Compounds In Food Samples Research Articles

Electrochemical Sensors in the Food Sector: A Review.

In a world that is becoming increasingly concerned with health, safety, and the sustainability of food supply chains, the control and assurance of food quality have become of utmost importance. This review examines the application and potential of electrochemical sensors in the dynamic field of food science to meet these expanding demands. The article introduces electrochemical sensors and describes their operational mechanics and the components contributing to their function. A summary of the most prevalent electrochemical methods outlines the diverse food analysis techniques available. The review shifts to discussing the food science applications of these sensors, highlighting their crucial role in detecting compounds in food samples like meat, fish, juice, and milk for contemporary quality control. This paper showcases electrochemical sensors' utility in food analysis, underscoring their significance as powerful, efficient tools for maintaining food safety and how they could transform our approach to global food quality control and assurance.

Two-Dimensional TiS2 Nanosheet- and Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticle-Based Composites for Sensing Applications.

The assessment of phenolic compounds in food samples, environmental samples, and medical applications has gained importance recently. Here, we present research on novel conjugated polymer nanoparticles (P-PimBzBt NPs) and their composites with two-dimensional titanium disulfide nanosheets (2D-TiS2) for electrochemical tyrosinase (TYR)-based catechol detection. P-PimBzBt NPs are decorated with 2D-TiS2 to enhance the electrochemical performance for biosensing. In addition, the interaction of P-PimBzBt NPs with TiS2 was investigated at the molecular level by employing van der Waals (vdW) dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations and classical all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. According to the theoretical studies, the presence of the TiS2 layer increases the interfacial interaction with the conjugated polymer via electrostatic interactions. Using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses, the production of SPE/TiS2@P-PimBzBt NPs/TYR nanobiosensors was examined. With a detection range of 3.0-27.5 μM, 0.33 μM LOD, and 3.89 μA/μM·cm2 sensitivity values, the sensing layer based on the TiS2@P-PimBzBt NP composites has a targeting ability toward catechol. Its selectivity was investigated using commonly used interfering ions and compounds such as citric acid, urea, glucose, uric acid, KCl, and NaCl. Application of nanobiosensors to actual samples (tap water and black tea) was carried out with high accuracy. The fabricated biosensing platform demonstrates that P-PimBzBt NPs with 2D-TiS2 nanomaterial functionalization are appropriate as electrode materials and could be used to create an inexpensive, fast-response, and highly selective electrochemical biosensor for the detection of catechol in actual samples.

Tandam mass spectrometry instrumentation and application in pharmaceutical analysis

Proteins and peptides can be analyzed using mass spectrometry (MS) using a range of techniques, including matrix-aided laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). These techniques make it possible to determine a protein's mass as an intact molecule or to identify a protein using peptide-mass fingerprinting that is produced during enzymatic digestion. The amino acid sequence of proteins (top-down and middle-down proteomics) and peptides (bottom-up proteomics) can be ascertained by fragmenting the proteins and peptides using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Furthermore, post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins and peptides can be identified using tandem mass spectrometry. In this article, we go over the use of MS/MS in biomedical research and provide concrete examples of how to identify proteins, peptides, and their PTMs as useful biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment. In numerous applications, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has shown to be a practical and efficient analytical method for the direct detection of target compounds in food samples. It combines the power of MS/MS as an identification and confirmation approach with the separation capabilities of chromatography when used with chromatographic techniques.

Microwave-assisted synthesis of nickel-oxide/cobalt-oxide/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for highly sensitive electrochemical determination of epicatechin in food samples

The determination of bioactive compounds in food samples has received significant attention in recent years due to their potential health benefits. Epicatechin (EC) is one of the flavanol compounds naturally present in various foods such as tea, cocoa, grapes, and berries. It has various potential health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. However, excessive intake of EC can also have negative effects on health. The accurate and reliable detection of EC in food samples is crucial for ensuring consumer safety and maintaining quality control standards in the food industry. Therefore, developing a sensitive and reliable sensor for detecting EC in food samples is of significant importance. This research presents a novel method for detecting EC in various food samples. The method involves the use of a nickel-oxide/cobalt-oxide/reduced-graphene-oxide composite material (NiO/CoO/rGO) synthesized through a microwave-assisted technique which is then applied to a glassy carbon electrode to fabricate NiO/CoO/rGO/GCE sensor for sensitive determination of EC. The structural, morphological, and electrochemical characteristics of the electrode materials were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The morphological results confirmed the formation of well-dispersed NiO/CoO nanoparticles on the surface of rGO sheets. The electrochemical results revealed that the NiO/CoO/rGO/GCE sensor has exceptional electron-transport properties and electrocatalytic activity towards EC, with an Rct value of 90.85 kΩ that is lower than that of the Bare/GCE and GO/GCE electrodes, which attributed to the synergistic effect of NiO/CoO nanoparticles and rGO sheets. The method was found to have a detection limit of 0.0012 μM for EC, with a linear range of 0.05–65 μM. The sensor was also reliable, stable, reproducible, and selective, and yielded excellent recoveries (near to 100 %) with low RSD values for detecting EC in food samples.

