Compounds In Water Extracts Research Articles

Sage (Salvia macrochlamys): LC-HRMS for phytochemical analysis, cytotoxicity, enzyme inhibition, antioxidant activity, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations

This study primarily aims to evaluate the phenolic content and biological activity of Salvia macrochlamys both in vitro and in silico. The antioxidant activities of Salvia macrochlamys were assessed using various methods. Additionally, cytotoxic effects and the α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme inhibitory abilities of ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Salvia macrochlamys (EESM) were evaluated. Then, the molecular docking interactions and molecular dynamic calculations of EESM against α-amylase, α-glycosidase, and AChE enzymes were carried out. High antioxidant activity was determined in both ethanol and water extracts. The IC50 values of EESM against AChE (EC 3.1.1.7), α-glycosidase (E.C.3.2.1.20), and α-amylase (E.C.3.2.1.1) were determined as 1.622 μg/mL, 0.530 μg/mL, and 1.320 μg/mL, respectively. High enzyme-inhibiting properties of EESM were determined in also in silico. Rosmarinic acid was identified as one of the most abundant phenolic compounds in both EESM and water extract of the aerial parts of Salvia macrochlamys (WESM) (3919.65 mg/kg and 10520.77 mg/kg, respectively). Their high level of flavonoids and phenolics, as well as the potent antioxidant and enzyme-inhibitory properties displayed by extracts, may contribute to broadening the use of Salvia macrochlamys in both traditional and modern therapeutic applications.

A spectrophotometric analysis of extracted water-soluble phenolic metabolites of lichens

Main conclusionRainwater most probably constitutes a relatively effective solvent for lichen substances in nature which have the potential to provide for human and environmental needs in the future.The aims were (i) to test the hypothesis on the potential solubility of lichen phenolic compounds using rainwater under conditions that partly reflect the natural environment and (ii) to propose new and effective methods for the water extraction of lichen substances. The results of spectrophotometric analyses of total phenolic metabolites in rainwater-based extracts from epigeic and epiphytic lichens, employing the Folin–Ciocalteu (F.–C.) method, are presented. The water solvent was tested at three pH levels: natural, 3, and 9. Extraction methods were undertaken from two perspectives: the partial imitation of natural environmental conditions and the potential use of extraction for economic purposes. From an ecological perspective, room-temperature water extraction (‘cold’ method) was used for 10-, 60-, and 120-min extraction periods. A variant of water extraction at analogous time intervals was an ‘insolation’ with a 100W light bulb to simulate the heat energy of the sun. For economic purposes, the water extraction method used the Soxhlet apparatus and its modified version, the ‘tea-extraction’ method (‘hot’ ones). The results showed that those extractions without an external heat source were almost ineffective, but insolation over 60- and 120-min periods proved to be more effective. Both tested ‘hot’ methods also proved to be effective, especially the ‘tea-extraction’ one. Generally, an increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds in water extracts resulted from an increasing solvent pH. The results show the probable involvement of lichen substances in biogeochemical processes in nature and their promising use for a variety of human necessities.

Proximate Composition, Comparative Phytochemical Analysis, and HPLC Profiling of Various Solvent Extracts of Anthocleista djalonensis Leaves

Choosing the right solvent in herbal preparation is very important for extracting bioactive compounds from medicinal plant, as it greatly affects the yield and quality of phytochemicals obtained. This study aimed to investigate the proximate composition, phytochemical analysis and HPLC profiling of various solvents extracts of Anthocleista djalonensis leaves, a medicinal plant used in herbal remedies. The dried leaves of Anthocleista djalonensis were analyzed for their nutritional profile using standard methods. The leaves were then extracted by maceration using three different solvents: 95% analytical ethanol, hot distilled water, and local gin (78% alcohol). Various phytochemicals in the extracts were identified and quantified using standard analytical methods. Additionally, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to compare the chemical compositions of the extracts, using a reverse-phase C18 column and UV detection at 254nm. The results of the proximate analysis revealed good nutritional value, with protein (15.90%), moisture content (9.08%), total ash (10.37%), crude fibre (4.00%), crude fat (2.40%), carbohydrate (61.53%), and an energy value of 331.33 KJ. All tested phytochemicals were found in the ethanol and local gin extracts, while the distilled water extract showed the absence of terpenoids and steroids. In the quantitative analysis, the local gin extract had the highest concentrations of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and tannins. On the other hand, the HPLC fingerprint analysis identified seventeen (17), twelve (12), and nine (9) compounds in ethanol, local gin and water extracts respectively. Four (4) shared peaks with similar retention time were observed across all extracts, indicating the presence of common phytocompounds. In conclusion, this study shows that Anthocleista djalonensis leaves have good nutritional values, suggesting their potential as dietary phytonutrient. Local gin stands out as the best solvent among those tested for extracting beneficial compounds from Anthocleista djalonensis leaves supporting its traditional use as solvent in herbal preparation.

