Comprehensive Evaluation Indicator System Research Articles

Towards a collective opinion generation approach with multiple objectives for evaluating rail transit station accessibility in urban areas

Urban rail transit can alleviate traffic congestion if sufficient ridership is achieved. The accessibility to rail transit stations largely determines public willingness to utilize urban rail transit. The current studies on the accessibility to rail transit stations tend to concentrate solely on individual rail transit lines or stations, neglecting the impact of the external macro-environment. Consequently, the outcomes of these measurements cannot accurately reflect the overall accessibility level of the region, nor do they furnish decision-makers with references for devising plans for rail transit development. This study introduces a novel approach for evaluating the accessibility to urban rail transit stations from a macro-level standpoint, utilizing expert knowledge. The present study conducts an analysis of the impact of political, economic, social, and technological factors on the accessibility to rail transit stations in urban areas. Subsequently, a comprehensive evaluation indicator system is developed based on the aforementioned analysis. Then, experts are summoned to provide their subjective evaluations for every indicator, which are depicted as probability distribution functions. The collective evaluation is derived through the aggregation of individual evaluations utilizing a bi-objective optimization approach that factors in both the collective fairness utility and the confidence level. Finally, the quantile average method is employed to consolidate the collective assessment outcomes of individual indicators, thereby deriving the level of accessibility to rail transit stations in urban areas. We design a small-scale application experiment and attempt to evaluate the accessibility to rail transit stations in Wuchang District, Wuhan with the proposed approach in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.

Effects of new-type urbanization on resource pressure: Evidence from a water-energy-food system perspective in China

To address the resource and environmental challenges posed by rapid urbanization, China has devised and executed the strategy of new-type urbanization (NU). This study aims to discuss the effects of NU on resource pressure in view of the water-energy-food (WEF) system. Taking 30 provinces in China from 2006 to 2020 as samples, this paper firstly establishes a comprehensive evaluation indicator system of NU from the population, economic, spatial, social and eco-environmental dimensions, and assesses the level of NU using the entropy weight method. Secondly, this paper uses the gray water footprint as a measurement indicator, innovatively integrating water quality into the WEF system for assessing WEF system pressure (WEFSP). Finally, the impact of NU on WEFSP is explored based on the panel fixed effects model. The findings revealed: (1) There is an inverted “U-shaped” relationship between NU and WEFSP, and China's current level of NU has exceeded the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) threshold. (2) The impact of NU on WEFSP exhibits significant regional heterogeneity, with a significant impact in the eastern region. (3) NU consistently exacerbates regional water stress when water quality is considered, indicating that sustainable urban water management practices are essential. (4) The subdimensions of NU indicate that population and social urbanization are important factors that exacerbate the WEFSP, while economic and spatial urbanization reduce the WEFSP. The research results help to clarify the impact of NU on the WEFSP and provide a reference for the timely adjustment and optimization of NU policies to achieve effective resource management and regional sustainable development.

A Study on the Impact of External Shocks on the Resilience of China’s Grain Supply Chain

Grain supply is the lifeblood of a country, and the stability of the supply chain is a crucial prerequisite for ensuring national grain security. This paper draws on the definition of resilience in physics and economics. It takes supply chain fracture resilience, impact resilience, and synergy resilience as the secondary indicators. It constructs a comprehensive evaluation indicator system of the grain supply chain resilience, measures the resilience indicator of China’s grain supply chain from 1996 to 2021, and analyzes the role of supply, cost, exchange rate, and other external shocks in influencing the resilience of China’s grain supply chain on this basis. The study found that the overall level of China’s total grain supply chain resilience has been growing year by year and can be divided into three stages: low-level stabilization stage, continuous growth stage, and high-level stabilization stage. Grain supply chain fracture resilience has been growing steadily, grain supply chain impact resilience fluctuation is more obvious, and grain supply chain synergy resilience has been changing more gently. In the inquiry of the impact of external shocks on the resilience of China’s grain supply chain, it was found that world grain exports and the RMB exchange rate have a significant positive impact on China’s grain supply chain resilience level, while the international oil price has a significant negative impact. Based on this, the paper puts forward suggestions for ensuring stable production and supply in the grain market, improving the structure of foreign trade in grain, and actively coping with international commodity price shocks.

