Extraction Of Compounds Research Articles

Dandelion root extracts and taraxasterol inhibit LPS‑induced colorectal cancer cell viability by blocking TLR4‑NFκB‑driven ACE2 and TMPRSS2 pathways.

Colorectal cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Notably, abnormalities in intestinal bacteria may contribute to the initiation or progression of colorectal cancer. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial endotoxin, is elevated in patients with colorectal cancer. The present study investigated the protective effects of dandelion root extracts and taraxasterol (TS; a major pharmacologically active compound in dandelion root extracts) on LPS-induced colorectal cancer cell viability, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay, and protein and gene expression levels were determined by western blotting and quantitative PCR. It was revealed that LPS at a low dose (0.5 µg/ml) significantly promoted the viability of human colorectal cancer cells but did not affect normal colon epithelial cells. The addition of dandelion root extracts (0.1-1 mg/ml) or TS (0.05-1 µg/ml) was able to reverse the LPS-induced increase in colorectal cancer cell viability and colony formation. Mechanistically, dandelion root extracts or TS may inhibit the LPS-promoted toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NFκB-p65 pathway and transcription levels of pro-inflammatory genes (TNFα, IL4 and IL6). Compared with normal colon epithelial cells, human colorectal cancer cells had higher expression levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), which could be further enhanced by LPS treatment but this was reversed by co-incubation with dandelion root extracts or TS. In addition, suppression of the TLR4/NFκB-p65 pathway with CLI095 significantly reversed the stimulatory effect of LPS on the expression levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, whereas TNFα (10 ng/ml) markedly induced the expression levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. In conclusion, the present study suggested that dandelion root extracts and TS could be used as prevention strategies for reversing bacteria-driven colorectal cancer cell viability.

Development of alginate beads loaded with bioactive ingredients from Chlorella vulgaris cultivated in food industry wastewaters

Microalgae are increasingly recognized for their potential in the food sector due to their rapid growth and rich content in proteins, carbohydrates, and pigments. The extraction of pigments from microalgal biomass holds promise for their utilization as natural colorants and antioxidants. To address the economic challenges associated with microalgae cultivation, particularly high nutrient costs, this study focused on cultivating Chlorella vulgaris in a mixture of food industry wastewaters (brewery wastewater, expired orange juice and cheese whey). This resulted in a microalgae-bacteria consortium with a concentration of 2.2 g·L−1 dry weight after 5 days of cultivation. The wastewater bioremediation ranged between 23 and 77 %, and the produced microalgae biomass contained 21.68 ppm lutein, 36.47 ppm a-chlorophyll and 11.19 ppm b-chlorophyll. The extraction process employed a solvent screening strategy with food industry-accepted solvents used to extract high-value compounds efficiently. Ethanol was the most effective solvent, outperforming acetone, ethyl acetate, and hexane. An upscaled extraction process was conducted using 10 g lyophilized microalgae. After ethanol evaporation, the microalgal extract was re-diluted in sunflower oil and encapsulated in alginate beads, achieving an encapsulation yield of 93.3 %. Lutein, identified as one of the main compounds in the extract, exhibited a satisfactory encapsulation efficiency of 55 %. The efficient encapsulation of the microalgae components in alginate beads was verified by the alteration of the colorimetric parameters of these alginate beads compared to those loaded with pure sunflower oil as well as empty beads. These findings highlight the potential of microalgae as a valuable tool for transforming food industry wastewater into high-value products, especially when microalgal extract is encapsulated in alginate beads. This strategy presents substantial prospects for the food industry, merging effective wastewater valorization with biomass production and bioactive compound extraction. It exemplifies a circular bioeconomy, showcasing sustainable resource management and value creation.