Potential of clove, cinnamon and honeysuckle in suppressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-ACE2 binding, inhibiting ACE2 activity, and scavenging radicals

Water and ethanol extracts of clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) and honeysuckle (Lonicerae japonicae) were examined for their chemical compositions, inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-ACE2 binding, ACE2 inhibition, and free radical scavenging activity. UHPLC-MS/MS analysis tentatively identified 34, 36, and 27 compounds in clove, honeysuckle, and cinnamon water (WE) and ethanol extracts (EE), respectively. The extracts dose-dependently suppressed SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-ACE2 binding activity and ACE2 activity. Clove and cinnamon WEs at 33.3 mg dry botanical equivalents (BE)/mL, and cinnamon and honeysuckle EEs at 3.3 mg BE/mL showed almost 100% inhibition of S-protein-ACE2 binding activity. TPC values ranged from 5.3 mg GAE/g (honeysuckle EE) to 180.0 mg GAE/g (clove EE). The highest HO·, DPPH·, ABTS·+ scavenging activity were 2181 (clove EE), 536.91 (clove WE), and 3525.1 (clove WE) µmol TE/g respectively. These data suggested the potential of these botanicals in reducing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severe symptom development.

Study of sequential abiotic and biotic degradation of styrene butadiene rubber

Styrene butadiene rubber is one of the main constituents of tire tread. During tire life, the tread material undergoes different stresses that impact its structure and chemical composition. Wear particles are then released into the environment as weathered material. To understand their fate, it is important to start with a better characterization of abiotic and biotic degradation of the elastomer material. A multi-disciplinary approach was implemented to study the photo- and thermo- degradation of non-vulcanized SBR films containing 15 w% styrene as well as their potential biodegradation by Rhodoccocus ruber and Gordonia polyisoprenivorans bacterial strains. Each ageing process leads to crosslinking reactions, much surface oxidation of the films and the production of hundreds of short chain compounds. These degradation products present a high level of unsaturation and oxidation and can be released into water to become potential substrates for microorganisms. Both strains were able to degrade from 0.2 to 1.2 % (% ThOD) of the aged SBR film after 30-day incubation while no biodegradation was observed on the pristine material. A 25–75 % decrease in the signal intensity of water extractable compounds was observed, suggesting that biomass production was linked to the consumption of low-molecular-weight degradation products. These results evidence the positive impact of abiotic degradation on the biodegradation process of styrene butadiene rubber.

Potential allelopathic interactions from canola and pennycress postharvest roots and stubble

AbstractWinter oilseed Brassica plants have several documented allelochemicals; however, most literature revolves around the application of seed meal to fields, or the use of aerial parts of the plant. It is not clear if these chemicals interact with the surrounding environment to the same extent if the winter oilseeds are harvested as a cash crop in the spring. To determine this, we conducted a preliminary study bioassay using water extractable compounds from canola (Brassica napus L.) and pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) roots diluted to 25 and 50% (v/v). These four extracts, as well as deionized water for control, were used to irrigate plates with the seeds of soybean (Glycine max L.), Palmer amaranth [Amaranthus palmeri (S.) Watson], and mare's tail (Erigeron canadensis). We measured germination percent per plate and seedling radicle and hypocotyl lengths after 8 days of treatment. Mare's tail germination was lowered by 40% on day 4 by 50% pennycress extracts, and root length was stunted by both canola and pennycress extracts by 3–5 mm. Palmer amaranth root length was stunted by 10–15 mm by both species’ extracts, as well as shoots lengthened by 5–10 mm. Extract treatments did not affect soybean germination or growth. These interactions indicate potential for allelopathic interactions in the field following harvest of dual cropped winter oilseed and herbicide‐resistant weeds and warrant further study into the topic.