The Influencing Factors Analysis of Aquaculture Mechanization Development in Liaoning, China

Promoting the mechanization of aquaculture is one of the most important supporting measures to ensure the high-quality development of the aquaculture industry in China. In order to solve the problems of predominantly manual work and to decrease the costs of aquaculture, the influencing factors of China’s aquaculture mechanization were systematically analyzed. The triple bottom theory was selected, and three aspects were identified, including environmental, economic, and social aspects. Through the literature review, the Delphi method, and the analytic hierarchy process, the comprehensive evaluation indicator system, including 18 influencing factors, was proposed. Moreover, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was combined with the model to solve the evaluation results. A case study in Liaoning Province was offered and, according to the analysis results, the economic aspect at the first level was the most critical factor; the financial subsidy for the purchase of aquaculture machinery, the energy consumption of the machinery and equipment, and the promotion and use of aquaculture technology were the most important factors and had the greatest impact on the development of aquaculture mechanization in China. The effective implementation paths and countermeasures were proposed, such as the promotion of mechanized equipment and the enhancement of the machinery purchase subsidies, in order to provide an important decision-making basis for the improvement of the level of aquaculture mechanization.

Cleaner production evaluation system for textile industry: An empirical study from LCA perspectives

The contradiction between the rapid textile expansion and intensive energy consumption, highly environmental pollution calls for the adoption of cleaner production (CP). However, current evaluation system mainly targeted on CP at production stage, guidance and support on the life cycle assessment is still in its infancy. Meanwhile few studies brought the combination of water conservation and carbon reduction into considerations. This study compared the existing CP evaluation systems including guidelines for the whole industry, standards for textile industry and indicators for the dyeing and finishing sector by quantifying the differences of indicator score compositions. Comparisons analysis from six aspects suggested that all the evaluation systems had relevant indicators regarding “pollutant emissions”. “Management”, “process equipment and techniques” and “resource and energy consumption” have also been well concerned while “product characteristic” seemed to be overlooked at current stage. From the perspective of whole life cycle, the key of textile processing is the “printing and dyeing” (44.23 %) followed by “fabric manufacturing”(28.85 %) and setting (15.38 %). With regards to the environmental impacts, resources depletion gained the highest attention since their indicator scores reached up to 25.71 %, 18.47 % and 20.62 % for EMAS, ERG 2018 and HJ-1852006. Cleaner production awareness and social impact also played significant roles in ISO 14031:2021 and WMG. Subsequently, a set of new comprehensive CP evaluation indicator system was established, including 3 scopes and 7 goals. The newly-built indicator system incorporated with life cycle perspectives gave a powerful tool to measure the CP level in textile industry and of CP will benefit from water reuse and energy utilization with high efficiency.

Enhancing urban green spaces: A resilience-based approach to plant dust retention in older residential neighborhoods

This research focuses on developing a comprehensive understanding of plant dust retention resilience in older residential neighborhoods, emphasizing protection, recovery, and sustainability. Plant dust retention resilience encompasses the ability of plant combinations to respond to emergencies, cooperate with emergency service systems, adapt effectively, recover swiftly from disasters, and enhance future sustainability. Key quantitative indicators include the scale of green space and the structure of plant arrangements, with a focus on types and factors affecting plant arrangement structure. Data processing involves the selection of relevant indicators, the Delphi Method for indicator screening, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process for indicator weight determination. Data sources include environmental reports, government websites, measurements, and satellite images. The research establishes a comprehensive evaluation indicator system for plant dust retention resilience and a resilience capacity model for plants in old residential areas. The results suggest that the best plant configuration model for dust retention resilience capacity includes a mix of coniferous and deciduous trees and shrubs with a significant grass component.