Development and comparison of parallel reaction monitoring and data-independent acquisition methods for quantitative analysis of hydrophilic compounds in white tea

In the present work, parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) and data-independent acquisition (DIA) methods were developed for the accurate quantitation of amino acids, alkaloids nucleosides and nucleotides in tea. The quality peaks were significantly enhanced by optimizing the LC elution procedure, HCD voltage, MS resolution, and scanning event. Both methods were validated with good liner linearity (0.004–200 μg/mL), LODs (0.001–0.309 μg/mL for PRM and 0.001–0.564 μg/mL for DIA). Applied to white tea sample, the contents of these hydrophilic compounds were range from 34,655.39 to 70,586.14 mg/kg, and caffeine (32,529.02 mg/kg) and theanine (5483.46 mg/kg) were determined as the most abundant ones. Based on the quantitation data set, the white tea samples from Puer, Lincang and Xishuangbanna were clearly discriminated using multivariate data analysis. The results of the present works show that PRM and DIA have great potential in quantitative analysis of multiple hydrophilic compounds in food samples.

Application of hollow fiber-protected liquid-phase microextraction combined with GC-MS in determining Endrin, Chlordane, and Dieldrin in rice samples.

This paper introduces a novel and minimized sample preparation technique based on hollow fiber-protected liquid-phase microextraction that can be used in joint with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detection to extract three organochlorine pesticides-Endrin, Chlordane, and Dieldrin-from rice samples. To that end, a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and a proper ionic liquid (IL) were ultrasonically dispersed and injected into the lumen of hollow fiber as the extraction phase for preconcentrating and extracting the target analytes from the rice samples. The effects of the type of nanoparticles, ILs, and desorption solvent on the efficiency of extracting the analytes were investigated based on the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach. In addition, other parameters influencing the extraction procedure were optimized using an experimental design that decreased the number of experiments, reagent consumption, and costs. Under optimized conditions, the limits of detection and quantification in determining mentioned pesticides varied between 0.019-0.029 and 0.064-0.098ng mL-1, respectively. The calibration graphs to measure Endrin, Chlordane, and Dieldrin were linear over the concentration range of 0.064-13.2, 0.098-16.7, and 0.092-11.4ng mL-1, respectively. The relative standard deviations for inter-day and intra-day analysis were below 7.06 and 4.75% for the triplicate determination of three organochlorine pesticides. Besides, the relative recoveries and standard deviations of Endrin, Chlordane, and Dieldrin for analyzing several Iranian rice samples were between 86.0-92.9% and 4.5-5.8%, respectively. The results were compared with other similar works in literature, proving that the proposed method is efficient and useful for routine monitoring of organochlorine compounds in food samples.

Review Artikel: Analisis Kandungan Rhodamin B Dalam Makanan Dan Minuman

Rhodamine B is a synthetic dye that is usually used in the textile and paper industries. According to Permenkes No.239/Menkes/Per/V/85 regarding certain dyes, it states that rhodamine B is a dangerous substance. Rhodamine B is prohibited for use as a food additive because rhodamine B has chelating compounds and chlorine compounds which can cause cancer in humans. Based on the above problems, a review of articles was carried out by collecting journal literature through Google Scholar to analyze the content of rhodamine B compounds in food samples using thin layer chromatography, UV-VIS spectrophotometry, and paper chromatography methods.

The Selection of the Best Derivatization Reagents for the Determination of Polyamines in Home-Made Wine Samples

The procedures of putrescine, spermine, spermidine, and cadaverine derivatization using 2-chloro-1,3-dinitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzene, 1-fluoro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene, and 3,5-bis-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl isothiocyanate for chromatographic determination in home-made wine samples are compared in the present study. The procedures discussed were compared regarding simplicity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. The polyamines derivatives were isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography and 1H, 13C, and 19F NMR spectroscopy. The obtained structures of aliphatic amines showed that all amino groups, four in spermine, two in putrescine and cadaverine, and three in spermidine, regardless of the applied reagent, were substituted. The applicability of the described procedures was tested during the chromatographic analysis of the compounds' content in home-made wines. For this purpose, a simple and environmentally friendly sample preparation procedure was developed. The obtained results present the derivatization of polyamines with 1-fluoro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene as a better choice for the determination of these compounds in food samples.

