between the railway platform’s maximum amplitude, corresponding frequency, and train speed. Furthermore, increased train axle load leads to higher peak accelerations in the station building. The findings of this research offer valuable insights for the predictive modeling and design of high-speed straddle-type railway stations, providing essential technical support for future station projects.

RC beams flexurally strengthened with CFRP sheets combined with FRC layer for mitigating debonding failures

A hybrid strengthening system, comprising a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheet combined with fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) layer is proposed in this study as a mitigatory solution to brittle debonding problems. Five reinforced concrete (RC) beams, comprising both control cases and those strengthened with the hybrid CFRP-FRC system at various FRP reinforcement ratios, were fabricated and tested to assess the system's effectiveness. A comprehensive finite element (FE) model was also developed to complement the experimental campaign and extend it into a parametric investigation on the effects of FRP reinforcement ratio (ρf), fiber percentage in FRC (vf), and FRC layer thickness (tFRC). Compared with beams strengthened with FRP alone, using the FRC layer increased the ultimate load (Pult.) of FRP-strengthened beams by 29–59%, depending on ρf and vf. The ductility of the hybrid FRP-FRC strengthened beams also increased by more than twice compared to the beams strengthened with only FRP. For the FRP reinforcement ratio (ρf) of 0.18%, use of an FRC layer with vf = 2% yields the highest increase in Pult. and ductility for the hybrid system. Ultimately, the brittle FRP debonding failure was successfully eliminated using the FRC layer, leading to desirable FRP rupture. Built with capabilities to capture material nonlinearity, contact, and debonding phenomena, the FE model predictions excellently matched those of the test results in terms of the beam’s capacity, failure modes as well as load-deflection and load-strain responses.

Thermal and Electrical Performance Analyses of a 100-W Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator for Space Exploration

A 100-W radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) is by far the most suitable power supply for long-term deep space exploration where solar power would not be feasible. Understanding the thermal performance and electrical performance of the RTG under operational conditions is paramount for its nominal and safety performance during the space mission. In this paper, modeling and experimental studies on the thermal behavior and electrical performance of the 100-W RTG have been conducted. The RTG uses high conversion efficiency skutterudite-based thermoelectric convertor (TEC) arrays thermally coupled with a radioisotope heat unit (RHU) to generate electricity. A comprehensive finite element model and an electrical heating prototype of the 100-W RTG have been built to assess the performance of the RTG designs. Critical temperature, generated power, and energy conversion efficiency were evaluated. The simulation results show that the maximum output power of the RTG can reach about 120 W(electric); the temperature of the hot end of the TECs is about 853 K, and the temperature of the cold end is about 473 K, making a temperature difference of about 380 K. The RTG prototype with Bi2Te3 TECs generated about 60 W(electric) of electrical power in the first experimental research stage. These research results have significant reference for extension of the RTG prototype to the actual power source of the RHU and allow for future research and development improvements of the 100-W RTG.

Modelling of Multi-Storey Cross-Laminated Timber Buildings for Vibration Serviceability

In this study, the vibration serviceability of multi-storey timber buildings is addressed. The core of this study pertains to the preparation of a comprehensive finite element model to predict modal properties for an accurate vibration serviceability checking. To that end, findings obtained from studying three multi-storey timber buildings are summarized and discussed. Two of the buildings (of seven and eight storeys) consist entirely of cross-laminated timber (CLT), while the third is a five-storey hybrid CLT-concrete building. Thanks to the detailed finite element models and modal testing results, one has the capability to conduct sensitivity analyses, classical and Bayesian model updating, and uncertainty quantifications. With these methodologies, influential modelling parameters as well as the sources of modelling error were identified. This allowed for conclusions to be drawn about the in-plane shear stiffness of the constructed walls (whose higher value causes the natural frequencies to increase by up to 25%), the soil deformability (which may cause the natural frequencies to drop by up to 20%), and the perpendicular-to-the-grain deformation of floor slabs (which may lead to an overestimation of a fundamental frequency by up to 8%).