Phytochemical Screening and Chemical Compounds of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Hot Water Extract

In this study, the phytochemical composition and chemical compounds present in Moringa oleifera leaf hot water extract were investigated. The extraction process involved using hot water to retain a wide range of bioactive constituents. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were employed to characterize the extract's phytochemical profile. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) was employed to identify and quantify specific chemical compounds. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of various classes of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids and phenolics. These bioactive compounds have been associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Additionally, the FTIR analysis unveiled a spectrum of chemical constituents, including phenol compounds, flavonoids and alkaloids compounds, known for their potential health benefits.
 Keywords: Bioactive, Chemical Compounds, Hot Water Extract, Moringa Oleifera, And Phytochemicals

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Onobrychis sativa L.: Characterization, catalytic degradation of methylene blue, antioxidant activity, and quantitative analysis of bioactive compounds

The synthesis of silver nanoparticles was achieved using Onobrychis sativa extract of leaves and flowers mixture and their structures were characterized by spectroscopic study. The appearance of maximum absorption at 442 nm in UV-Vis spectroscopy verified the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs@Os) structure. The functional groups of natural compounds in O. sativa acting as reducing and stabilizing agents were presented by FTIR. The typical signal appeared at 3211 cm−1 belonging to the OH moiety. The diffraction peaks by X-ray XRD analysis (2θ) at 38.16°, 44.31°, 64.49°,77.38°, and 81.52 degrees may relate to 111, 200, 220, 311, and 222 facets presenting the face-centered cubic unit structure (fcc). The stability of AgNPs@Os was determined by zeta potential as − 34.2 mV. Moreover, the histogram of DLS revealed the average size of nanoparticles in suspension. TEM analysis displayed that AgNPs@Os were quasi-spherical and the average magnitude was 14.7 nm. The intense peak at 2.5–3.5 keV in EDX spectrum approved the structure of the nanoparticles. The catalytic degradation of methylene blue by sodium borohydride in the presence of AgNPs@Os as a catalyst was investigated and degradation was found to be 68 % in 30 min. Antioxidant activity of extract and AgNPs@Os was conducted using the DPPH• free radical scavenging, ABTS•+ radical cation scavenging, FRAP, and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays. AgNPs@Os exhibited excellent activity. Quantitative analysis of bioactive compounds in water extract was carried out by HPLC after nanoparticles synthesis and gallic acid was found as a major compound.

Antioxidants and chemical compounds of hot water extract agarwood leaves Wikstroemia tenuiramis Miq

One type of agarwood from the Wikstroemia genus is Wikstroemia tenuiramis Miq. The leaves have been used as raw materials for agarwood leaf tea. The aim of the research was to determine the antioxidant activity of W. tenuiramis Miq. agarwood leaf tea in ready-to-drink formulations and chemical compounds contained in hot water extract of agarwood leaf type W. tenuiramis Miq. The method of making tea by boiling for 7 minutes. Analysis of antioxidant activity test using the DPPH method. Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) instruments was used to analyze chemical compounds in hot water extracts. The antioxidant test results that hot water extracts of agarwood leaves had strong antioxidant activity. The results of the GC-MS analysis contained 33 compounds, with the main compounds being Hexadecanoic acid and methyl ester.

Composition of major quinochalcone hydroxysafflor yellow A and anhydrosafflor yellow B is associated with colour of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) during colour-transition but not with overall antioxidant capacity: A study on 144 cultivars

Yellow pigments in the water-extract of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) belong to quinochalcone flavonoid family and are widely used as food colourants. The aim of the study was to characterize the main quinochalcone compounds in safflower water-extract during blooming period when floret changed colour. Mass-spectrometry results showed that hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) and anhydrosafflor yellow B (AHSYB) were the most abundant. Based on 370 florets samples collected from 144 cultivars, the contents of HSYA and AHSYB were determined, which showed that only AHSYB content had relatively strong positive association with colour indexes. The ratio of HSYA/AHSYB and visual colour exhibited certain patterns: yellow = 2, orange = 3–4, red = more dispersed, mostly falling 5–6. Most of the florets had HSYA increased first and decreased, while AHSYB decreased all the time when floret changed colour as yellow → orange → red. Regardless of the composition of HSYA/AHSYB in florets, the antioxidant capacities of safflower petal water-extracts were the same.