Aggregation-Induced Red Emission Nanoparticle-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Highly Sensitive Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A.

Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) has presented enormous difficulties in dairy food safety and the sensitive detection of SEA provides opportunities for effective food safety controls and staphylococcal food poisoning tracebacks. Herein, a novel aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-based sandwich lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) was introduced to detect SEA by using red-emissive AIE nanoparticles (AIENPs) as the fluorescent nanoprobe. The nanoprobe was constructed by directly immobilising antibodies on boronate-tagged AIENPs (PBA-AIENPs) via a boronate affinity reaction, which exhibited a high SEA-specific affinity and remarkable fluorescent performance. Under optimal conditions, the ultrasensitive detection of SEA in pasteurised milk was achieved within 20 min with a limit of detection of 0.04 ng mL-1. The average recoveries of the PBA-AIENP-LFIA ranged from 91.3% to 117.6% and the coefficient of variation was below 15%. It was also demonstrated that the PBA-AIENP-LFIA had an excellent selectivity against other SE serotypes. Taking advantage of the excellent sensitivity of this approach, real chicken and salad samples were further analysed, with a high versatility and accuracy. The proposed PBA-AIENP-LFIA platform shows promise as a potent tool for the identification of additional compounds in food samples as well as an ideal test method for on-site detections.

Development of magnetic dispersive micro-solid phase extraction of four phenolic compounds from food samples based on magnetic chitosan nanoparticles and a deep eutectic supramolecular solvent

A magnetic dispersive micro-solid phase extraction technique (CS@Fe3O4-MD-μSPE-DESP) based on magnetic chitosan nanoparticles and a deep eutectic supramolecular solvent was developed and applied to determinations of four phenolic compounds in food samples. To prevent environmental pollution and the introduction of toxic substances, deep eutectic supramolecular solvents (DESPs), which exhibited greater desorption capacities than conventional organic solvents and deep eutectic solvents, were used as novel green eluents for the first time. Some important parameters were screened by the Plackett–Burman method and then further optimized with response surface methodology (RSM). Under the optimal conditions, the proposed method showed excellent methodological indices with linearity over the range 0.1–200.0 µg·mL-1, R2 > 0.9988, extraction recoveries above 94.8 %, and precision (RSD%) below 2.9 %. The established method finishes the process of adsorption and desorption in approximately 3 min and enhances the efficiency for determination of phenolic compounds.

Green electromembrane extraction procedure based on biodegradable chitosan films for determination of polyphenolic compounds in food samples: Greenness assessment of the sample preparation approach

A simple, rapid and environmentally friendly method for the electromembrane extraction of polyphenolic compounds has been developed using chitosan films (60% (w/w) chitosan, 40% (w/w)-Aliquat®336, 10–11 μm thickness) as biopolymeric membrane. In this work for the first time with this type of chitosan-based support, the use of organic solvents has been completely eliminated, which allows considering the proposed methodology as a green solvent-free procedure, as demonstrated by performing analytical greenness metric for sample preparation (AGREEprep). Under optimal experimental conditions (10 mL donor phase, pH 7; 50 μL acceptor phase, pH 9; 100 V applied voltage for 15 min) high enrichment factors (EF ≥ 60) were obtained for all the target analytes. Wide concentration ranges between 52.8 μg L−1 and 1000 μg L−1, good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.996), low limit of detection (15.9–37.1 μg L−1), and repeatability (relative standard deviation (RSD) values 4–10%) were achieved. Polyphenolic compounds have been successfully extracted from coffee- and tea-based dietary food supplements in different formats (pills and ampoules). For comparison purposes, target analytes have additionally been determined in green coffee beans and tea.

Application of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for the Detection of Volatile and Off-Odor Compounds in Food Matrices.

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic receptors having specific cavities intended for a template molecule with a retention mechanism that depends on molecular recognition of the targeted constituent. They were initially established for the detection of minor molecules including drugs, pesticides, or pollutants. One of the most remarkable areas where MIPs have potential utilization is in food analysis, especially in terms of volatile compounds which are found in very low concentrations in foods but play a crucial role for consumer preference and acceptance. In recent years, these polymers have been used extensively for sensing volatile organic and off-odor compounds in terms of food quality for selective high-extraction purposes. This review first summarizes the basic principles and production processes of MIPs. Second, their recent applications in the separation, identification, and quantification of volatile and off-odor compounds in food samples are elucidated.

Class-selective voltammetric determination of hydroxycinnamic acids structural analogs using a WS2/catechin-capped AuNPs/carbon black-based nanocomposite sensor.

