Flavonoid Compounds Research Articles

Antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and phytochemical screening of Moringa oleifera leaves

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics remains a significant clinical challenge, contributing to persistently high rates of morbidity and mortality. Achieving treatment success is increasingly difficult, necessitating the evaluation of new antibiotics and complementary approaches, including source control and alternative therapies. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and phytochemical properties of Moringa oleifera leaf extract using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of its major compound. The extract demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against standard strains and foodborne bacterial species. It also showed significant antioxidant potential, supported by the presence of high concentrations of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. HPLC analysis identified multiple bioactive compounds, with quercetin as the predominant component. The cytotoxicity study confirmed the safety of the extract at low and moderate concentrations, and ADMET analysis indicated favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics of quercetin. In conclusion, Moringa oleifera exhibits promising potential for medical and food industry applications due to its significant antibacterial and antioxidant activities, combined with a strong safety profile and rich phytochemical content.

PERBANDINGAN PROFIL FITOKIMIA DAN GCMS MENGGUNAKAN EKSTRAKSI MASERASI DAN SOKHLETASI SERTA PROFIL HISTOKIMIA DAUN SUNGKAI (P. canescens Jack.)

Sungkai leaf (P. canescens Jack.) is a native plant of Indonesia that has long been used in traditional medicine as a mouthwash and minor wounds. Sungkai leaves P. canescens Jack. are believed by the community to have many health benefits. Several studies have shown that sungkai leaves (P. canescens Jack.) contain active compounds. As for the extraction process, it is known that the content of active compounds obtained in the sungkai leaf extract is strongly influenced by the selection of solvents used and the extraction method carried out. In previous studies, total flavonoid content has been obtained using maceration and soxhletation methods in sungkai leaf extracts, where flavonoids are one of the profiles of secondary metabolite compounds possessed by sungkai leaves. In the next research, the profile of sungkai leaves will be determined more thoroughly through phytochemical screening and GCMS analysis of the extraction results using maceration and soxhletation methods. The histochemical profile of sungkai leaves will also be determined. Histochemical test results show that flavonoid compounds are evenly distributed in all tissues of sungkai leaves, besides that some tissues in sungkai leaves show positive results for the presence of alkaloid, steroid, terpenoid, tannin, phenol and saponin compounds.The results of phytochemical screening showed that sungkai leaves positively contained secondary metabolite compounds in the form of alkaloids, flavanoids, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, phenolics, saponins while the results of GCMS analysis for the maceration process obtained metabolite compounds in the form of terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolics, while for the sokletation process obtained metabolite compounds in the form of flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolics.

Mechanism of deep eutectic solvents based extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds from peony petals

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have exhibited great potential in the extraction of active ingredients from flowers. In this study, ternary DESs were designed for the extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds from peony petals. When the molar ratio of ChCl:EG:U was 1:2:2, and the water content was 30 %, the maximum extraction yields of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were achieved, reaching 109.30 mg GAE/g and 56.93 mg RE/g, respectively. Meanwhile, cellulose nanofibers were prepared. The relationship model with extraction yield as the target was established by multivariate analysis. The model indicated that the property parameters of the HBD had a significant impact on the extraction yields of TPC and TFC. At the molecular level, Density functional theory (DFT) was employed to explore the extraction mechanism. The analysis revealed that hydrogen bonding was the main interaction force. The maximum binding energy between DES and rutin was −89.03 kcal/mol. This study provides an efficient extraction solvent and insights into the mechanism of extracting the phenolic and flavonoid compounds from peony petals.