Persimmon Water Extract Suppresses Hepatic Lipotoxicity by Regulating Lipid Metabolites.

This study was performed to investigate the effects of persimmon (Diospyros kaki) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic lipotoxicity. The compounds of persimmon water extract (PWE) were identified as gallic acid, glucogallin, 1-O-Galloyl-(2-O-acetyl)-glu, and trihydroxy-octadecadienoic acid. The PWE was ingested by C57BL/6 mice with an HFD for 8 weeks. The PWE improved glucose tolerance and suppressed weight gain by inhibiting increases in the weight of liver and adipose tissues. The results of serum biomarker analysis showed that PWE suppressed biomarkers such as liver injury and dyslipidemia. In ex vivo tests, reduction of oxidative stress and improvement of mitochondrial dysfunction were confirmed in the liver of PWE groups. In a molecular study, it was confirmed that PWE decreased lipid accumulation, insulin resistance, inflammation, and apoptosis in the liver. Finally, in a metabolite analysis of liver tissue using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS), it was confirmed that PWE has an effect on lipid metabolism. In particular, PWE reduced phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPCs). Notably, it is presumed that the reduction of lysoPCs and PCs in the PWE group is related to the improvement of liver dysfunction due to lipotoxicity.

Quantitatively Unravelling the Impact of High Altitude on Oolong Tea Flavor from Camellia sinensis Grown on the Plateaus of Tibet

The plateaus of Tibet have a unique climate that poses a great challenge for local agriculture. To promote sustainable development in Tibet, an elite tea variety has been introduced. However, the modifications of tea flavors in response to the climate of the plateaus are unknown. In this study, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other taste substances of tea planted in its original location (OOT) and in Tibet (TOT) were systematically analyzed and compared. The volatile components in TOT and OOT showed a slight difference, and principal component analysis revealed that the characteristic aroma compounds distinguishing tea grown in Tibet from tea grown in Guangdong were hotrienol and benzyl alcohol. In terms of taste substances, TOT exhibited higher levels of water extractable compounds, including polyphenols and amino acids, but lower levels of caffeine than OOT, which implies that TOT may taste better than OOT. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the changes in aroma and flavor profiles of tea induced by high altitude systematically, which will provide a basis for reference during the introduction and cultivation of tea crops to the plateaus of Tibet.

Moringa oleifera Hot Water Extract Protects Vero Cells from Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress by Regulating Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptotic Pathway and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling.

The present study discloses the identification of phenolic compounds in Moringa oleifera hot water extract (MOH) and the evaluation of its antioxidant activity on H2O2-induced oxidative stress in Vero cells. Upon analysis, MOH was found to contain phenolic compounds and indicated 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS+) radical scavenging with IC50 values of 102.52 and 122.55 µg/mL, respectively. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of MOH indicated a dose-dependent increase with a maximum absorbance at 125 μg/mL and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of MOH was 1004.95 µmol TE/mg. Results showed that MOH dose-dependently reduced intracellular ROS generation in H2O2-stimulated Vero cells while increasing the cell viability. Fluorescence microscopy and flowcytometric analyses have supported the above findings. MOH markedly suppressed the H2O2-induced mitochondrial depolarization and apoptosis through suppression of the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis pathway and activated the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway by possibly involving H2O2 generation in cell media. Findings of western blot were supported by immunocytochemistry of Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Thus, MOH bioactivity would potentiate its applications in manufacturing functional food.