Wet Extraction of By-Product Samples and Fractionation of Valuable Compounds using Supercritical CO2 Extraction: An Innovative Approach for Sustainable Resource Utilization

This research explores an innovative method for extracting and fractionating valuable compounds from by-product samples through the utilization of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction. By-products generated from various industrial processes often contain untapped reservoirs of valuable compounds, necessitating environmentally sustainable and economically viable extraction techniques. SC-CO2 extraction, known for its unique properties such as low toxicity, non-flammability, and tunable solubility, presents a promising avenue for efficient and selective extraction of target compounds.The study focuses on wet extraction, emphasizing the extraction of valuable compounds from by-products in their natural, moisture-laden state. This approach not only enhances the sustainability of the extraction process by minimizing pre-treatment steps but also broadens the scope of potential target compounds. The study further explores the critical parameters of SC-CO2 extraction, including pressure, temperature, and flow rate, to optimize the extraction efficiency and selectivity for different classes of compounds.

Biogenic synthesis of CoO and ZnO nanoparticles using rosemary extract: Synergistic antimicrobial activity and insights from DFT simulations

Plant extracts with stabilizing and emulsifying qualities are commonly used in nanotechnology for the eco-friendly production of metallic nanoparticles. The study focused on synthesizing CoO and ZnO nanoparticles by the use of rosemary leaf extract. Quantum chemical calculations were performed using the DFT method to determine the active sites of the main chemical compounds in rosemary extract that catalyze the bi-reduction of Co+2 and Zn+2, resulting in the eco-friendly production of CoO and ZnO nanoparticles. Rosemary leaf extracts include a significant quantity of hydroxyl groups (–OH), oxygen atoms as heteroatoms, and many aromatic rings. The enhanced amount of π-electrons, resulting from aromatic rings and electron-releasing groups connected to these rings, facilitates the simultaneous reduction of Co and Zn metals. This happens because the π-electrons are more likely to interact with the vacant d-orbitals of Co and Zn. Antibacterial activity tests show that CoO and ZnO nanoparticles manufactured using green methods are effective against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, as well as the fungal isolate C. albicans with superior activity of CoO nanoparticles. The MIC assay results show that the synthesized nanoparticles are more effective against gram-negative E. coli bacteria than gram-positive S. aureus bacteria and C. albicans. CoO nanoparticles showed about 1.5x - 3x fold more antibacterial activity compared to ZnO nanoparticles. The results emphasize the possibility of using green synthesis of nanoparticles as an environmentally benign and cost-efficient technique for mass manufacturing, showing potential applications in the fields of medicine and industry.

Detection and quantification of organosulfur species in the Tagish Lake Meteorite by highly sensitive LC‐MS

AbstractWe analyzed the methanol extracts of six pristine specimens of the Tagish Lake meteorite (TL1, TL4, TL5A, TL6, TL7, and TL10a) and heated and unheated samples of Allende using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with high‐resolution, accurate mass–mass spectrometry (HPLC‐HRAM‐MS). All samples contained ppm levels of sulfate and methyl sulfate. The most abundant organosulfur compound in the methanol extracts of the Tagish Lake and Allende samples was methyl sulfate, which was likely formed primarily via an esterification reaction between intrinsic sources of methanol and sulfate. A homologous series of polythionic acids was also observed in the extracts of the Tagish Lake specimens and Allende. The polythionic acids were the most abundant soluble inorganic sulfur species found in the meteorites. Our results were confirmed using retention time, accurate mass, isotope matching, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Hydroxymethanesulfonic acid, previously reported in Tagish Lake, was found only in an unheated Allende sample and in low abundance. Here, we propose possible sulfate formation pathways that begin with interstellar dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, methyl sulfide, or methanethiol via cold, nebular processes within the interstellar medium and continue via MSA as an intermediary compound ending within planetary bodies with sulfate and methyl sulfate as the final products.