Short-term continuous cropping leads to a decline in rhizosphere soil fertility by modulating the perilla root exudates

Continuous cropping obstacles are a prevalent issue in agricultural production worldwide. However, the key factors leading to these obstacles differ among various crops. This study utilized high-throughput sequencing and metabolomics to assess the community structure of microbes and the types and abundance of metabolites in rhizosphere soil after different continuous cropping years of Perilla frutescens L. Britt. (perilla). The results indicate that differential metabolites in soils of varying continuous cropping years are primarily associated with pathways for cellular lipid formation, oxidative stress responses, and energy metabolism. These findings suggest that the changes in soil composition over time are linked to specific biological processes related to lipid formation, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism. The relative abundance of beneficial bacteria in the soil, such as Sphingomonas, Gemmatimonas, and Blastococcus, decreased significantly (p < 0.05), while harmful fungi, such as Neocosmospora and Didymella, increased in response to the increase in continuous cropping years (p < 0.05). The symbiotic network between bacteria and fungi has become less dense and stable after continuous cropping. Enzymatic activities in rhizosphere soil decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available phosphorus, and available potassium declined significantly (p < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis identified 10 differential secondary metabolites that were closely related to the relative abundance of key microorganisms. Among them, cinnamic acid and flavonoid compounds are key factors leading to changes in microbial diversity, and they can regulate the microorganisms-soil- plants interactions. In summary, this study provides a novel scientific explanation for how continuous cropping can reduce soil fertility and a theoretical basis for subsequent cultivation strategies of perilla.

Optimized recovery of phenolic and flavonoid compounds from medicinal plant extracts for enhanced antioxidant activity: A mixture design approach

Optimized recovery of phenolic and flavonoid compounds from medicinal plant extracts for enhanced antioxidant activity: A mixture design approach

Role of bio-stimulants on the advancement of vegetable production: A review

Abstract. Since climate of the globe is changing abruptly, causing tremendous challenges (biotic and abiotic stresses) on the production of vegetable crops, it seems to be difficult to ensure the food security for the rapidly growing population of the world if sustainable production systems are adopted. Though farmers are indiscriminately applying inorganic fertilizers and plant protection chemicals to replenish the fertility of their fields and protect their plants from pests, the issue of sustainable production seems to have been forgotten. Thus, the use of organic factors of production is a must in order to overcome the challenges so that production of healthy products can be maintained in an eco-friendly manner through the utilization of Bio-stimulators. Bio-stimulants have a crucial role in enhancing the growth, development and overall performance of different vegetable crops belonging to different families; Solanaceae, Alliaceae, Amaranthaceae, and Brassicaceae. The most commonly utilized bio-stimulants in the field of agriculture worldwide are humic substances (humic acid and fulvic acid), plant or animal-based protein hydrolysates, macro and micro-algal extracts (seaweed extracts), silicon, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Bio-stimulants have important role in enhancing the growth characteristics, yielding potential, biochemical compositions (concentrations of ascorbic acid, and carotenoid content) in tomato plants and in other plants belonging to Solanaceae family like eggplant. Application of different types of bio-stimulants results in the improvement of growth, yields and chlorophyll and allicin contents in the Alliaceae species (onion and garlic). In the vegetable crops belonging to the family of Amaranthaceae (Spinach and Amaranthus), bio-stimulants have important impacts in the improvement of seed germination, increasing of plant height, photosynthetic pigments, yield and nutritional composition. Increased plant growth, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, yield parameters, phenolic and flavonoid compounds and seed fatty acid concentration are also the results of bio-stimulant applications in the brassica species (cabbage, broccoli, rapeseed, mustard). Thus, the sustainable agriculture systems could be guaranteed by using bio-stimulants to boost the production of vegetable crops both quantitatively and qualitatively.

Physical quality test of jamblang fruit ethanol extract antioxidant cream (syzygium cumini (l.) Skeels)