Selected Indicators Influence the Talent Identification of Young Tennis Players

Background and Aim: Tennis is one of the most popular sports globally. Despite having the largest tennis population in the world, China has long lacked top-level athletes in this sport. One of the primary reasons is the difficulty in accurately identifying young tennis players with talent, which has led to the relative stagnation of the development of tennis in China. The purpose of this research is: (1) To Select the indicators that influence the talent identification of young tennis players in Guangzhou; and (2) To determine the weight of the indicators. Materials and Methods: The primary tool for this research is an expert questionnaire. Using the Delphi method, we collected opinions from 19 tennis experts in various fields to filter out evaluation indicators that influence the talent identification of young tennis players in Guangzhou. Firstly, we used the Analytic Hierarchy Process to determine the importance of each influencing factor; secondly, we applied connoisseurship to validate the scientific and practical aspects of the research process and results; finally, we provided a descriptive summary and report on the overall performance of the players. Results: Ultimately, a detailed and comprehensive evaluation indicator system was formulated, consisting of 7 primary indicators, 20 secondary indicators, and 44 tertiary indicators. The weightings of each indicator system were also determined, validating the feasibility and applicability of this comprehensive performance evaluation system for young tennis players in Guangzhou. Conclusion: The research results have strong rationality and feasibility, providing significant theoretical value and practical implications for the indicator system affecting the talent identification of young tennis players in Guangzhou. In the future, this can be extended to other provinces nationwide for field testing and discussion validation, and the system can be further optimized and improved based on the results.

A Development of the Evaluation Indicator for the Sustainable Development of Elementary School Basketball in Anhui Province

Background and Aim: School basketball in Anhui Province is one of the earliest provinces approved by the Ministry of Education. Given the important role of school basketball in Anhui Province in the reform of physical education and the fundamental role of school basketball in the selection of competitive basketball reserves, it is crucial to guide the scientific and sustainable development of school basketball in Anhui Province. Thus, the research aimed to develop a comprehensive and scientific evaluation indicator system for the sustainable development of school basketball in Anhui Province. Materials and Methods: The main research instrument of this research was expert questionnaires. The population is 31 experts. The Delphi technique was used to select 19 experts in the field of school basketball to determine the final indicator system. Using the AHP method, the researchers calculated the weights for each indicator in the evaluation indicator system based on the experts' judgments. This process contributed to an objective and quantitative determination of the indicators' importance. Results: The scientificity and applicability of the research process and results were validated through a focus group. Data analysis uses the mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, frequency statistics, and Kendall's concordance coefficient test work. The research determined the evaluation indicator system through two rounds of expert consultation, resulting in four first-level indicators, 11 second-level indicators, and 35 third-level indicators. In this research, the hierarchical analysis method (AHP) was used to determine the weights of the indicators at all levels. The research findings indicated that the developed evaluation indicator system received recognition and support from the experts in terms of its scientificity, rationality of evaluation standards, and comprehensiveness. Conclusion: The system provided an effective evaluation tool for assessing the sustainable development of school basketball in Anhui Province, guiding relevant decision-making processes, and offering reference points for improvements.

Enhanced Dynamic Network DEA: A Novel Algorithm for Sustainable Development Efficiency Assessment in “Internet Plus Logistics” Sector

This study introduces the enhanced dynamic network DEA, an innovative algorithmic extension of the foundational data envelopment analysis (DEA), to assess the sustainable development efficiency of Jiangxi Province’s “Internet Plus Logistics” sector from 2002 to 2016. This methodology leverages a comprehensive evaluation indicator system, emphasizing waterway, highway, and railway logistics outputs. The integration of custom algorithms into the CCR and BCC models has provided a deeper insight into efficiency trends and highlighted the need for a shift to an intensive economic model. Key findings pinpoint specific inefficiencies and their causes, emphasizing the value of our method in offering precise insights. Ultimately, this research not only advances the DEA methodological landscape but also offers strategic directions for sustainable development in “Internet Plus Logistics.”