<i>In vitro</i> influence on fibrinolysis parameters of aqueous extracts of mushrooms growing on woody plants

Introduction. Various compounds of mushroom extracts are of interest as a source of new active pharmaceutical substances with antithrombotic activity.Aim. The aim of the work is to determine the potential antithrombotic activity in vitro of aqueous extracts of xylotrophic mushrooms: Lentinula edodes, Pholiota squarrosa, Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) Signer, Kuehneromyces mutabilis, Armillaria cepistipes, Armillaria borealis, Hypholoma capnoides, Lentinellus cochleatus, Léccinum aurantíacum, Pleurotus ostreatus.Materials and methods. The study of fibrinolytic activity of water extracts of mushrooms in vitro was carried out. The effect of test objects on plasminogen activation, on the activity of enzyms of the fibrinolysis system α2-antiplasmin, on the time of euglobulin clot lysis and on the concentration of fibrinogen was evaluated. For the analysis we used reagent kits of SPD «RENAM» and LLC Company «Тechnology-Standard» (Russia).Results and discussion. Pronounced antithrombotic activity is demonstrated by an aqueous extract of L. edodes and fractions of aqueous extract. Extracts of L. edodes affect all studied parameters of fibrinolysis to varying degrees. Caps and stems of P. squarrosa, K. mutabilis, and F. velutipes aqueous extracts and fractions of aqueous extracts also demonstrate antithrombotic (fibrinolytic) activity in vitro, having a statistically significant effect on various parameters of fibrinolysis. A less pronounced effect on fibrinolysis parameters in comparison with the above samples is observed when using an aqueous extract of L. cochleatus marked. A. cepistipes, A. borealis, H. capnoides, L. aurantiacum, P. ostreatus fruiting bodies aqueous extracts do not affect the studied parameters of fibrinolysis and the concentration of fibrinogen.Conclusion. The data obtained make it possible to recommend extracts from L. edodes, F. velutipes, P. squarrosa and K. mutabilis for further study, for example, in order to develop functional food products for cardiovascular diseases or to create antithrombotic drugs.

Rhus coriaria L. in tradition and innovation like natural dye.

Nowadays, secondary raw materials (SRM) obtained from plant matrices are of great interest for circular economy, suitable for sustainable measures to reduce environmental impact. This work focused on the extraction, characterization and quantification of compounds obtained from leaves and fruits of the Sicilian sumac, Rhus coriaria L. and their application as natural dyes on textile fibres. Extractions were performed with Extractor Naviglio®, maceration and ultrasound assisted methods and food-grade solvents (aqueous and hydroalcoholic) to evaluate the yields for dye compounds. The presence of colouring molecules was evaluated by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and the extracts selected for colouring were quantified and characterized by LC-MS. The results showed that Extractor Naviglio® achieved the best extraction yield, and the ethanol-water mixture extracts had a higher amount of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and a higher content of total colouring compounds (TCC). These extracts were selected for subsequent applications as dyes for linen, cotton and wool. The chemical profile of selected extracts was rich in compounds such as gallotannin and anthocyanin class. Fibre dyeing was verified by recording CIELAB colouring coordinates. The results suggest that the dyes obtained from R. coriaria can be of great interest for artisanal and industrial processes, in accordance with environmental sustainability.

Identification of bioactive compounds in hydro-alcoholic extract of cinnamon by GC-MS ‎analysis and evaluation of its in-vitro anti-gastric cancer potential

Identification of bioactive compounds in hydro-alcoholic extract of cinnamon by GC-MS ‎analysis and evaluation of its in-vitro anti-gastric cancer potential

Analysis of Drugs from Biological Samples

Samples which are obtained from the biological sources like human beings are analyzed for various biochemical compounds for screening. these samples are subjected to various methods of preparation to achieve the desired information. However, we need to consider the various parameters of biological samples while preparation of samples. degradation of samples reduced by the checking of physicochemical parameters. there are several types of methodes for estimation and extraction of biochemical compounds like SPE, LLE. as part to know the quantity of the chemical we need to analyses through the HPLC, HPTLC, LC-MS.