Background: Antioxidants are compounds that can protect against oxidative stress caused by free radicals, both from inside the body (endogenous) and outside (exogenous). Many plants have antioxidant properties, including gambling (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels). This plant is known to have various bioactive components that can capture and neutralize free radicals; Jamblang fruit has antioxidant activity caused by the content of flavonoid compounds in it. These compounds can be utilized as topical preparations for skin care products. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol extract concentration of jamblang fruit (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels) on the physical stability of the cream. Methods: This research is conducted in an experimental laboratory. Jamblang fruit extract was obtained using the maceration method using 96% ethanol. The extract was then formulated in the form of a m/a type cream preparation with concentration variations of 1% (FI), 2% (F2), and 3% (F3). The physical stability test of the cream includes viscosity, spread, adhesion, and pH value tests. The data is analyzed to determine the effect of adding extracts and the storage time on the physical stability of the cream. Results: The test showed that an increase in the concentration of ethanol extract from jamblang fruit led to a decrease in pH value, viscosity value, and adhesion and could increase dispersion. It was concluded that the variation in the concentration of ethanol extract from jamblang fruit influenced the physical properties of M/A cream. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the variation in the concentration of ethanol extract of jamblang fruit affects the physical properties of the oil cream in water (M/A). The effects caused include a decrease in pH value, a reduction in viscosity, a decrease in adhesion, and an increase in dispersion. These changes will ultimately affect the physical stability of the cream preparation.

Co-Administration of Hibiscus sabdariffa linn and Daflon-500® mitigates weight loss, hyperglycemia, hematological and oxidative changes in male rats with type-2 diabetes

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder associated with persistent hyperglycemia and metabolic imbalance. Flavonoid compounds possess notable qualities in mitigating diabetes and its complications. AimHibiscus sabdariffa linn and daflon-500® were assessed for their effects on body weight, blood glucose/indices, and oxidative changes in type-2 diabetes rats over 28 days. Methods35 male rats were randomly divided into seven groups (n=5). Diabetes mellitus was induced in groups 2-7 via a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 55mg/kg). Group 1(DW) received distilled water (2mL/kg) only. Group 2 (STZ; untreated), group 3 {MET; metformin (200mg/kg)}, group 4 {HS; Hibiscus sabdariffa (400mg/kg)}, group 5 {DAF; daflon-500® (1000mg/kg)}, group 6 {DAF+HS; daflon-500® (1000mg/kg) and Hibiscus sabdariffa (400mg/kg)}, group 7 {DAF+MET+HS; daflon-500® (1000mg/kg), metformin (200mg/kg), and Hibiscus sabdariffa (400mg/kg)}. Body weight and blood glucose were assessed fortnightly. Blood and hepatic/pancreatic tissues were collected for hematological and antioxidant testing. ResultsGroups 2-7 revealed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in body weight on day 14 compared to the increased growth rate observed on day 28 (Group 7).Blood glucose levels significantly increased on days 1 and 14 in groups 2-7 but declined on day 28 in groups 4-7. Significantly higher packed cell volume, hemoglobin levels, red blood cell counts, lymphocytes, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were observed in groups 5-7. Platelet counts were higher in Groups 2 and 5. Untreated group 2 exhibited considerably reduced catalase activity, glutathione, and malondialdehyde concentrations compared to the treated groups. ConclusionHibiscus sabdariffa linn and Daflon-500® expressed substantial hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and hemato-protective effects.

Construction and application of an electrochemical sensor based on MIL-101-NH2(Fe)-derived Fe-C porous materials doped with reduced graphene oxide for baicalin detection

Baicalin (Bn), a natural flavonoid compound, possesses high pharmacological effects. Here, an electrochemical sensor has been proposed based on an MIL-101-NH2(Fe)-derived Fe porous carbon composite (Fe-C) doped with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for detecting Bn, designated as Fe-C/rGO. Fabricated through a straightforward physical doping process, Fe-C/rGO exhibits remarkable electrochemical activity. This superiority stems primarily from two key factors. Firstly, the porous structure of Fe-C efficiently concentrates Bn, facilitating its capture and recognition. Secondly, graphene oxide, serving as a substrate for anchoring metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), boosts the electrochemical performance of the composite due to its distinctive two-dimensional structure, abundant active sites, and unparalleled stability. The synergistic interaction between Fe-C and rGO maximizes their respective advantages, leading to a significant enhancement in the sensitivity and selectivity of the electrochemical sensor. Boasting a low detection limit of 7.5 nM and a broad detection range spanning from 30 to 180 nM, this sensor holds immense potential in clinical applications and drug monitoring, offering a reliable and efficient method for Bn detection.

