Compound Words Research Articles

ՄԱՐՄՆԱՄԱՍԵՐԻ ԱՆՎԱՆՈՒՄՆԵՐՈՎ ԳՐԱԲԱՐՅԱՆ ՎԵՐԼՈՒԾԱԿԱՆ ԿԱՌՈՒՅՑՆԵՐԻ ԵՎ ՀԱՄԱԾԻՆ ԲԱՐԴՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐԻ ՏԻՊԱԲԱՆՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ (ՀԱՄԱԺԱՄԱՆԱԿՅԱ և ՏԱՐԺԱՄԱՆԱԿՅԱ ՀԱՅԵՑԱԿԵՏԵՐ)

The article discusses the transformation of the analytical structures of the Old Armenian language into compound words. The phenomenon of transformation is analyzed both in Grabar and in the modern Armenian literary language.

The role of the compound words in the word formation of the Azerbaijani and Italian languages

The role of the compound words in the word formation of the Azerbaijani and Italian languages

The relationship between associative encoding and item encoding in the multiple-component character unitization and compound word unitization

The relationship between associative encoding and item encoding in the multiple-component character unitization and compound word unitization

Rukoprikladstvo (‘Manhandling’): from ‘Handwritten Signature’ to ‘Beating’

The article discusses the history of the semantic transformation of the compound word rukoprikladstvo (‘manhandling’) – from the meaning ‘handwritten signature’ in the business language of Medieval Russia to the meaning ‘beating’ in the modern common Russian language. The word rukoprikladstvo, derived from the stable combination ruku prilozhit (‘set one's hand to’), denoted the symbolic confirmation of an official text by placing a palm, previously smeared with ink, on a blank sheet, the reverse side of the document. The article stresses that the medieval idea of a Russian person about the state as a ‘house’ headed by a ‘father-sovereign’ left a peculiar imprint on the office work of pre-Petrine Russia. Thus, the reliability of the content of a business text was ensured, on the one hand, by the testimony of the closest relatives or respected people of the clan (‘poslukhi’) and on the other hand by the unwritten laws of Christian morality. Since the time of Peter the Great, who was oriented towards Western models of the ‘state machine’, many official formulas have forever moved into the national language, acquiring new meanings motivated by the original semantics of their lexical components. Without a historical digression into the ‘ritual’ features of this obligatory action when sealing a business transaction and, as a result, without considering the functioning of the combination ruku prilozhit' (’put a hand’) in the official writing of pre-Petrine and post-Petrine Russia, it is impossible to trace the meaningful evolution of the word ‘rukoprikladstvo’ to its modern meaning ‘inflict hand beatings’. The history of the expression ruku prilozhit' (‘set one's hand to’) and the word rukoprikladstvo – both in the command language and in common Russian life – testifies to the history of the Russian official language as a separate cultural phenomenon with its own unique destiny.

Time course of the integration of the morpho-semantics and the meaning of two-character Chinese compound words

Time course of the integration of the morpho-semantics and the meaning of two-character Chinese compound words

Structural types of repetitions in the Nakh languages

There remains controversy over whether paired words should be attributed to word constituents. No comprehensive study of paired words has been conducted in modern Chechen. A relatively complete description of the nature of Chechen pair-words can be found in the monograph of K.Z. Chokaev. At the current stage of language development, a large number of compound words are emergence in connection with the action of model word formation. In this way, at the present stage of language development, the emergence of a large number of compound words is associated with the emergence of a. We believe that in the Chechen language, as well as in other Nakh languages, most new words are created mainly by old patterns, by analogy with those models that have long been in the language and belong to regular and productive or unproductive models.