Unveiling the Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Key Drivers for Urban Green High-Quality Development: A Comparative Analysis of China’s Five Major Urban Agglomerations

Faced with the dual challenges of ecological degradation and economic deceleration, promoting urban green high-quality development (UGHQD) is pivotal for achieving economic transformation, ecological restoration, and regional sustainable development. While the existing literature has delved into the theoretical dimensions of UGHQD, there remains a notable dearth of empirical studies that quantitatively assess its developmental levels, spatio-temporal evolution, and driving factors. This study examines 107 cities of China’s five major urban agglomerations from 2003 to 2020, constructing a comprehensive evaluation indicator system for UGHQD. By employing methodologies, including the Dagum Gini coefficient, Kernel density estimation, Markov chain, and geographical detector, this study extensively assesses the spatial difference, dynamic evolution, and underlying driving forces of UGHQD in these urban agglomerations. The findings indicate: (1) The UGHQD level of the five major urban agglomerations has witnessed a consistent year-over-year growth trend, with coastal agglomerations like the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) outperforming others. (2) Pronounced regional differences exist in UGHQD levels across the urban agglomerations, with inter-regional differences primarily contributing to these differences. (3) The dynamic evolution of UGHQD distribution generally transitions from a centralized to a decentralized pattern, with a marked “club convergence” characteristic hindering cross-type leaps. (4) While a range of factors drive UGHQD in these agglomerations, technological innovation stands out as the principal factor inducing spatial differentiation. The comprehensive analysis and findings presented in this research not only contribute to academic knowledge but also hold practical implications for policymakers and practitioners striving for environmentally conscious land use planning and urban management.

China's economic development quality grows faster than economic quantity.

It is known that the rapid progress of the Chinese economy is perceived to be aligned more towards increasing the economic quantity (GDP) rather than its quality primarily owing to a large amount of carbon emission, increased environmental pollution, and high resource consumption. However, such perception comes with no single evidence or study that compares growth rates between the quantity and quality of China's economic development. Such a comparative study could provide useful information to the Chinese government and concerned agencies to manage and promote sustainable economic development in China. Here we developed a comprehensive economic development quality evaluation indicator system to study China's progress on economic quality from 1978 to 2017 and compare it with GDP growth rates over the same period. Results indicate that during the period 1978-2017, China's economic development quality index has increased significantly, higher than the average annual growth rate of GDP during the same period. This higher growth rate of Chinese economic development quality could be attributed to the country's achievements in tackling environmental pollution, narrowing the income gap, promoting technological progress and innovation, improving economic efficiency, maintaining social stability, and improving social welfare. We suggest the world re-evaluate China's economic development achievement and growth patterns that can provide a reference for other developing countries.

Comprehensive Evaluation Method for the Safety State of RCC Dams Based on Interval Number Theory

Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) dams are critical infrastructure, playing an important role in economic and social development. However, dam failure can cause great losses. To mitigate hazards, studies of methods to deal with the uncertainty involved in the comprehensive evaluation process of the safety state of RCC dams are hot issues. Interval number theory is applied to quantify the uncertainty in this study. A comprehensive evaluation indicator system is explored, an approach to allocating the indicator weight rationally is proposed, and a comprehensive evaluation model is established. Comprehensive evaluation standards are developed. An RCC dam in China is used to illustrate the applicability of this comprehensive evaluation method based on interval number theory. The results indicate that the method and models proposed are suitable for comprehensively evaluating the safety state of RCC dams and can be used as a new procedure to monitor the safety of an RCC dam.

Ecological Quality Status Evaluation of Port Sea Areas Based on EW-GRA-TOPSIS Model

It is of great significance to research a method to evaluate the ecological quality status of port sea areas objectively for the ecological environmental protection and sustainable development of sea areas. In this paper, a novel ecological quality status evaluation model is proposed based on the entropy weight method (EW), the gray relational analysis method (GRA), and the TOPSIS method. Firstly, a comprehensive evaluation indicator system is constructed from three aspects, namely seawater quality, sediments, and marine organisms. Secondly, the weight values of different indicators are obtained via the EW method, which can be obtained more objectively than via the subjective weighting method. Afterwards, the ecological quality status of port sea areas can be evaluated using the proposed method, which combines the advantages of the TOPSIS method and the GRA method. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed EW-GRA-TOPSIS model is illustrated by a case study based on a port sea area of Tianjin. The results show that 66.7% of the monitoring stations in the port sea area are at a good level, 25% of them are at a fair level, only 8.3% are at a poor level, and none are at an excellent or bad level. Additionally, the evaluation results obtained using the proposed model are more consistent with the actual survey results than the compared typical TOPSIS method. It can objectively reflect the ecological quality status of monitoring stations, and consequently, it could be helpful for the marine department to make decisions on the sustainable development of port sea areas. In a further study, the influence of decision makers’ preferences on the evaluation results could be considered, and a more reasonable method to determine the evaluation grade standard should be researched to improve the proposed model.