A review on pharmacological studies of Clitoria ternatea

The butterfly pea, a plant belonging to the Fabaceae family, is found extensively globally, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Locals often utilize butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) as a medicinal resource due to its flavonoid compounds, predominantly present in its roots, leaves, and flowers. Flavonoids, which are phenolic compounds, possess antioxidant properties that safeguard against cell damage caused by free radicals. This review of the literature aims to explore the various health benefits associated with the butterfly pea. The approach conducted in writing this article involves sourcing information from diverse journal articles available online, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. Based on the review, butterfly pea flowers are recognized for their advantageous qualities, including antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, hypoallergenic, antitussive, anti-aging, and antidepressant properties.

Medicated herbal chewing Gum to treat ulcers in mouth using Licorice and Capsicum annuum

This study explores the formulation and evaluation of herbal chewing gum containing extracts from Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and Capsicum Annuum, aimed at treating mouth ulcers. Licorice derived from roots. are known for their medicinal properties, it contains glycyrrhizin which is responsible for its sweet taste, including effects on sore throats, reduce inflammation and aid digestion. They contain various chemical compounds flavonoids such as such as liquirtin, rhamnoliquirilin, liquiritigenin, prenyllicoflavone A, glucoliquiritin apioside, metho-xyphaseolin, shinpterocarpin, shinflavanone, licopyranocoumarin, glisoflavone, licoarylcoumarin, coumarin-GU-12 and saponins namely glycyrrhizin flavonoids. While Capscicum annuum is recognized for its anti-oxidant, analgesic, insecticidal and anti ulcer properties, containing phytochemicals like carotenoids, flavonoids, capsaicinoids, phenolic compounds, vitamins and minerals. The preparation of the herbal chewing gum involved incorporating these extracts along with other necessary ingredients. Triethanolamine was added to adjust the pH to a suitable range (6.7-7.2) for oral mucosa compatibility. The study emphasizes that chewing gums serve as mobile drug delivery systems, allowing for the incorporation of herbal medicines for treating mouth ulcers. The convenience of chewing gum enables self-medication without the need for water, with active substances being released during chewing. This method facilitates local treatment of mouth diseases and systemic delivery through absorption via the buccal mucosa the herbal chewing gum represents an effective drug delivery system.

Potential of chrysin as an anticancer

Cancer is a disease with a high mortality rate both globally and in Indonesia. It is a chronic disease due to its long-term effects, and it can affect people of all ages, genders, and races. Currently, compounds with potential anticancer properties are being developed, and one such compound is Chrysin. Chrysin is a flavonoid compound with pharmacological benefits. It acts as an antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Chrysin is found in honey, passion fruit, olive oil, tea, red wine, and propolis. Research shows that Chrysin has anticancer potential in cell lines such as TNBC, A375, CT-26, Hela, MCF-7, Hepatoma cell, ES2, OV90, B16-F1, 4T1, HTh7, KAT18, HCC, PC-3, and DU145 by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Chrysin can be utilized as a single dose or in combination to achieve synergistic effects based on dosage dependent manner.

Anthocyanin accumulation enhances drought tolerance in purple-leaf Brassica napus: transcriptomic, metabolomic, and physiological evidence