‘Blagorastvoreniye’: Ancient Natural Philosophy in the Church Slavonic Hymnography

The article analyzes the use of obscure Slavic terms (calcified from the ancient Greek compound words εὐκρασία ‘good mixture’ and εὔκρατος ‘well mixed’, respectively) in Church Slavonic texts. The considered fragments of Church Slavonic texts (primarily taken from modern Church Slavonic worship) with the lexemes under study are compared with their Greek originals (if any are available) and with the Greek dictionaries information. Examples of these ancient Greek lexemes having the same meanings in classical texts are given with the accepted literary translation into Russian or English for comparison. It is clarified how the church texts reflect the meanings of these terms (‘right mixture of the elements in the human body’, ‘moderate, favorable force for a human’, ‘good mixture of heat and cold, i.e. the right temperature’), arising from those that have existed since antiquity natural-philosophical ideas about the nature of the world and man. The article also shows how in the era of wide dissemination of the new ideas about nature and man (the miasmatic theory of diseases) in Russia incomprehensible expressions, such as ‘blagorastvoreniye vozdukhov’ were reinterpreted by listeners who were not skilled in the classical languages, as ‘cleanliness and non-sickness of the air’.

Used on both sides of compound words derivational function of grammatical elements

Used on both sides of compound words derivational function of grammatical elements

워케이션 환경을 고려한 업무공간 디자인 방향성 제안

Workcation is a compound word of work and vacation, and is a new concept of smart work, a flexible work type that goes beyond simple remote work. It is a combination of work and rest by using IT infrastructure in a vacation place. It removes restrictions on working hours and places and seeks to harmonize work and personal life, improve individual creativity, and productivity at the organizational level through autonomous work methods. This means a new way of working. In order to establish itself as a work/rest method of a new paradigm that is sustainable even after the “with corona era”, the development of a space model specialized for worcation is also required. Interest in worcation is increasing, but in-depth research on worcation space is still incomplete. Therefore, this study aims to examine the rapidly changing social structure, work type, and work space, and suggest the direction of work space planning for worcation environment, a newly emerged work type. This study examines the current status of work space in the work environment through recent cases of work, a newly emerging work method, and seeks future design directions. The implications and characteristics of worcation workplace found through literature review, domestic and foreign cases, and experience research are as follows. There is still a general perception that worcation is another tourism product, and there is a difference between the long-term stay type tourism products lacking. This is due to the lack of consideration for the work environment and the lack of expertise in operation, especially in the case of the type operated by local governments rather than companies, lack of expertise in the work environmental infrastructure. In the potential consumers’ survey, work-friendly infrastructure was found to be a common success factor for workplaces by type, but there is no design guideline for systematic planning, so it is necessary to have a personal workstation at the level of a shared office first. In future research, it will be necessary to classify the types and characteristics of spaces required for each function, and conduct empirical research centering on specific planned alternatives for workspaces according to users.

트레이드 드레스 의 국내 사례 분석을 통한 메뉴 (Trade Dress) 보호 전략

This study was conducted to strengthen the competitiveness of restaurant brands through the protection of menus and raising awareness of the rights. The scope of the study was limited to menu-related, domestic legal dispute cases and the method focused on theoretical consideration and case analysis. The results are (1) the concept of trade dress is products, packaging, design, services, and sensory markings that have attributes contributing to grasping the identity of products or services; (2) menus consisting of a combination of simple products at the level of arrangement or shape of unstructured food and ideas are difficult to be protected; (3) menus marked with simple compound words are also likely to be protected if they are recognized to have contributed to enhancing the reputation, credit, and customer attraction of a specific restaurant;. (4) the applicability of the trade dress to the dish plating was confirmed; (5) to protect trade dresses, similarities that can be regarded as infringement must be recognized along with the performance of their own efforts and investments. Based on these trade dress protection trends, suggested menu protection strategy includes preemptive measures for what conditions future sensory trademarks can be protected, database of related recipes and other data to reduce damage from menu copying, and a concept marketing strategy to have a trade dress as an entire brand image.

