Compounds In Shoots Research Articles

Recovery of Polyphenols from Vineyard Pruning Wastes-Shoots and Cane of Hybrid Grapevine (Vitis sp.) Cultivars.

Grapevine shoots and canes represent a significant amount of biomass, considered as a waste in viticulture. In cooler climates, grapevines are pruned in the autumn (October) and spring (March) due to harsh winter conditions (e.g., snow, low temperatures), and large amounts of biomass are produced at these different pruning times. This work was undertaken in order to investigate the potential of vineyard pruning waste for recovery of polyphenolic compounds for biomass valorization. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of grapevine shoot and cane polyphenols, including flavonoids and stilbenoids were performed using UHPLC MS/MS method. The results revealed the flavonols (quercetin) to be the most abundant compounds in shoots among all the three cultivars screened (Zilga, Hasansky Sladky, Rondo). Stilbenoids (ε-viniferin) dominated in the canes, while increased level of flavonols with lower contents of stilbenoids was detected in the endo-dormant canes, and higher amounts of flavanols and stilbenoids were recorded in eco-dormant canes. In conclusion, the content of polyphenols in grapevine shoots and canes differed among the cultivars and dormancy phases. The results generated from the present study contribute to the sustainable and environmentally friendly viticulture practice via valorization of vineyard pruning wastes.

Antioxidant Responses of Phenolic Compounds and Immobilization of Copper in Imperata Cylindrica, a Plant with Potential Use for Bioremediation of Cu Contaminated Environments.

This work examined the capability of Imperata cylindrica to respond, tolerate and accumulate Cu when growing at high Cu concentration (300 mg kg−1 of substrate) at different times of exposure (2, 14 and 21 days). The Cu accumulation in plants was examined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and Cu localized by Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy. Additionally, the phenolic compound identifications and concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Our results showed that root biomass decreased significantly at high Cu levels, with a greater decrease at 21 days (39.8% less biomass in comparison to control). The root showed 328 mg Cu kg−1 dry weight at 21 days of exposure to Cu, being the tissue that accumulates most of the Cu. Lipid peroxidation was a clear indicator of Cu stress, principally in shoots. The exposure to Cu significantly increased the synthesis of phenolic compounds in shoots of plants exposed 21 days to Cu, where 5-caffeoylquinic acid reached the highest concentrations. Our results support that I. cylindrica is a Cu accumulator plant in root organs with a medium level of accumulation (between 200–600 mg Cu kg−1 biomass), which can tolerate the exposure to high Cu levels by means of increasing the synthesis of phenolic compound in shoots, suggesting a potential use as phytoremediation tool in Cu polluted environments.

Silver nanoparticles induce genetic, biochemical, and phenotype variation in chrysanthemum

Despite the tremendous progress in breeding, novel and user-friendly techniques of plant improvement are desirable. The study aimed to analyze the usefulness of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the breeding of chrysanthemum: one of the top ornamental plant species. In vitro regeneration of adventitious shoots from internodes of chrysanthemum ‘Lilac Wonder’ was induced on the modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.6 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 2 mg L−1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and AgNPs at 0, 5, 10 and 20 ppm concentration. The efficiency of callogenesis and caulogenesis were analyzed after 10 weeks of culture. The concentration of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds in shoots and calli were estimated. Plants obtained from 20 ppm AgNPs treatment were additionally analyzed on the genetic level using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. In vitro rooted shoots were acclimatized in the glasshouse and subjected to biochemical and phenotype stability evaluation. AgNPs at the highest concentration (20 ppm) suppressed both callogenesis and caulogenesis in vitro. The concentration of metabolites in callus was stable, regardless of AgNPs treatment, except for carotenoids which production was enhanced by 20 ppm AgNPs. In contrast, the content of chlorophyll a and b in shoots varied depending on AgNPs treatment. Polymorphic loci were detected in 12 and 9 AgNPs-treated-plants by RAPD and ISSR markers, respectively (one of which was common to both marker systems). Rooting and acclimatization were fully successful in all experimental combinations. Phenotype alternations were detected in six plants; one from 10 ppm AgNPs treatment and five from 20 ppm treatment. They included variation in pigment content (anthocyanins and carotenoids) and/or inflorescence shape. Interestingly, only two plants revealed both genetic and phenotype polymorphisms. No genetic or phenotype variation was detected in the control plants. In conclusion, AgNPs can be used in chrysanthemum breeding.