Numerical modelling of the structural response of a novel hybrid densified wood filled-aluminium tube dowel for structural timber connections

This paper deals with the finite element modelling of the structural response of timber connections assembled using a novel hybrid dowel, made of densified wood filled aluminium tube, for the first time. Predictive and comprehensive finite element models, using the LS-Dyna Software, are developed to thoroughly investigate the non-linear 3D mechanical behaviour and optimize the design of the aluminium-to-timber connections. The materials parameters of the models are, first, identified based on experimental data from three-point bending tests. Then the models are validated by comparison to experimental data from slotted-in aluminium plate timber connections assembled either using steel dowel or hybrid densified wood filled aluminium tube dowel. The results are compared in terms of load-slip curves as well as in terms of failure modes. In addition, a parametrical study is conducted using the validated finite element model to investigate the influence of some material and geometrical parameters. The results showed that the hybrid densified wood filled aluminium tube dowels can be a potential substitute for conventional steel dowels. The study highlights the efficiency of the proposed finite element model in terms of quality of results and efficiency of use upstream the design process of such structures.

An innovative multi-objective optimization approach for compact concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) column design utilizing lightweight high-strength concrete

Incorporating sustainability into Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular (CFST) columns' optimization can enhance efficiency and sustainability in construction. Discrepancies in international standards for ultimate load capacity computation in compact CFST columns under eccentric loading, particularly with lightweight high-strength concrete, pose challenges. This research compile a dataset of compact CFST columns, evaluating design codes (AISC 360-16, Eurocode 4) against experimental results. Besides, a comprehensive finite-element model predicts compact CFST column performance, investigating axial force-moment (P-M) interaction behavior with respect to the material strength ratio (fy/fc′). In the second phase of the study, an ANN model, incorporating input parameters, estimates axial load capacity, facilitating multi-objective optimization for optimal CFST column geometry. The results confirmed that Eurocode 4 outperforms AISC 360-16 in experimental axial capacity predictions (Nuc/Nuc,theoretical) where, the mean and standard deviation for Eurocode 4 were estimated at 1.07 and 0.22, respectively, compared to 1.21 and 0.29 for AISC 360-16. Besides, statistical metrics confirm the precision of the ANN model, particularly with high-strength concrete, promising efficiency in future computational intelligence-based structural design platforms.

Effects of curing, temperature, pressure, and moisture on the surface-figure of a high-precision bonded mirror

Adhesive bonding is widely used in the assembly of high-precision optomechanical products. However, of the curing and relaxation behaviors as well as environmentally sensitive features of adhesives, the surface-figure accuracy of bonded mirrors is often attenuated, which greatly degrades the performances of the optomechanical system. This paper developed a comprehensive finite-element model for understanding the evolution of surface figure in a high-precision bonded mirror. For the used optical adhesive, its cure kinetics was experimentally examined by differential scanning calorimetry and then modeled based on a modified Kamal kinetic model, and its mechanical behaviors were described by a viscoelastic constitutive model including temperature, moisture, and degree of cure. Additionally, time-temperature/moisture/curing superposition principles for the adhesive were experimentally determined and embedded into the constitutive model. The comprehensive finite-element model was verified and then applied to simulate the surface-figure evolution of the bonded mirror. The effects of environmental factors, such as temperature, environmental pressure, and moisture, on the surface-figure accuracy and stability were further understood.

Numerical and analytical investigations on the flexural behaviours of composite beams of inverted-T steel section and ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) slab

This study numerically and analytically investigates the flexural performance of a new form of steel–concrete composite beam, where an inverted-T section is connected to ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) slab that serves as the compression chord. Such arrangement eliminates the necessity for the top flange and absorbs the compressive stresses when the beam is under construction. Thus, the aim of this study is to develop a comprehensive finite element (FE) model for the proposed inverted-T steel-UHPC composite beam in ABAQUS by considering both geometric and material nonlinearities. The developed FE model was validated against the existing experimental results, and afterwards the validated FE model was employed to conduct an extensive parametric study. In the parametric study, the effects of different design parameters including slab thickness, concrete compressive strength, stud spacing, stud diameter, effective width of slab and web penetration depth were investigated in terms of the load–deflection, bond-slip, and damage patterns. Furthermore, the load–deflection and load-slip behaviors of the proposed beam were compared with the conventional steel–concrete composite beam. Finally, an analytical procedure was developed to determine the flexural resistance of the inverted-T steel-UHPC composite beam. The results of this study will pave the way toward a practical application that is expected to decrease the construction time and cost.