The coupling and coordination assessment of food-water-energy systems in China based on sustainable development goals

Food, water and energy are essential to sustainable development and their security greatly affects the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs). This study analyzes the interactions among food system, water system and energy system in China based on SDG 2, SDG 6 and SDG 7, which is beneficial to promote coordinated development of resources and the attainment of SDGs at nation level. After establishing a comprehensive evaluation indicator system, the paper integrates the entropy method with the hierarchical analysis process to assign weight to indicators, and then uses the coupling coordination model to quantitatively evaluate the coordinated development level of SDG 2 on food system, SDG 6 on water system and SDG 7 on energy system. The results show that: (1) In general, the comprehensive evaluation index of 2010–2020 shows an increasing trend over time and the coupling degree maintains a high level. (2) The coupling coordination degree also maintains a good trend, and transitions from primary coordination to good coordination. (3) The development level of SDG 6 on water system and SDG 7 on energy system still lags behind that of SDG 2 on food system, therefore improving the utilization efficiency of water and energy contributes to promoting sustainable development.

Construction of evaluation indicator system of college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship education impact based on CIPP evaluation model

The evaluation indicator of innovation and entrepreneurship education provides a scientific and objective basis for the development of innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities. To ensure a scientific and reasonable evaluation, it is necessary to establish a comprehensive and feasible evaluation indicator system. This evaluation indicator serves as a crucial tool in measuring the performance of innovation and entrepreneurship education, enabling colleges and universities to identify and address any shortcomings. It also aids in achieving the goals of colleges and universities and effectively managing their performance. This paper utilizes the CIPP evaluation model to construct the evaluation indicator of innovation and entrepreneurship education. The literature research method, interview, and Delphi method (expert survey method) are employed to determine the percentage and weight coefficient of each indicator through two rounds of expert consultation. Finally, based on the guidance of experts and practical experience in evaluating innovation and entrepreneurship education, the final evaluation indicators are determined, consisting of 4 primary indicators, 14 secondary indicators, and 44 tertiary indicators.

Comprehensive evaluation of water ecological environment in watersheds: a case study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China.

The Yangtze River Economic Belt, an inland economic zone with global influence, has shown a trend of prosperous economic development in recent years. Economic development, water pollution, resource depletion, and other environmental problems continue to emerge. The steady state of the water ecological environment is an important aspect of ecological security. To investigate the regional water ecological security state, this study constructs a comprehensive evaluation indicator system within the framework of "driving force-carrying source-state-management" (DCSM). The entropy weight method was used to determine the weight of each indicator, and the weighted rank sum ratio model was introduced to classify the water ecological environment of the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2010 to 2019. Finally, an adversarial interpretative structure model is used to refine the ranking of each region. The results show that the bearing state and driving force subsystems are closely related to the water ecological environment. The top three indicators are wastewater discharge of industrial added value of 10,000 yuan, water consumption per 10,000 yuan of industrial gross product, and water consumption per 10,000 yuan of tertiary gross domestic product. In addition, there are clear differences in the water ecological environment of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The classification results show that Zhejiang and Jiangsu are rated as "excellent''; Yunnan, Guizhou, Anhui, and Jiangxi are in the "good" level; and Sichuan, Hunan, Chongqing, and Hubei are in the "medium" level. Shanghai is "poor." As a whole, the downstream is superior, the upstream is second, and the midstream is poor in an asymmetric "U"-shaped distribution. During the study period, the overall state of water ecology in the Yangtze River Economic Belt was at a medium level and has not yet reached a safe and steady state. The performance of areas with traditional industrialization as the main development path was poor. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the overall water ecological security in the basin in the future, strengthen the regulatory role of the government's water ecological management, promote reform of traditional industries and resource-based regions, and achieve the sustainable development of the water ecological environment.