Root-to-shoot signalling in mycorrhizal tomato plants upon Botrytis cinerea infection

Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is restricted in roots, but it also improves shoot responses against leaf challenges, a phenomenon known as Mycorrhiza-Induced Resistance (MIR). This study focuses on mycorrhizal root signals that may orchestrate shoot defence responses. Metabolomic analysis of non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants upon Botrytis cinerea infection showed that roots rearrange their metabolome mostly in response to the symbiosis, whereas in shoots a stronger impact of the infection is observed. Specific clusters of compounds in shoots and roots display a priming profile suggesting an implication in the enhanced resistance observed in mycorrhizal plants. Among the primed pathways in roots, lignans showed the highest number of hits followed by oxocarboxylic acids, compounds of the amino acid metabolism, and phytohormones. The lignan yatein was present at higher concentrations in roots, root efflux and leaves of mycorrhizal plants This lignan displayed in vitro antimicrobial activity against B. cinerea and it was also functional protecting tomato plants. Besides, several JA defence-related genes were upregulated in mycorrhizal roots regardless of the pathogen infection, whereas PIN-II was primed in roots of mycorrhizal infected plants. These observations suggest that the enhanced resistance in shoots during MIR may be coordinated by lignans and oxylipins with the participation of roots.

Isolation, Identification and Determination of Six Nucleosides and Two Amino Acids from Bamboo Shoots of Gramineae <i>Phyllostachys prominens</i> (W Y Xiong)

Purpose: To develop a method to identify and quantify the compounds in the shoots of four Phyllostachys bamboo species ( Gramineae Phyllostachys prominens W. Y. Xiong, Gramineae Phyllostachys iridescins C. Y. Yao Gramineae Phyllostachys pubescens (Carr.) Mitford, Gramineae Phyllostachys praecox C. D. Chu et C. S. Chao. ). Methods: The compounds in bamboo shoots were isolated and identified by ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Quantitative analysis was performed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) using a C18 column and a mixture (1:1ratio) of acetonitrile and 15 mM ammonium acetate (pH 6.0) as mobile phase. This method was validated for its reproducibility, chemical stability, and recovery. Results: Six nucleosides and two amino acids were isolated from bamboo shoots, including guanosine, 2’-deoxyguanosine, adenosine, thymidine, uridine, cytidine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine. The HPLC method was rapid and reproducible. The intraday and interday concentrations of the eight identified compounds showed good linearity in the range of 0.22 - 60.00 μg/mL. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for intraday and interday precision for reproducibility and stability was < 3 %. The validated method was successfully applied to determine the content of the eight compounds in four different Phyllostachys species. Conclusion: Adenosine was isolated from bamboo shoots previously, but the isolation of the other seven compounds are reported here for the first time. The method proposed is sensitive and reproducible, and would facilitate studies of nutritional/medicinal compounds in bamboo shoot. Keywords: Bamboo shoots, Phyllostachys prominens , Guanosine, 2’ Deoxyguanosine, Adenosine, Thymidine, Uridine, Cytidine, Tryptophan, Phenylalanine

Содержание фенольных соединений в побегах багульника стелющегося (&lt;i&gt;Ledum decumbens&lt;/i&gt; Lodd. ex Steud), произрастающего на территории Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа

Впервые проведена идентификация и определение количественного содержания некоторых фенольных соединений побегов багульника стелющегося, произрастающего в разных районах Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа, методом ВЭЖХ. Идентифицировано 9 соединений фенольной природы, которые представлены флавоноидами, фенолкарбоновыми кислотами, катехинами и дубильными веществами: танин, эпикатехин, галловая, хлорогеновая, кофейная кислоты, флавоноиды витексин, рутин, дигидрокверцетин, лютеолин-7-гликозид. Исследование багульника стелющегося может представлять интерес для его дальнейшего изучения с целью расширения отечественной сырьевой базы лекарственного растительного сырья. Присутствие в исследуемом сырье танина, галловой кислоты и витексина в значительных количествах дает нам возможность предположить широкий спектр фармакологической активности побегов багульника стелющегося.