A high-performance screen-printed electrode (SPE)based nanocomposite sensor integrating tungsten disulfide (WS2) flakes decorated with catechin-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNP-CT) and carbon black (CB) has beendeveloped. The excellent antifouling properties of WS2 decorated with AuNP-CT into a high conductivity network of CB results in highselectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility forthe simultaneous determination of hydroxycinnamic acid (hCN) structural analogs: caffeic (CF), sinapic (SP), and p-coumaric acids (CM). Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the target hCNs resulted in three well-resolved oxidation peaks at SPE-CB-WS2/AuNP-CT sensor. Excellent antifouling performance (RSD ip,a ≤ 3%, n = 15 for three analytes' simultaneous measure) and low detection limits (CF 0.10μmolL-1; SP, 0.40μmolL-1; CM, 0.40μmolL-1) are obtained despite the analyzed compounds having a high passivation tendency towards carbon-based sensors. TheSPE-CB-WS2/AuNP-CT sensor was successfully applied to determine CF, SP, and CM in food samples with good precision (RSD ≤ 4%, n = 3) and recoveries (86-109%; RSD ≤ 5%, n = 3). The proposed sensor is the first example exploiting the simultaneous determination of these compounds in food samples. Given its excellent electrochemical performance, low cost, disposability, and ease of use, this SPE-CB-WS2/AuNP-CT nanocomposite sensor represents a powerful candidate for the realization of electrochemical devices for the determination of (bio)compounds with high passivation tendency. Graphical abstract.

A liquid chromatography detector based on continuous-flow chemical vapor generation coupled glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry: Determination of organotin compounds in food samples

A novel liquid chromatography (LC) detector based on continuous-flow chemical vapor generation (CVG)-coupled glow discharge (GD) atomic emission spectrometry (AES) was proposed herein for the simultaneous determination of organotins (OTs) in food samples. OTs were separated on an LC column and converted into volatile gases by the CVG technique. The GD microplasma was used to excite the Sn atoms to generate the special atomic emission lines of Sn at 317.66 nm, which were recorded by a charge-coupled device (CCD) spectrometer. For an injection volume of 1 mL, the linear correlation coefficients (R) were higher than 0.99 in the concentration range from 0.1 to 10 μg mL−1. The recoveries of OTs from spiked samples were 70–103%, and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were 0.2–8.7%. The limits of detection (LOD) for the tested OTs, i.e. trimethyltin chloride (TMT) and dimethyltin dichloride (DMTC), were determined to be 0.59 and 0.93 μg L−1, respectively. The CVG-GD-AES detector can be used to simultaneously determine TMT and DMTC with high sensitivity, in a simple and cost-effective manner.

Quantitative analyses of α-dicarbonyl compounds in food samples by HPLC using 4-(2,3-dimethyl-6-quinoxalinyl)-1,2-benzenediamine as a derivatizing reagent

α-Dicarbonyl compounds, such as 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG), glyoxal (Gly), methylglyoxal (MGly), diacetyl (DA), and pentane-2,3-dione (PD) have been widely studied because they are the main precursors of advanced glycation end products. In this work, an analytical procedure was developed for the determination of these compounds by HPLC-UV using 4-(2,3-dimethyl-6-quinoxalinyl)-1,2-benzenediamine (DQB) as a novel derivatizing reagent. After derivatization at pH 9.0 and ambient temperature for 30 min, these five compounds were analyzed by HPLC. The results showed that the linear correlation coefficients (R2) of the method for the five analytes are between 0.994 and 0.999 in broad concentration ranges, the limits of detection are 0.050 μM (3-DG), 0.050 μM (Gly), 0.050 μM (MGly), 0.020 μM (DA), and 0.025 μM (PD), respectively. The method was further evaluated in the analyses of many kinds of food samples employing the standard addition method with the RSDs ranging from 0.43 to 4.07% and the recoveries from 85% to 103%.