Detection of active compounds in Aloe vera leaf extract and their inhibitory effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

In the study, two types of Aloe vera leaf extracts were prepared: aqueous and alcoholic extract. The research was conducted at the Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tikrit University. From October to January. The active compounds in these alcoholic extracts were detected as tannins, cladosides, saponins, and flavonoids, all of which gave a positive result. The antibacterial activity of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts were estimated at concentrations ranging from (200-12. 5) mg/ml, where the alcoholic extract gave a high efficacy of (34.5) mm, while the aqueous extract had a lower efficacy (29.6) mm at the same concentration. Microbial tests were evaluated using different combinations of the extracts on Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, where the alcoholic extract gave the highest inhibitory efficacy to the bacteria.

Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Potential and Antibacterial Activities of Different Anatomical Parts of Hypericum cordifolium Choisy

The genus Hypericum comprises a large number of species. The flower, leaf, stem, and root of the Hypericum species are widely used in traditional medicine in different cultures. Many Hypericum species have been well investigated phytochemically and pharmacologically. However, only a few reports are available on the H. cordifolium native to Nepal. The present study aims to evaluate the phytochemical composition of different extracts, qualitative analysis of methanol extract of the flower and leaf using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and the antioxidant properties of components by the TLC-DPPH. assay. The phenolic and flavonoid contents were estimated in different extracts of the leaf and stem, and their antioxidant and antibacterial activities were evaluated. In the phytochemical screening, phenolics and flavonoids were present in ethyl acetate, methanol, and 50% aq methanol extracts of both the leaf and stem. In TLC analysis, the methanol extract of flowers showed the presence of 11 compounds and the leaf extract showed the presence of 8 compounds. Both extracts contained chlorogenic acid and mangiferin. Hyperoside and quercetin were present only in the flower extract. In the TLC-DPPH. assay, almost all of the flower extracts and 5 compounds of the leaf extract showed radical scavenging potential. Estimation of phenolics and flavonoids showed that all the leaf extracts showed higher amounts of phenolics and flavonoids than stem extracts. Among leaf extracts, greater amounts of phenolics were detected in 50% aqueous methanol extract (261.25 ± 1.66 GAE/g extract) and greater amounts of flavonoids were detected in methanol extract (232.60 ± 10.52 CE/g extract). Among stem extracts, greater amounts of flavonoids were detected in the methanol extract (155.12 ± 4.30 CE/g extract). In the DPPH radical scavenging assay, the methanol extract of the leaf showed IC50 60.85 ± 2.67 µg/ml and 50% aq. methanol extract of the leaf showed IC50 63.09 ± 2.98 µg/ml. The methanol extract of the stem showed IC50 89.39 ± 3.23 µg/ml, whereas ethyl acetate and 50% aq. methanol extract showed IC50 > 100 µg/ml. In the antibacterial assay, the methanol extract of the leaf showed the inhibition zone of 12-13 mm and the stem extract showed the inhibition zone of 7–11 mm against S. aureus, E. coli, and S. sonnei, whereas both extracts were inactive against S. typhi. The findings of this study support the traditional use of this plant in Nepal for the treatment of diseases associated with bacterial infections. The present study revealed that the underutilized anatomical parts of H. cordifolium could be the source of various bioactive phytochemicals like other Hypericum species.

Loquat and its phytochemical potential: A promising application in food technology

AbstractThis review study highlights the importance of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) in terms of its nutritional, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical value. The entire plant, including its seeds, leaves, flowers, fruits, and peel, contains a wide range of bioactive compounds, such as phenolics, carotenoids, triterpenic acids, and organic acids. These compounds exhibit a wide range of beneficial properties such as fighting cancer, reducing inflammation, managing diabetes, combating viruses, preventing mutations, inhibiting nitrosamine formation, killing harmful microorganisms, lowering blood sugar levels, inducing cell death, and protecting the liver. The extraction and separation of such compounds will greatly enhance and expand its potential. Furthermore, the waste generated from the seeds and peel can be effectively used for submerged and solid state biomass production.