Anthocyanins are flavonoid compounds that provide plants with various advantages, including resistance to abiotic stress, pollinator attraction, and antioxidant properties. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of anthocyanin accumulation on drought tolerance in two genotypes of Brassica napus; purple-leaf (PL) and green-leaf (GL). Transcriptomic, metabolomic, and physiological analyses were conducted under drought conditions induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) for 4 and 8 days, with an additional evaluation after 4 days of re-watering. After drought stress, the PL genotype showed higher anthocyanin content, relative water content, and total soluble sugar compared to the GL genotype. Furthermore, the PL genotype exhibited reduced levels of reactive oxygen species, higher antioxidant enzyme activities, and less damage to the chloroplast ultrastructure than the GL genotype. These results indicate that the PL genotype shows significant advantages over GL, demonstrating improved water holding capability and stress tolerance. Moreover, under mild drought and re-watering conditions, the PL genotype of B. napus exhibited significant upregulation of structural genes expression associated with the biosynthesis of flavonoids. These correlate with increased anthocyanin content, particularly cyanidin glycosides and flavanols. The PL genotype showed greater gene expression related to flavonoid biosynthesis, particularly anthocyanin production, compared to GL. Alongside, PL accumulated higher levels of anthocyanin-related metabolites. These results suggest that enhanced flavonoid production contributes to greater drought resistance in PL. Additionally, by identifying important genes and metabolites related to anthocyanin accumulation and drought response, this integrated study provides insights into the intricate regulatory network that underlies these processes. These findings emphasize the potential of PL as a valuable genetic resource for developing drought-resistant rapeseed cultivars.

Therapeutic potential of hesperidin in diabetes mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction through Nrf2-mediated ferroptosis and oxidative stress.

Among erectile dysfunction (ED) caused by metabolic abnormalities, diabetes mellitus-induced ED (DMED) progresses rapidly, manifests with severe symptoms, and shows reduced responsiveness to conventional medications. Hyperglycemia in the corpus cavernosum has been linked to the induction of both ferroptosis and oxidative stress, which are mediated by nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2). Hesperidin (Hes), a flavonoid compound, has been revealed to activate Nrf2 in certain diabetic complications, yet the efficacy of Hes on DMED and the specific mechanism remain unclear. To elucidate the potential mechanism and efficacy of Hes in regulating Nrf2-mediated ferroptosis and oxidative stress in DMED. DMED rats were constructed through the intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ), partially supplemented with Hes. In parallel, in vitro research utilized human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), with glucose addition to simulating a high glucose (HG) environment, and induced with Hes or ML385 (an Nrf2 inhibitor). Penile tissues and HUVECs were harvested for subsequent analyses. The results of this study indicate that Hes partially reversed the impaired erectile function. The expression of Nrf2, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the corpus cavernosum elevated after supplementing with Hes, resulted in an inhibition in ferroptosis and oxidative stress. Moreover, the quantity and function of erectile effector cells were restored, and cavernous fibrosis was ameliorated. In HG-induced HUVECs, Hes ameliorated Nrf2-mediated ferroptosis and oxidative stress, effects which ML385 partially reversed. Hes exerts a therapeutic effect on DMED rats and a regulatory mechanism on the Nrf2-HO-1/GPX4 axis, concurrently revitalizing endothelial and smooth muscle cells, and diminishing fibrosis. Our study provides robust preclinical evidence for employing Hes in treating DMED.

Chemical Analysis and Biological Potential of Cotton Lavender Ethanolic Extract (Santolina chamaecyparissus L., Asteraceae)

Cotton lavender (Santolina chamaecyparissus L., Asteraceae) is a widespread medicinal and ornamental plant. This study aimed to evaluate the preliminary and detailed chemical composition as well as the biological activity of ethanolic extract. As part of the preliminary characterization, the content of total phenolics and flavonoids was determined, while the detailed characterization was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Antioxidant activity was evaluated through four different tests: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH•), and nitroso (NO•) radicals, and lipid peroxidation (LP), as well as antihyperglycemic potential through the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays. Additionally, in silico molecular modeling was employed to link the chemical composition to the antihyperglycemic potential. Chemical characterization showed that cotton lavender is a valuable source of phenolic compounds, with ferulic and p-coumaric acids being the most abundant. Moreover, the antihyperglycemic and antioxidant potential of the ethanolic extract was demonstrated in vitro. The potential mechanism of the antihyperglycemic effect is the inhibition of the enzyme α-glucosidase, which was further investigated in silico using molecular modeling methods. This analysis suggested rutin and quercetin as compounds responsible for anti-α-glucosidase activity. Cotton lavender ethanolic extracts, as a valuable source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, possess moderate antioxidant effects and notable antihyperglycemic activity. According to in vitro and in silico investigations, it could be a valuable herbal supplement to complement diabetes treatment in medicinal therapy.