The Impact of Financial Resilience and Steady Growth on High-Quality Economic Development—Based on a Heterogeneous Intermediary Effect Analysis

Finding a way to move the economy away from rapid growth and toward high-quality development is essential for China’s economic success. Financial resilience and steady economic growth provide possible paths for high-quality economic development. This paper uses the panel data of 31 provinces and cities in mainland China from 2009 to 2020 to establish a comprehensive evaluation indicator system using the entropy weight method so as to measure the level of high-quality economic development and financial resilience of each province and city. On this basis, combined with the System-GMM estimation method of the dynamic panel system and the intermediary effect model, the impact of financial resilience and stable growth on high-quality economic development is demonstrated. The results show that financial resilience is essential for fostering high-quality economic development, and that steady growth plays a beneficial intermediary position in the connection between financial resilience and high-quality economic development. Furthermore, the impact of financial resilience and steady growth on high-quality economic development has obvious regional, developmental stage, and industrial structure heterogeneity characteristics. Therefore, enhancing financial resilience and boosting steady growth can serve the economy and boost high-quality economic development.

Coupling and Coordinated Development of Higher Vocational Education and Economic Development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2008 to 2020.

According to the panel data from 2008 to 2020, empirical research is conducted on the coupling and coordination relationship between the higher vocational education and the regional economic development in the Yangtze River economic belt by constructing a comprehensive evaluation indicator system and using a coupling and coordination degree model. The research results show that, the development levels of the higher vocational education system and the regional economic development system in the Yangtze River economic belt have been on the rise over the past 13 years. There existed a sound coupling interaction between the two systems. However, their coupling and coordination degree were not high. By the end of 2020, 73% of the provinces (cities) were in transition and imbalance, and the coupling coordination degree showed a gradient phenomenon of “high in the East and low in the west.” To improve the coupling and coordination level between the two systems, the Yangtze River Economic Belt shall deepen the supply-side reform of the higher vocational talent training in accordance with the needs of industrial development, optimize the layout of higher vocational specialties to boost the adaptability of education to economy, and strengthen regional overall coordination to accelerate the cluster development of regional higher vocational education.

Land Use Multi-Functionality and Zoning Governance Strategy of Densely Populated Areas in the Upper Reaches of the Yellow River: A Case Study of the Lanzhou–Xining Region, China

With rapid urbanization, the interactions between human and land are becoming more and more intense, which leads to increasingly diversified land use and intensifies the conflicts among land use functions (LUFs). However, land use multi-functionality (LUMF) of densely populated areas (DPAs) in less developed regions has not been studied in depth. The objective of our study is to build a multi-functional conceptual framework for land use, and establish a comprehensive evaluation indicator system to assess LUMF. We took the Lanzhou–Xining Region (LXR) as a case area, which is a DPA in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. We established 36 indicators from the dimensions of status and trend of agricultural, economic, social, and ecological functions, to perform analysis on the LUMF using the entropy weight method (EWM) and the coupling degree method (CDM). The results show that land use in the LXR is multi-functional, that LUFs are developing in an uneven manner, and that the spatial distribution of LUFs differs greatly. We find that the multi-functional level of land use in the LXR is low. There are no dominant functions in 12 counties and districts. There are spatial conflicts among LUFs. To maintain sustainable land use, we proposed a functional zoning scheme and put forward corresponding governance strategies.

Establishing coordinated development index of urbanization based on multi-source data: A case study of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China

Evaluation of the coordinated development level of urbanization is an essential step in the implementation of sustainable development strategies. In this study, we constructed a comprehensive evaluation indicator system for the coordinated development of urbanization by considering the coupling effect of urbanization on land, population, and economic, social, and ecological aspects. We used this system to evaluate the urbanization coordinated development level of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area from 2000 to2020. The spatial distribution and evolution were analyzed and explored at the regional, urban, and county scales. The results showed that (1) the coordination development level of urbanization in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area was gradually increasing. It rapidly increased from 2000 to 2015 and entered a period of steady development after 2015. (2) From the perspective of spatial distribution, the level of urbanization coordination in the Greater Bay Area was higher in the eastern part than in the western part and higher in the central part than in the periphery. There was obvious spatial agglomeration in which high coordination areas were concentrated near the Pearl River estuary. (3) At different scales, the level of regional coordination showed slight variations despite the overall positive trend. The results of this study can aid in decision-making regarding the sustainable development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.