Biorefinery potential of Dunaliella (Chlorophyta) for production of value‐added compounds

AbstractDunaliella functions as a microscopic bioindustry that can capture atmospheric carbon dioxide and amass it into a range of economically viable compounds. Dunaliella‐based biorefineries have emerged as sustainable platforms for fostering a green economy and reducing carbon emissions. Dunaliella‐derived value‐added compounds are commercially important due to their application in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and nutraceutical sectors. The present study highlights the economic application of different Dunaliella species and the available sustainable technologies for the cultivation, harvesting, and extraction of bioactive compounds that have the potential for commercial scaleup. Their incorporation into biorefinery processes can reduce dependency on energy‐intensive and low‐yield processes.This review briefly discusses the technoeconomic analysis (TEA) of Dunaliella‐driven industrial approaches for the optimization of effective yield and determination of final production costs. The major algal biorefineries are operational in countries like Australia, China, India, Israel, Japan, Portugal, Spain and the USA. The authors have comprehensively deliberated different aspects of Dunaliella from physiological to industrial applications, meanwhile underscoring the existing knowledge gaps that impede the success of Dunaliella biorefineries. The current industrial methods being employed for biorefineries are limited to producing individual bioproducts, which may not be fully cost effective, making them less competitive in the global market. However, the analysis carried out can serve as a starting point and can guide stakeholders towards the future direction of Dunaliella‐based research and the circular bioeconomy.

Extraction of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity from olive pomace using natural deep eutectic solvents: modelling and optimization by response surface methodology

This work explored the use of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) for extracting phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity from Uruguayan olive pomace (OP), a by-product of olive oil mills. Among nine NADES tested, lactic acid-glucose (La-Gc) was the most effective solvent for phenolic compound extraction. Further investigation focused on optimizing the extraction process using La-Gc. Response surface methodology was employed to analyze the impact of extraction temperature, water content in NADES and solid–liquid ratio on total phenols content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (FRAP and DPPH assays). Temperature and solid–liquid ratio greatly influenced TPC and antioxidant activity, while water content in NADES only showed significant influence on antioxidant activity. The optimum extraction conditions that maximized TPC and antioxidant activity were 80 ∘C\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${}^{\\circ }\ ext {C}$$\\end{document}, 68% (w/w) of water in NADES and solid–liquid ratio of 0.014 g/mL, showing a TPC of 15.56 mg GAE/g db, FRAP of 178.14 μ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mu$$\\end{document}mol FSE/g db and DPPH of 72.75 μ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mu$$\\end{document}mol TRE/g db, with hydroxytyrosol content of 1.24 mg/g db. These values were significantly higher than those of extracts obtained from conventional solvents under identical extraction conditions. These results highlight the suitability of the present extraction method using La-Gc as solvent to obtain phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity from OP.

Green Extraction of Polyphenols from Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Evaluation of Bioactivity

In the study, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) were used as alternatives to traditional chemical solvents for the extraction of polyphenols from Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Nine NADESs were tested for the first time and compared with ethanol and water (traditional solvents) regarding the extraction of phenolic compounds from E. angustifolia L. These solvents were particularly effective at extracting polyphenols, whose low water solubility usually requires high amounts of organic solvents. The solvent based on choline chloride and malonic acid provided optimal results and was selected for further optimization. The effects of material-to-liquid ratio, ultrasound time, and ultrasound temperature on the extraction efficiency were studied through single-factor experiments. These parameters were optimized by Box–Behnken design using response surface methodology. The optimal conditions identified were 49.86 g/mL of material-to-liquid ratio, 31.10 min of ultrasound time, and 62.35 °C of ultrasound temperature, resulting in a high yield of 140.30 ± 0.19 mg/g. The results indicated that the NADES extraction technique provided a higher yield than the conventional extraction process. The antioxidant activity of the extract of polyphenols from E. angustifolia L. was determined, and UPLC–IMS–QTOF–MS was used to analyze the phenolic compounds in it. The results revealed that the scavenging ability of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) extracted by NADES was higher than that of polyphenols extracted by water and ethanol. Furthermore, a total of 24 phenolic compounds were identified in the extract. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in which a green and efficient NADES extraction method has been used to extract bioactive polyphenols from E. angustifolia L., which could provide potential value in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food additives.