Modification and validation of Folin-Ciocalteu assay for faster and safer analysis of total phenolic content in food samples

Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) is a routine assay in several laboratories around the world and has been widely employed for total phenolic content (TPC) quantification from food samples. F-C assay was modified to obtain a system reaction safer, as well as decrease the use of reagents, energy expenditure and time-consuming. After evaluating alternatives solvents and supports, and the effect of the binomial time/temperature, the modified F-C assay was as follows: 40% ethanol as solvent, 20 minutes at room temperature (25±2°C) using 50% F-C reagent and 5% sodium carbonate solution. The modified F-C assay was linear in 2.5-50.0 µg/mL range to gallic acid. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.195 and 0.591 µg/mL, respectively. Intra-day and inter-day precision (relative standard deviation (RSD) 0.06-3.28%) and accuracy (93.28-104.28%) were also demonstrated. The assay was robust for F-C reagent (45-55%) and sodium carbonate (4.5-5.5%) changes. The modified assay was employed to analyse food samples containing phenolic compounds and the results corroborated with conventional assay. The modified F-C assay demonstrated to be reproducible, robust, fast, easy, inexpensive, safe and reliable for quantify phenolic compounds in food samples. The employment of ethanol in F-C assay decreases the environmental impact and, consequently, makes the analysis safer than conventional F-C assay. Furthermore, the modified F-C assay is conducted under milder conditions (time/temperature), which is particularly helpful for numerous analyses. Thus, the modified and validated F-C assay can be used as a routine assay in quality control and chemical profiling for natural product extracts and foods.

Simultaneous analysis of some volatile compounds in food samples by array gas sensors based on polypyrrole nano-composites

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to construct an array of sensors using polypyrrole–zinc oxide (PPy–ZnO) and PPy–vanadium (V; chemical formula: V2O5) fibers. To test responses of sensors, a central composite design (CCD) has been used. The results of the CCD technique revealed that the developed sensors are orthogonally sensitive to diacetyl, lactic acid and acetic acid. In total, 20 different mixtures of diacetyl, lactic acid and acetic acid were prepared, and the responses of the array sensors were recorded for each mixture.Design/methodology/approachA response surface regression analysis has been used for correlating the responses of the sensors to diacetyl, lactic acid and acetic acid concentrations during the gas phase in food samples. The developed multivariate model was used for simultaneous determination of diacetyl, lactic acid and acetic acid concentrations. Some food samples with unknown concentrations of diacetyl, lactic acid and acetic acid were provided, and the responses of array sensors to each were recorded.FindingsThe responses of each sensor were considered as target response in a response optimizer, and by an overall composite desirability, the concentration of each analyte was predicted. The present work suggests the applicability of the response surface regression analysis as a modeling technique for correlating the responses of sensor arrays to concentration profiles of diacetyl, lactic acid and acetic acid in food samples.Originality/valueThe PPy–ZnO and PPy–V2O5 nanocomposite fibers were synthesized by chemical polymerization. The provided conducting fibers, PPy–ZnO and PPy–V2O5, were used in an array gas sensor system for the analysis of volatile compounds (diacetyl, lactic acid and acetic acid) added to yogurt and milk samples.

In situ surface electrochemical co-reduction route towards controllable construction of AuNPs/ERGO electrochemical sensing platform for simultaneous determination of BHA and TBHQ

ABSTRACT Herein, we demonstrated an in situ surface electrochemical co-reduction method to greenly and cost-effectively construct a gold nanoparticles/electrochemical reduced graphene oxide (AuNPs/ERGO) binary nanocomposites-based electrochemical sensing platform by using the mixture of graphene oxide (GO) and HAuCl 4 coating on the surface of electrode as a precursor. GO was in situ electrochemically reduced to ERGO on the surface of electrode, accompanied by the simultaneous formation of AuNPs, which results in the fabrication of a conductive network of amorphous AuNPs/ERGO binary nanocomposite. Significantly, the resulting AuNPs/ERGO binary nanocomposite combines the advantages of AuNPs and ERGO, which exhibits an excellent performance towards simultaneous determination of BHA and TBHQ, allowing sensitive detection of BHA and TBHQ in the wide linear ranges of 0.1∼10 μg mL −1 and 0.1∼7 μg mL −1 with low limits of detection of 0.0419 μg mL −1 and 0.0503 μg mL −1 , respectively. The practicability of this electrochemical sensing platform was realized in simultaneous detection of BHA and TBHQ in edible oil samples. The results indicate that the constructed electrochemical sensing platform presents satisfactory linear range, low detection limit, good accuracy and reproducibility. More importantly, the facile and environment-friendly surface electrochemical co-reduction strategy provided here maybe open a cost-effective way for setting up a binary nanocomposites or polynary nanohybrid-based electrochemical sensing platform, which benefits for extending the application of electrochemical sensor for the green, facile and sensitive analysis of electroactive compounds in food samples.

Wooden-tip electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for trace analysis of toxic and hazardous compounds in food samples

Wooden-tip electrospray ionization (wooden-tip ESI) is applied to the rapid, in situ, direct qualitative and quantitative trace analysis of toxic and hazardous compounds in food samples.

Determination of five quaternary ammonium compounds in foodstuffs using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A HPLC-MS/MS was devcloped and applied for the determination of quaternary ammonium compounds in food samples.