억양과 의미 합성의 상관관계: 한국어 연결어미 “-고”를 중심으로

This study examines the correlation between intonation and meaning of the two types of verbal constructions with the connective ending -ko in Korean based on a perception experiment. The idiomatic -ko verb and the -ko conjunction (i.e., syntactically conjoined verb phrase) show differences not only in intonation but also in realization of pause. We identify that an idiomatic -ko verb, as a single compound word, does not allow a pause in it while a -ko conjunction forms two prosodic units allowing a pause between the two conjuncts. The general pattern of the two constructions is as follows: i) the idiomatic -ko verbs, without semantic compositionality, carry [HL], and ii) the -ko conjunctions exhibiting semantic compositionality show [H│H], which manifests two separate syntactic phrases (and thus two prosodic units).

WORD FORMATION ANALYSIS IN ELON MUSK’S TWEETS AND REPLIES: MORPHOLOGICAL APPROACH

Humans have been using creativity to invent new words and expression, through which resulting language to evolve. This process of creating words and expression is called word formation process. Word formation is important to be analysed in order to comprehend the morphological structure and the word origin. By this reason, the aim of this research is to analyse the types of word formation process as well as their part of speech changes in Elon Musk’s tweets. Elon Musk’s tweets and replies in Twitter are full interesting diction of words associated with economy, science and politics. Many words in Elon Musk’s tweets were found unique and could possibly be invented by himself. The researchers used the theory of Yule (2010) in categorizing the types of word formation process, with the addition of two more types brought by O’Grady & Archibald (2015). Furthermore, the researchers categorized the collected data into their part of speech to know how some processes affect the word class. This research is qualitative, and data was collected by using observational method, which then reduced into the tweets and replies from May 15 to June 21, 2022. As the result of this research, it was found that there were 13 acronyms, 12 borrowings, 11 coined words, 7 blend words, 4 clippings, 3 backformations, 34 compound words, 1 onomatopoeia expression, 11 conversions, and 123 derivations, with the total of 218 words. It was also found that word formation process was crucial for the word’s part of speech.

Arab Efl Learners’ Stress of Compound Words

Compound words are ubiquitous in English. Stressing compounds is difficult for EFL learners and native speakers, especially when the meaning is not a sum of the constituent parts. This study explores Arab EFL learners’ stress strategies and outlines their difficulties. It examines whether any of these factors (a) word class, (b) orthography, (c) understanding of phonetics and phonology, (d) age and (e) grade point average (GPA) influence their behaviour and levels of success. It involves 130 second and third-year Jordanian English majors in reading 50 opaque non-frequent compound words, 25 with right-stress and 25 with left-stress. The majority opted for right-stress, producing about half of the stimuli correctly. They right-stressed more often in compound verbs, nouns and adjectives of all spelling forms. Their performance was slightly influenced by the study of phoneticsandphonology, training in stress and GPA. However, there was no noticeable relationship between their stress performance and age. Notably, the subjects needed more training in compound word stress production.