Myricetin Alleviates Silica-Mediated Lung Fibrosis via PPARγ-PGC-1α Loop and Suppressing Mitochondrial Senescence in Epithelial Cells.

Long-term inhalation of silica dust particles leads to lung tissue fibrosis, resulting in impaired gas exchange and increased mortality. Silica inhalation triggers the aging of epithelial cells (AECs), which is a key contributor to the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Myricetin, a flavonoid compound extracted from Myrica genus plants, possesses various biological activities, including antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. However, the mechanisms underlying myricetin's ability to counter senescence and fibrosis need to be further studied. In vivo, the antifibrotic and anti-senescence effects of myricetin were evaluated using a silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model. To further elucidate the mechanisms by which myricetin counteracts silica-induced senescence, in vitro experiments were conducted using AECs. Our studies revealed that myricetin treatment alleviated silica-induced mortality, improved lung function, and reduced the severity of pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Immunofluorescence analysis suggests its potential in mitigating senescence of AECs. Under laboratory conditions, myricetin intervened in the cellular senescence pathway induced by silica dust by modulating mitochondrial function. It acted through the PPARγ-PGC1α axis, effectively reducing silica-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress in AECs, promoting mitophagy, and maintaining mitochondrial dynamics. However, the efficacy of myricetin was reversed under PPARγ siRNA intervention. Additionally, myricetin exhibited an enhancing effect on PPARγ and autophagy in animal models. Treatment with PPARγ and PGC-1α siRNA elucidated the role of myricetin in promoting the formation of a positive feedback loop between PPARγ and PGC-1α. Additionally, the PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 verified the in vivo effects of myricetin. Myricetin activates PPARγ, forming a PPARγ-PGC-1α loop, which promotes mitophagy and maintains mitochondrial dynamics. This alleviates epithelial cell senescence induced by silica exposure, consequently mitigating silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice.

Formula Optimization of Propolis Transfersome Gel, Aloe Vera, Gotu Extract: Formula Design, Formulation Evaluation and Cell Regeneration Test in Diabetic Wounds

The study was conducted to determine the optimal formula of transfersome propolis gel, aloe vera extract and gotu gotu leaf extract and test it against diabetic wounds in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus). The gel was created with an optimal formulation resulting from the application of a Design Expert with Cutimed as a positive control of burns on the backs of male white rats (Rattus norvegicus). Formula optimization was carried out using a Simple Lattice Design with variations of carbopol, TEA and glycerin. Activity tests of propolis transferosome gel, aloe vera extract and gotu gotu extract were conducted on 20 rats. The data results were statistically analyzed using the SPSS One Way ANOVA method. Phytochemical screening on aloe vera and gotu gotu showed the presence of flavonoid compounds, tannins and saponins. Transfersome propolis has a particle size of 88.55 nm and a zeta potential of -24.13 mV. The optimal formula produces a clear preparation in white, a distinctive odour, a stable viscosity of 19980 cps, dispersion power of 6.67 cm, adhesion of 4.07 seconds and pH of 6.45. The burn activity test had the fastest effectiveness on day 12 but did not differ significantly from the customized control.