Development of White Cabbage, Coffee, and Red Onion Extracts as Natural Phosphodiesterase-4B (PDE4B) Inhibitors for Cognitive Dysfunction: In Vitro and In Silico Studies.

Human cognition fundamentally depends on memory. Alzheimer's disease exhibits a strong correlation with a decline in this factor. Phosphodiesterase-4 B (PDE4B) plays a crucial role in neurodegenerative disorders, and its inhibition is one of the promising approaches for memory enhancement. This study aimed to identify secondary metabolites in white cabbage, coffee, and red onion extracts and identify their molecular interaction with PDE4B by in silico and in vitro experiments. Crushed white cabbage and red onion were macerated separately with ethanol to yield respective extracts, and ground coffee was boiled with water to produce aqueous extract. Thin layer chromatography (TLC)-densitometry was used to examine the phytochemicals present in white cabbage, coffee, and red onion extracts. Molecular docking studies were performed to know the interaction of test compounds with PDE4B. TLC-densitometry analysis showed that chlorogenic acid and quercetin were detected as major compounds in coffee and red onion extracts, respectively. In silico studies revealed that alpha-tocopherol (binding free energy (∆Gbind) = -38.00 kcal/mol) has the strongest interaction with PDE4B whereas chlorogenic acid (∆Gbind = -21.50 kcal/mol) and quercetin (∆Gbind = -17.25 kcal/mol) exhibited moderate interaction. In vitro assay showed that the combination extracts (cabbage, coffee, and red onion) had a stronger activity (half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 0.12 ± 0.03 µM) than combination standards (sinigrin, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin) (IC50 = 0.17 ± 0.03 µM) and rolipram (IC50 = 0.15 ± 0.008 µM). Thus, the combination extracts are a promising cognitive enhancer by blocking PDE4B activity.

Nanoemulsions of red quinoa and ginseng extracts with chitosan wall: Investigating the antioxidant properties and its effect on the shelf life of dairy cream

AbstractThe study aimed to investigate the antioxidant properties of ginseng and red quinoa extract nanoemulsion and its effect on the shelf life of dairy cream. Nanoemulsion includes dairy cream, Tween 80, chitosan, whey protein powder, chitosan/whey protein powder, red quinoa extract, ginseng extract, and a mixture of extracts (1:1). The highest total phenol content and total flavonoid content were related to ginseng extract (24,009.55 mg of gallic acid equivalent/kg, 883.16 mg quercetin/kg) with ethanol–water solvent (80:20). Most of the phenolic and flavonoid compounds of ginseng and red quinoa extracts were related to p‐coumaric acid (211.3 μg/g), catechin (29.6 μg/g), ellagic acid (73.88 μg/g), and rutin (34.12 μg/g), respectively. Considerable antioxidant power in the concentration of 800 ppm of red quinoa and ginseng extracts (ethanol–water solvent (50:50), (80:20)) in 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (80%, 82%, 80%, and 78%), bleaching β‐carotene: linoleic acid (81%, 73%, 77%, and 86%), and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays (70%, 73%, 72%, and 76%) was observed. Nanoemulsions of red quinoa extract with chitosan wall had the smallest particle size (250.67 nm), the highest encapsulation efficiency (72.79%), and the polydispersity index (0.34). Nanoemulsions containing ginseng + quinoa (1:1) with chitosan/whey protein powder wall showed the highest viscosity (5.30 mPa/s) and the mostzeta potential (−32.6 mv). Also, nanoemulsions of red quinoa extract showed the lowest amount of peroxide value and the thiobarbituric acid value (12 milliequivalent O2/kg–0.48 μg/mL) in dairy cream oil. In general, the red quinoa extract with chitosan wall was superior to other samples due to the delay in oxidation and positive effect on the shelf life of dairy cream.