UPDATING THE PARADIGM OF CORRESPONDENCES TO GERMAN COMPOUND WORDS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

In Russian linguistics, there is a categorisation of equivalents to German compound words in Russian. The article discusses the features of the existing approach and suggests refinements based on the conducted analysis. The relevance of the article lies in the fact that it complements the existing criteria and expands the ideas concerning possible correspondences to German compound 66 words in Russian, which is a contribution both to the study of compound words in German, and to the comparative study of German and Russian languages, in general. Compound words in the German language as a specific phenomenon in the word formation of this language present the object of the study, and its subject is the categorisation of correspondences between compound nouns in German and their equivalents in Russian. The method of comparison includes correlating German compound nouns with their equivalents in Russian, identifying the frequency of using certain models when translating German compound nouns into Russian on the basis of an excerpt from the original text and its translation. The purpose of the article is to systematise the correspondences of German compound nouns in Russian on the example of a certain literary text. The author’s task is to update the categorisation of correspondences for compound nouns in German and their equivalents in Russian, suggested in previous studies, in the process of identifying the predominant type of correspondences on a specific literary material. The following methods were used: a continuous sampling method, the component analysis, a descriptive method, a comparative analysis of the original and translation, and the method of quantitative analysis. The study combines the comparative (proper linguistic) aspect and the translational one. The main models of correspondences to German compound nouns in Russian found confirmation within the analysed material, while the author suggested some additions, which present the novelty of the research. The following results were noted: in terms of frequency the model of “an adjective plus a noun” takes the first place among correspondences to German compound nouns in Russian; the second place is taken by root and derivative words of the Russian language; the third place occupies a group of translation transformations, supplemented by the author; the fourth place is taken by a model of “a noun plus another noun in the genitive case”; the fifth place goes to prepositional word combinations. Two small groups - compound nouns of the Russian language and set expressions - are added by the author. In the identified group of transformations, the use of various translation techniques is noted, for example: adding and omitting lexical units, replacing parts of speech, generalisation, concretisation, semantic development, holistic transformation, replacement of one syntactic construction with another.

Models of verbal stems combinations in modern armenian language

Consequently, while summarizing the effects of study of compositions word-building patterns, formed by verbal stems, one can state that the verbal stems have quite flexible word-building opportunities for formation of compound words and the new nouns and adjectives formed by them considerably enrich the word-stock of the Armenian language.As research showed the considerable part of stems, taking part in the word-building of the modern Armenian language were inherited to us from the ancient Armenian language (grabar). As for the verb stems of those morphological components in which the verb stem is a derivative, then It should be noted that the verb stem in most cases isa compound stem, since verbs in rare cases serve as a complement to other parts of speech. There are also compound words in the Armenian language, the first component which are the verb stem or participle . The models noun+verb, adjective+verb, adverb+verb, verb+noun are predominantly effective in the morphological models of the verbal stems. Compositions formed by these models in the process of transformation into syntactical combination can express subject and predicate, attributive-definite, object and circumstantial relations. In objective relations, many semantic groups can be distinguished. Compound words, the first components of which are the names of products or objects: winemaker, butcher, lumberjack seller, etc. Compound words, the first components of which are the names of various animals: shepherd, cowshed, cattle breeder, beekeeper and others. Compound words, the first components of which are the names of celestial bodies: sunmeter, lunar rover, astronaut, etc. Complications, the first components of which are concepts related to different areas of art: duduk player, singer, theater-goer, pianist, singer, actor, etc.

Отфразеологические составные лексемы английского и японского языков с соматическим компонентом в сопоставительном аспекте

The article focuses on cross-level products of phraseological derivation – English and Japanese compound words with a somatic component ‒ and analyses their structure. The issue of word boundaries in both languages is raised as there are various ways to set boundaries between phraseological units and their lexical derivatives depending on the understanding of the issue, especially regarding N + N and Adj + N units in English and N + no + N units in Japanese. The problem of the so-called open compounds in English is investigated, and two types of units that bear relation to this category are identified: 1) units, originally idioms, that have lost almost all signs of structural separateness, 2) units that were derived from idioms and allow three spellings (separate, hyphenated and closed), but have no phraseological past of their own. In Japanese, via analysing kinodoku (‘unfortunate’) and oku no te (‘trump card’) the signs of possessive compound lexicalization are explained. The main word-forming, morphological and phonetic features of such lexemes in both languages are found, i.e. common word-orming models: compounding, compounding in combination with affixation, and lexicalization of full phrases including function words. Moreover, Japanese derivatives manifest some unique characteristics: phonetic changes according to rendaku, compression of idiom-based compounds with a second noun component which limits their length to 4 moras, and the existence of lexemes derived from communicative phraseological units, namely, proverbs.