Review on high-pressure spark plasma sintering and simulation of the impact of die/punch material combinations on the sample temperature homogeneity

This paper provides a thorough review on high-pressure spark plasma sintering (HP-SPS) experiments conducted to date, with a focus on different tooling materials and their impact on microstructural, mechanical and optical properties of the resulting materials. Any SPS experiment conducted with a pressure over 200 MPa was considered as “high-pressure”. This review was supported by a comprehensive finite-element modelling study of the temperature distribution in the sample and tool set-up as a function of the used geometries, tooling material combinations, temperature window and sample material properties. The effect of the electrical and thermal conductivities of the tool and sample material on the temperature gradients in some specific sample-tool material combinations was elucidated. Electrically and thermally conductive samples in combination with SiC tools showed the lowest temperature gradients during processing, whereas electrical insulators in combination with high pressure WC, steel or TZM tools with an inner graphite die showed the smallest temperature gradients over the sample.

Ultrasonic characterization of multi-layered porous lithium-ion battery structure for state of charge

A multi-layered porous finite element model of lithium-ion battery is proposed by using Voronoi polygons. The time domain simulation of ultrasonic transmission characteristics with different state of charge (SOC) are carried out, and the variation of acoustic parameters versus SOCs is explored. Then, in the experiment research, the ultrasonic transmission signals are obtained by employing piezoelectric ceramic transducers during the discharging step. By extracting the time domain characteristic parameters, it is discovered that the amplitude and time-of-flight (TOF) have a strong correlation with SOC, the slow pressure-wave (SPW) velocities of the experiments correspond well with the simulation results. In addition, the frequency domain analysis shows a linear link between the amplitude of the frequency spectrum and SOC. Moreover, via repeated experiments, it is found that the ultrasonic transmission method has good repeatability in probing the SOC, and the SPW velocities acquired by experiments can almost be covered by 95% confidence interval formed based on the results of the simulation. Furthermore, according to the results of the experiments, a gray model based on the particle swarm optimization-based-simulated annealing (GM-PSO-SA) is established, which realized the prediction of the SOC under the condition of small sample data. The research results can serve as a reference for creating a comprehensive finite element model of the multi-layered porous structure of lithium-ion battery. Meanwhile, it also provides a detection and evaluation tool for the monitoring of the SOC.

Radial shaft seals: How ageing in oil and hyper-viscoelasticity affect the radial force and the numerically predicted wear

In this paper, a comprehensive finite element model is revised and improved to investigate the role of ageing and viscous effect in the clamping force decrease and the predicted wear. The finite element model considers the effects of actual seal geometry, seal wear, shaft wear, temperature, rubber viscoelasticity and ageing. The comprehensive modelling approach, the application of actual seal geometry determined by newly developed measurement approaches, and temperature- and ageing-dependent hyper-viscoelastic constitutive constants obtained by simultaneous consideration of quasi-static and dynamic test results are the novel characteristics of this study. It was found that the applied ageing has a moderate while the viscous nature of rubber has a significant effect on the clamping force and predicted wear of seals.

Failure time of reinforced concrete column under blast load

To explore the damage and the failure time of the reinforced concrete column in an adjacent physical field of explosion, a comprehensive finite element model of TNT-air-column in the software LS-DYNA is set up in consideration of the advanced numerical simulation technologies (i.e., element birth and death technology, large deformation technology, contact technology, etc) and the strain rate effects of the concrete and steel materials. First of all, an explosion test is conducted on two scale models of the reinforced concrete column, and the finite element model is validated by comparing the numerical simulation results with the experimental data. The failure process, failure mode, and failure criterion of the reinforced concrete column under blast load are further investigated. Thereafter, a series of parameter studies are conducted to investigate the damage and the failure time of the reinforced concrete column. Finally, a new method is proposed to estimate the failure time of the reinforced concrete column and the corresponding basic steps are given in this study. Through the researches and analyses of the typical cases, the results show that the failure modes change from punching failure to compression-flexure failure via compression-shear failure with the increase in the scaled distance. The medium damage and the high damage occur mostly on the reinforced concrete column in an adjacent physical field of explosion. The damage index of the reinforced concrete column varies significantly with the compressive strength of concrete, column height, column depth, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, transverse reinforcement ratio, and axial compression ratio, especially the column depth and the axial compression ratio; however it has little relation with the column width. The failure time of the reinforced concrete column is up to tens of milliseconds or even more than one hundred milliseconds. The calculation formulas used in the proposed method are based on previous research and simulation results. The proposed method is rigorous and thorough and the predicted results are highly accurate and effective. Besides, this method can provide a good prediction of the failure time of the reinforced concrete columns with different axial compression ratios.