Supercritical CO2-Based Extraction and Detection of Phenolic Compounds and Saponins from the Leaves of Three Medicago varia Mart. Varieties by Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A comparative metabolomic study of three varieties of alfalfa (Medicago varia Mart.) was performed via extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide modified with ethanol (EtOH) and the detection of bioactive compounds via tandem mass spectrometry. Several experimental conditions were investigated in the pressure range of 50–250 bar, with ethanol used as a co-solvent in an amount of 1% of the total volume in the liquid phase at a temperature in the range of 31–70 °C. The most effective extraction conditions were as follows: a pressure of 250 Bar and a temperature of 60 °C for M. varia. M. varia contains various phenolic compounds and sulfated polyphenols with valuable biological activity. Tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI–ion trap) was applied to detect the target analytes. A total of 103 bioactive compounds (59 polyphenols and 44 compounds belonging to other chemical groups) were tentatively identified in extracts from aerial parts of alfalfa. For the first time, twenty-one chemical constituents from the polyphenol group (flavones: Formononetin, Chrysoeriol, Cirsimaritin, Cirsiliol, Cirsilineol, tricin-O-hexoside, Apigenin C-glucose C-deoxyhexoside, Apigenin 7-O-diglucuronide, 2′-Hydroxygenistein 4′,7-O-diglucoside, etc.) and six from other chemical groups (saponins: Soyasaponin II, Soyasaponin gamma g, Soyasaponin I, Soyasaponin Bd, Soyaysaponin beta g, etc.) were identified in the aerial parts of M. varia.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Celtuce (Lactuca sativa var. augustana) Leaves Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES): Process Optimization and Extraction Mechanism Research.

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs), as emerging green solvents, can efficiently extract natural products from natural resources. However, studies on the extraction of phenolic compounds from celtuce (Lactuca sativa var. augustana) leaves (CLs) by NADESs are still lacking. This study screened the NADES L-proline-lactic acid (Pr-LA), combined it with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to extract phenolic compounds from CLs, and conducted a comparative study on the extraction effect with traditional extraction solvents. Both SEM and FT-IR confirmed that Pr-LA can enhance the degree of fragmentation of cell structures and improve the extraction rate of phenolic compounds. Molecular dynamics simulation results show that Pr-LA can improve the solubility of phenolic compounds and has stronger hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions with phenolic compounds. Single-factor and Box-Behnken experiments optimized the process parameters for the extraction of phenolic compounds from CLs. The second-order kinetic model describes the extraction process of phenolic compounds from CLs under optimal process parameters and provides theoretical guidance for actual industrial production. This study not only provides an efficient and green method for extracting phenolic compounds from CLs but also clarifies the mechanism of improved extraction efficiency, which provides a basis for research on the NADES extraction mechanism.

Response Surface Methodology: An Optimal Design for Maximising the Efficiency of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Total Phenolic Compounds from Coriandrum sativum Leaves

The optimization of total phenolic compounds (TPC) extraction yield and maximization of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) from coriander leaves were investigated using response surface methodology. The extraction of TPC was carried out using microwave-assisted extraction. A Box-Behnken design was used to study the effects of the three independent variables, solvent concentration (ethanol/water 20–80%), microwave power (100–500 watt) and irradiation time (30–150 s) on the response. A second-order polynomial model was used to predict the reaction. The regression analysis showed that about 99% of the variations could be explained by the models. The predicted values were 50.97 GAE/g dw and 5.75 mg GAE/g dw for TPC and TAC. The reaction surface analysis showed that the optimum extraction parameters that maximized the extraction of antioxidants yield were 52.62% ethanol, 452.12 watt and 150 s. Under optimal conditions, the experimental values for TPC and TAC were 49.63 ± 0.93 mg GAE/g dw and 5.55 ± 0.07 mg GAE/g dw, respectively. The experimental values are in agreement with the predicted values, indicating the suitability of the model used and the success of the response surface methodology in optimizing the extraction conditions.