Разработка методики количественного определения суммы флавоноидов в полыни метельчатой траве

Plants of the genus Artemisia have a rich complex of biologically active compounds, among which essential oils, sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, and acetylenic compounds predominate. Particular attention is drawn to Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit. Due to a wide range of therapeutic activity, wormwood paniculata is used as a choleretic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory agent. Flavonoids are one of the leading groups of biologically active compounds (BAS) in water and water-alcohol extracts from the aerial part of Artemisia scoparia. These compounds have powerful hepatoprotective, choleretic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral effects. Objective: development of a method for quantitative determination of the amount of flavonoids in the herb Artemisia scoparia. Materials and methods. The object of the study was Artemisia scoparia herb, collected in the flowering phase in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden in 2016-2020. Quantitative determination of the amount of flavonoids in raw materials was carried out by UV spectroscopy. Results. It has been established that the differential spectrum of the complex compound of the studied extract with aluminum chloride does not differ in terms of the position of the light absorption maximum (410 nm) from the differential spectrum of the complex of rutin with aluminum ions. The content of total flavonoids in terms of rutin in Artemisia scoparia herb was 1.95% ± 0.05. Conclusion. A method has been developed for the quantitative determination of the amount of flavonoids in the raw material of Artemisia scoparia by UV spectrophotometry in terms of rutin.

Development of composite materials based on chrome-containing waste and polyurethane binder

The results of a study of the effect of the type and consumption of binder and plasticizers on the physicochemical characteristics of composite materials obtained using chromium-containing fibrous wastes from leather production are presented. The absence of chromium compounds in water extracts of composites has been established, which confirms the environmental safety of new composite materials.

Hydro-distillation and microwave-assisted distillation of Sideritis raeseri: Comparison of the composition of the essential oil, hydrolat and residual water extract

Sideritis raeseri is widely used as a tea in the traditional medicine of many Mediterranean, Balkan, and Middle East countries. In this study, microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) at different power levels (180 W, 360 W, and 600 W) of Sideritis raeseri essential oil was compared in terms of extraction time, yield, qualitative analysis, and operational cost with the conventional method of hydro-distillation (HD). Obtained essential oil, as well as hydrolats and residual water extracts, were chemically characterized. An extraction time of 16–32 min with MAHD at different powers provided yields of 0.61–0.67%, while HD gave 0.01% after 141 min. The main constituents in all essential oils were oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and their content was higher in MAHD (32.93–51.42%) than in oil from HD (17.62%). HD oil was characterized by higher concentration of oxygenated monoterpenes (14.95%) in relation to MAHD oil (8.87–14.16%). The essential oil obtained by MAHD at 600 W has a higher content of diterpenes (13.26%) than HD oil (8.59%). All hydrolats displayed the highest content of oxygenated monoterpenes. The highest contents of 8-hydroxyflavone 7-allosylglucosides compounds in residual water extracts were obtained by applying higher (600 W) microwave power. MAHD could be selected as a more appropriate extraction technique for S. reaseri essential oil than HD with respect to the extraction time, quality, and energy savings above 99%.

Antifungal Activity and Major Bioactive Compounds of Water Extract of Pangium edule Seed against Aspergillus flavus.

Pangium edule seeds are widely used as spices in Southeast Asia in a fresh and fermented form and are reported to have active compounds for food preservation. However, scientific data on the active compounds of P. edule seed that can prevent the growth of toxigenic Aspergillus flavus have not been widely reported. This research subjected to determine the antifungal activity and identify the active compounds of water extract of old and fermented seed of P. edule against A. flavus. The water extract was compared to the extracts obtained by multilevel maceration using 50% ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane as solvents. Alkaloid, saponin, phenolic compound, flavonoid, triterpenoid, and glycoside were detected qualitatively in the crude extracts. The water extract showed the best activity to suppress the growth of A. flavus, determined by the agar dilution method, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5 and 25 mg/mL for old and fermented seed, respectively. The water extracts showed a moderate toxicity with LC50 of 100-500 μg/mL, determined by the brine-shrimp toxicity test. After fractionation using 3 kDa molecular-weight (MW) cut-off ultrafiltration membrane, two fractions, i.e., fraction with MW < 3 kDa and >3 kDa, were obtained. The fraction with MW < 3 kDa showed the best antifungal activity with the MIC of 6.25 and 12.5 mg/mL for old and fermented seed, respectively. LC-MS/MS profile showed that different compounds belong to fatty acid, amino acid, glycoside, and peptide were found as major active compounds in the fractionated water extract. The principal compounds and partial least-square analysis, however, suggested that fatty acid and glycoside are responsible for the antifungal activity. Hence, this study concluded that the water extract of P. edule seed had promising antifungal activity against A. flavus which was due to presence of particular compounds belong to fatty acid and glycoside.