THE USE OF COMPOUND WORDS AND GRAMMATICAL COHESION IN THE ONLINE NEWS HEADLINE COLUMN OF THE JAKARTA POST

<p>The aim of this research is to find out The Use of Compound Words and Grammatical Cohesion in the Online News Headline Column of The Jakarta Post. The method used to analyze the headlines is descriptive qualitative method in the form of data from the online news headlines column in The Jakarta Post by examining each headline containing compound words and grammatical cohesion. The writer uses the Delahunty and Garvey’s theory to examine compound words and the theory of Halliday and Hasan to examine grammatical cohesion. After the writer analyzes the data in the online news headline column of “The Jakarta Post”, the writer can finally draw the conclusion. The results showed: 1) There are 3 types of compound words occurred in the online news headline column of The Jakarta Post, that is Compound Noun 80%, Compound Adjective 17%, and Compound Verb 3%. 2) There are 3 types of grammatical cohesion that occurred in the online news headlines column of The Jakarta Post, that is Reference 55%, Conjunction 44%, and Substitution 1%.</p>

Morphological Analysis of Compound Words Used in Colleen Hoover's It Ends with Us and Delia Owens' Where the Crawdads Sing Novels

This study examined the types, and the patterns of compound words used in It Ends with Us and Where the Crawdads Sing novel. This research employed McCarthy’s (2002) types and patterns of compound words to determine how the words are formed. This research used a descriptive quantitative methodology. The data were the compound words found in 35 chapters of It Ends with Us and 57 chapters of Where the Crawdads Sing novels. There were 146 compound words in It Ends with Us and 278 compound words in Where the Crawdads Sing novel. The findings show that a compound noun is the most dominant compound type that occurs in both novels. The compound words found in both novels were formed by more patterns than the ones that were proposed by McCarthy (2002). The authors of both novels write the compound words by adding a hyphen and more words to describe the details of what is being described in the story. It can be concluded that It Ends with Us novel focuses more on the occurrence of repeated words, whereas Where the Crawdads Sing novel focuses more on variations in patterns.

Conceptual blending in entrenched Persian noun-noun nominal compounds

Abstract The current paper offers an analysis of a set of 27 entrenched endocentric, exocentric, and copulative āb (water)-noun nominal compounds in Persian with both right- and left-headed compounds, based on the network model of conceptual blending theory. Given that an emergent meaning is involved in endocentric and copulative compounds, the same as in exocentric compounds, the paper argues that all types of compounds can be insightfully defined as conceptual blends. However, the conceptual blending network model fails to show the distinct role of head and modifier in the overall meaning of compounds, on the one hand, and the qualifying difference in the extent of emergent meaning among various types of compound words, on the other hand. Our study also lends support to a correspondence between the continuum of integration networks and the continuum of figurativity in compounds.

Grapho-phonological Stylistic Devices in the Select Novels

Previous studies on nominalization in Tiv language focus on nominal compounds where compound words which belong to the grammatical category of nouns are derived through the process of compounding. This paper analyses the nominalization processes (strategies) in the Tiv language. The paper seeks to determine the nominalization processes in the Tiv language, and the classes of words as well as the linguistic units that are nominalized in Tiv. The study adopted the survey method in investigating the facts about the nominalization process in the language. The study used primary sources of data collection. The primary data were sourced through interview. Structured interview questions were used to elicit the needed data on nominalization from the ten selected adult Tiv native speakers in Makurdi and Gboko in Benue State. A total number of eighty (80) data were gathered and analysed. The theory adopted in the paper is Hockett’s (1954) structural theory modified in (2004) whose models are the Item-and-Process (I.P) and Item-and-Arrangement (I.A). The study found out that the processes through which nominalization occurs in the Tiv language are prefixation, prefixation plus some modifications, tonality and desententialization (sentence deconstruction). These processes are discovered to be very productive in nominalization in Tiv. It has also been found out that verbs roots and adjectives are the classes of words that are nominalized (lexical nominalization) in the Tiv language together with sentences (syntactic nominalization). The paper concludes that nominalization is very essential in word creation and helps in enriching the Tiv language.