Phytochemical Profiling and Bioactivity Assessment of Teucrium capitatum L. Essential Oil and Extracts: Experimental and In Silico Insights

Background: Teucrium capitatum L., a member of the Lamiaceae family, is widely used in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties. This study aims to analyze the chemical composition of its essential oil and extracts, evaluate their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, and investigate the interactions of their bioactive compounds with biological targets using in silico methods to better understand their mechanisms of action. Methods: Essential oil was extracted via hydrodistillation from leaves collected in Morocco, while phenolic compounds were obtained through Soxhlet and decoction extraction methods. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for chemical profiling. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were assessed using standard methods, including DPPH, FRAP, and TAC assays. Molecular docking was conducted to explore interactions between major constituents and biological targets. Results: GC-MS analysis revealed significant bioactive components in the essential oil, such as β-pinene (24.5%), α-cadinol (17.02%), and shyobunol (12.13%). Extracts (hydro-ethanolic, hydro-methanolic, and aqueous via decoction) were rich in poliumoside (27.74%) and cirsimaritin (28.22%). The essential oil and extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. Antioxidant assays confirmed strong activity. Molecular docking results supported strong interactions of major compounds with key biological targets. Conclusions: The high presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in Teucrium capitatum extracts contributes to their strong antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, supporting their potential for development as natural therapeutic agents.

Macroporous resins combined with UPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS for the purification and identification of 3-deoxyanthocyanidins from Sorghum bicolor L. Moench and their bioactivities.

3-Deoxyanthocyanidins (3-DAS) are the unique flavonoid compounds in sorghum. The majority of research to date have concentrated on the biological activity and extraction of 3-DAS from sorghum and lacked systematic purification and identification investigations. Herein, a facile method for the purification of sorghum 3-DAS from the acidic methanol solution crude extract using macroporous resins (MARs) was proposed and investigated in this work. Based on the experimental data, commercial MAR AB-8 was selected to achieve the purification of sorghum 3-DAS. The adsorption-desorption experiment confirmed the optimal procedure. With this procedure, the total purity of 3-DAS was 19.32%, and 3-DAS content in the purified product was 8.4 times higher than that in the crude extract. UPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS identification indicated that the purified 3-DAS product was mainly composed of apigeninidin, luteolinidin, and their methoxy derivatives. Besides, the purified product exhibited better bioactivities than the crude extract, including the scavenging activities for DPPH, ABTS+, and hydroxyl radicals, the total antioxidant capacity, and the inhibitory effects for α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase. This work provides a potential way for the large-scale purification of bioactive sorghum 3-DAS from crude extract, which is significant to deepen the applications of sorghum 3-DAS in the food nutrition and pharmaceutical industries.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench var. bioguma) Cookies (SoKis): Source of Antioxidant and Prebiotic

Sorghum bicolor L. Moench, locally called “cantel,” is an underused local food in Indonesia, which contains resistant starch and has the potential to act as prebiotic. Several studies have also reported the role of its phytochemical compounds as antioxidants. Therefore, this study aims to determine the potential of sorghum as a source of antioxidants and prebiotic in cookies products. Sorghum was dried under various temperatures (40, 55, and 70 °C) for 4 h, ground into flour, and used in cookies production to replace wheat flour (WF) in various ratios of sorghum flour (SF):WF (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, 100:0 % (w/w)). Phytochemical compounds were tested using the maceration method and qualitatively by assessing the color change and physical appearance of SF. Antioxidants activity was analyzed using the 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, while nutritional content was determined with proximate analyses. The total plate count (TPC) method was carried out to assess the growth of Bifidobacterium longum, and organoleptic test (n = 30) was performed using 5 points-hedonic scale. SF with a drying temperature of 55˚C was used as an ingredient for making cookies based on its moisture content (4.24 ± 0.084) and antioxidant activity value (70.77 ± 2.91%). The analysis results showed the presence of flavonoid, alkaloid, tannin, and polyphenol compounds in SF. Cookies with SF:WF ration of 50:50 (w/w) (SoKis) showed the best acceptance based on organoleptic test compared to the other formulation with antioxidant activity of 36.18 ± 2.56%. In addition, soKis contained 2.715% water, 1.425% ash, 24.57% fat, 8.24% protein, 63.05% carbohydrate, 0.255% crude fiber and could support the growth of B. longum with a value of 2.46 × 10 8 CFU/mL. Based on these results, sorghum could be used and developed as a functional food ingredient.