Morus alba L. and Morus nigra L. Leaves as a Promising Food Source of Phenolic Compounds with Antioxidant Activity

Bioactivity of mulberry has been widely described, but mostly related to its fruits, while studies with leaves are scarce. Herein, in this study leaves of two mulberry species (Morus alba L. and Morus nigra L.) were characterized, compared, and evaluated in terms of their phenolic composition and antioxidant activity. Aiming to valorize mulberry leaves extracts which can be included in modern diet four different extracts (infusions, decoctions, tinctures and hydromethanolic) were examined. The chemical characterization was done by quantifying total phenolics (TPC), flavonoids (TFC) and phenolic acids (TPAC) content, L( +)ascorbic acid (ASA) and individual phenolic compounds in the extracts by HPLC technique. Moreover, DPPH and FRAP assays were used to assess the antioxidant activity of white and black mulberry leaves. Findings of these studies revealed that black mulberry leaves were richer in TFC and TPAC, while white mulberry leaves contained higher levels of individual phenolic compounds in water extracts. Gallic acid was found in the highest concentrations in two mulberry leave extracts. Correlation analysis showed strong relationships between antioxidant activity and TPC and TFC. This fact suggests the crucial role of phenolic compounds as antioxidant agents in white and black mulberry leaves. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that leaves of both white and black mulberry can be used as a valuable source of phenolic compounds with bioactive potential, which can be applied in the food sector, as foods and as promising source of natural ingredients.

Chemical Compounds and Antioxidant Potential in Hot Water Extract of Cultivated Agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) Lamk Leaves

Agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk) leaves has potential as a source of antioxidants because in the hot water extract contains secondary metabolite compounds. This research aims to observe the chemical compounds and antioxidant potential in hot water extract of cultivated agarwood leaves. Agarwood leaves are processed into simplicia, and extracted with hot water. Several tests conducted in this research, including phytochemical screening in order to observe the chemical compounds in hot water extract of agarwood leaves; GC-MS test to observe the chemical constituents, and DPPH method to observe the antioxidant activity. Agarwood leaves hot water extract positively contained of flavonoid, triterpenoid, tannin and glycoside compounds. The identification result of agarwood leaves hot water extract using GC-MS test showed 9 compounds, they are Undecane, Benzene 1.3-dichloro-2-methoxy-, 1.alpha.- (Angeloxy)-6.beta-(isobutyroxy)-9-oxo-10.alpha.Hfuranoeremophilane, Methyl (6-Methyl-3-pyridazinyl) Ketone, 1-Heptyl-1H-(1,2,3)-triazole-N-{[2′-(hydroxyethoxy)ethylamino] ethyl}-4-carboxamide, 1-Heptyl-1H-(1,2,3)-triazole-N-{[2′-(hydroxyethoxy)ethylamino]ethyl}-4-carboxamide, Borane. [2-(dimethylphenylsilyl)-1-, ethyl-1-propenyl]diethyl-, (E)-, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, and 1-Phenyl-5,5-dimethyl-4,6-dioxa-5-sila-8-nitrooct-1-ene. The antioxidant activity of agarwood leaves hot water extract is categorized as the very strong antioxidant activity.

Dragon Fruits as a Reservoir of Natural Polyphenolics with Chemopreventive Properties.

Dragon fruits are a valued source of bioactive compounds with high potential to become a functional food. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the chemopreventive potential and chemical composition of fruits harvested in Thailand and Israel. The amount of different compounds in water and methanol extracts and antioxidant activity was investigated. Moreover, cytotoxic activity against cancer and normal cells of skin, prostate, and gastrointestinal origin was performed, accompanied by anti-inflammatory assay based on NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophage model. Additionally, the quenching properties of polyphenols from fruits were determined by the interaction of the main drug carrier in blood human serum (HSA). The chemometric analysis was used to reveal the relationships between the determined parameters. Dragon fruits harvested in Israel revealed higher antioxidant properties and total content of polyphenols and betacyanins when compared to those from Thailand. The examined fruits of both origins showed significant cytotoxic activity toward colon and prostate cancer cells, with no toxic effect on normal cells, but also no anti-inflammatory effect. Moreover, a high binding ability to HSA was observed for water extracts of dragon fruits. All these predestine dragon fruits are the candidates for the attractive and chemopreventive elements of daily diet.