Effect of light on contents of coumarin compounds in shoots of Ruta graveolens L. cultivated in vitro

Shoots of &lt;em&gt;Ruta graveolens&lt;/em&gt; L. (&lt;em&gt;Rutaceae&lt;/em&gt;) were cultivated in stationary liquid culture under different light conditions: constant artificial light (900 lx), darkness, constant artificial light (900 ix) following irradiation with UV-C light. The contents of five furanocoumarins: psoralen, bergapten, xanthotoxin, isopimpinellin and imperatorin, as well as biogenetic precursor of these metabolites, umbelliferone, were determined by HPLC method in shoots cultivated in vitro and in overground parts of plants growing in open air. It was shown that light conditions, tested in these experiments, significantly influenced contents of the metabolites in shoots cultivated in in vitro culture. Total content of the coumarin compounds in shoots cultivated under constant artificial light (900 lx) was equal or higher than in plants growing under natural conditions. Therefore, it is suggested that stationary liquid shoot culture of &lt;em&gt;R. graveolens&lt;/em&gt;. can be an alternative source for obtaining biologically active furanocoumarins.

The Biological Flora of Coastal Dunes and Wetlands: Batis maritima C. Linnaeus

Abstract Batis maritima C. Linnaeus (maritime saltwort) is a New World subtropical and tropical trailing subshrub that forms dense colonies in salt marshes, brackish marshes, and mangrove swamps and frequently is found on the margins of salt pans and wind-tidal flats. It typically occurs at elevations less than 1.0 m above mean sea level and at sites where salinity ranges from 18 to 50 ppt. Leaf succulence increases significantly in the dry season and leaves are shed, thereby reducing salt-induced stress. Batis maritima occurs in sites normally subject to minimal sand coverage. However, wrack deposits stimulate growth. Maritime saltwort provides cover and nesting sites for some species of birds, but glucosinolate compounds in shoots make the plants unpalatable to most large vertebrates, with the exception of marine iguanas in the Galapagos Islands. Recently, B. maritima is proposed to have a major role in reducing ozone levels in the stratosphere.

Liquid shoot culture of Salvia officinalis L. for micropropagation and production of antioxidant compounds; effect of triacontanol

Liquid shoot culture of &lt;em&gt;Salvia officinalis&lt;/em&gt; L. in MS medium containing IAA (0.1 mg l&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) and BAP (0.45 mg l&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) was developed and evaluated in relation to shoot multiplication and antioxidant compound (carnosic acid, carnosol and rosmarinic acid) accumulation. In the liquid medium, on average, 3 new shoots per explant (shoot tip) were obtained within 3 weeks. The shoots produced 8.2±0.02 mg of diterpenoids and 31.2±0.29 mg of rosmarinic acid per gram of dry weight. Shoot proliferation and diterpenoid content increased when triacontanol (5, 10 or 20 pg l&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) was added to the liquid medium. In optimum conditions (at 20 pg l&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; TRIA) almost 7 shoots were formed per explant after 3 weeks. An increase in diterpenoid production (expressed as the sum of carnosol and carnosic acid) ranged from 30% to 50% and dependended on triacontanol concentration tested. The level of diterpenoids in triacontanol-treated shoots was similar to the content of compounds in commercial herbal product (dried leaves of &lt;em&gt;S. officinalis&lt;/em&gt;) (10-12 mg g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; dry wt). Triacontanol did not increase rosmarinic acid production, but the content of the phenolic as compound in shoots grown in liquid culture (31 mg g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; dry wt) was even 24 times higher compared to samples of dried leaves of &lt;em&gt;S. officinalis&lt;/em&gt; plants. We also demonstrated that the highest amounts of CA, Car and RA were accumulated in young, top parts of sage shoots. This observation could be useful for improving the selection of material for the extraction of natural antioxidants from &lt;em&gt;S. officinalis&lt;/em&gt;.

Effect of Volatile Compounds in Shoots and Leaves of Bahiagrass, Vulpia myuros and Vulpia megalura on the Growth of Several Kinds of Soil-borne Plant Pathogens and Beneficial Microorganisms

Effect of Volatile Compounds in Shoots and Leaves of Bahiagrass, Vulpia myuros and Vulpia megalura on the Growth of Several Kinds of Soil-borne Plant Pathogens and Beneficial Microorganisms

Phenolic acid changes during Orobanche parasitism on faba bean and some other hosts

The present work is intended to provide further information on broomrape parasitism based on phenolic acid changes in either the host plant(s) or in each of the host and the parasite in the host-parasite system. Detection of phenolic acids was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the host and broomrape tissues. This was carried out first in shoots and roots of faba bean before (33-day-old) and after (65-, 74-, 80-day-old) broomrape infestation. Shoots and roots of faba bean and other prospective hosts (tomato and eggplant), during parasitism, at full juvenility of broomrape just before blooming, were also scanned. Chlorogenic acid occurred predominantly as phenolic compounds in shoots and roots of the host plants. The occurrence of chlorogenic acid was unique to the roots of the faba bean plant at different stages of development of the parasite, as well as in the roots of other infected hosts. In shoots of the infected hosts, inconsistent variations were observed in the ratios of caffeic, ferulic, as well as ortho-, para- and metacoumaric acids. Detection of phenolic acids in stems of broomrape, parasitizing faba bean, indicated the occurrence of chlorogenic acid at different stages of growth of the parasite. In addition to chlorogenic acid, the results also revealed the existence of M-coumaric acid at the emergence stage, P-coumaric and ferulic acids at early blooming and caffeic acid at the late blooming stage. Qualitative changes were also observed in broomrape tissue according to the type of host (faba bean, chamomile, eggplant, and cabbage). On the other hand, chlorogenic acid was the only phenolic compound detected in the corm-like tubercle tissue of broomrape with different hosts. The possible interference of phenolic acids in tissues of both the hosts and broomrape was discussed. KEY WORDS: Broomrape parasitism, Phenolic acids, HPLC, faba bean. Egyptian Journal of Biology Vol.4 2002: 37-44

Induction of Stress Compounds in Shoots of Glehnia littoralis during Preservation

The effect of preservation on production of furanocoumarin stress compounds, psoralen, xanthotoxin and bergapten, in edible young leaves and stems of Glehnia littoralis was investigated. The shoots obtained from several local markets were preserved under different conditions. A time course study of the furanocoumarin contents by HPLC analysis indicated that these stress compounds accumulated especially in and around cut ends during preservation. When the shoots were cut into pieces and preserved, the stress compounds accumulated to a much greater extent. Since these furanocoumarins are potent photosensitizers, these results indicate that the aged cut ends should be removed before use as a vegetable, and that the cut shoots should be used without preservation.

Effects of a nitrification inhibitor on efficiency of nitrogen utilization by wheat and millet

Abstract Preliminary soil incubation studies established that the nitrification inhibitor, Dicyandiamide (DCD), could maintain the ratio of NH.‐N to NO3‐N at predetermined levels. When one part DCD was mixed with 10 parts of the ammonium fertilizer prior to incorporation with the soil, nitrification was inhibited for at least six weeks. In a greenhouse experiment, wheat was grown to maturity and millet to the flowering stage in pots containing nitrate and ammonium fertilizers treated with DCD. Soil analyses during the plant growth period indicated that ammonium oxidation in soil was effectively inhibited. Plants of both species exposed to ammonium only with DCD produced lower yields than those exposed to a mixture of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen with DCD. Plants supplied with nitrate‐only gave somewhat lower yields than the mixtures. The nitrate‐only treatments resulted in the lowest accumulation of reduced nitrogen compounds in shoots of both species. Magnesium uptake by millet and calcium and magnesium...

Evidence for Allelopathy by Residues and Aqueous Extracts of Rye (Secale cereale)

Under simulated no-till conditions in the greenhouse, rye (Secale cereale L. ‘Wheeler’) residues reduced emergence of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Ithaca’) and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L. # PANMI) by 58 and 35%, respectively, over that obtained with a wood shaving control mulch. Rye shoot tissue inhibited lettuce germination 52% more than root tissue. Petri dish bioassays of residue in soil confirmed phytotoxicity on cress (Lepidium sativum L. ‘Curly’), lettuce, barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli L. Beauv. # ECHCG), and proso millet. Radicle elongation was a more senstive measure of phytotoxicity than germination per se. Phytotoxicity increased as the distance from seeds to rye residues decreased. While rye shoot residues caused 40% greater inhibition of cress radicle elongation in sterile soil than nonsterile soil, barnyardgrass was equally inhibited in both soil regimes. Phytotoxicity decreased in nonsterile soil, indicating that the compounds were degraded by microorganisms. Phytotoxic compounds in shoots were water extractable. Cress and barnyardgrass responded similarly to both aqueous rye extracts and to residues added to soil.