Compound Papillae Research Articles

Chronic Unilateral Hematuria: Compound Papillae Are Likely to Bleed.

Objectives: The present study investigated the recent outcomes of chronic unilateral hematuria (CUH), focusing on the detailed distribution of bleeding points based on the anatomical classification of the pelvicaliceal system. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 75 CUH patients treated in the past decade. Bleeding points were recorded separately as five levels of minor calices (Top, Upper, Middle, Lower, and Bottom). Bleeding point detection, immediate success, and recurrence-free rates were assessed. Results: The median age was 47 (range: 13-81) years. Bleeding points were detected in 62 patients (83%), including at the Top calix in 24 patients (32%), the mid-calices (Upper, Middle, and Lower) in 20 patients (27%), and the Bottom calix in 18 patients (24%). As there are typically six total calices in the mid calices, the probability of bleeding per renal papilla was higher in the compound papillae at the Top and Bottom calices than in the simple papilla at the mid calices. The bleeding point detection rate was significantly higher in the 65 patients with confirmed unilateral gross hematuria than in the 10 patients without confirmation (88% vs 50%, p < 0.01). The immediate success rate was 97% (73/75), and only two patients (3%) needed a second ureteroscopy. Ultimately, all patients achieved the disappearance of gross hematuria, including 13 patients (17%) whose bleeding points were not identified by ureteroscopy. The recurrence-free rate was 100% at a median follow-up of 42 (3-139) months. Conclusions: Compound papillae are more likely to bleed than simple papillae. Therefore, we recommend evaluating the Top and Bottom calices carefully during the initial ureteroscopic observations. Since the patients with confirmed gross hematuria from the unilateral orifice had a higher rate of bleeding point detection than those without confirmation, it is important to perform cystoscopy while the bleeding is persistent.

Chemometric approach to the foliar cuticle of Ptilophyllum micropapillosum sp. nov. from the Springhill Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Argentina)

Ptilophyllum micropapillosum sp. nov. is a new bennettitalean frond recovered from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina. The foliar cuticle is herein characterized by means of light and scanning electronic microscopy along with its preserved chemistry. The aim of the chemical study is to reveal mesophyll and cuticle chemical structures (functional groups) preserved in different frond parts (apical, middle, and basal) as well as their relation with kerogen types and coal macerals. Fronds of P. micropapillosum sp. nov. are bipinnate, the abaxial epidermis has different papillae types: (1) abundant, small and simple, (2) scarce compound papillae, and (3) few big simple papillae. For the first time, plant fossil remains from the Springhill Formation are studied by semi-quantitative Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Two sample forms are included: compressions (Cp) and cuticles (Ct). Additionally, the host rock is analyzed through concentrate kerogen and entire rock samples. From these, thermal indices (Ro%, TAI, and VRE) and organic and inorganic matter characterization are derived. Semi-quantitative data (area ratios), derived from the Cp and Ct FTIR spectra, are interpreted by principal component analysis. Results indicate differences between Cp and Ct, revealing a high content of aromatic compounds in P. micropapillosum sp. nov. foliar cuticle. This is most likely attributed to the presence of aromatic monomers in cutin/cutan biomacropolymers. The chemical composition is similar among apical, middle, and basal frond parts. This fact probably implies a distinctive frond construction pattern where the energy investment and the metabolic cost are similar throughout the analyzed fronds.

Resolving taxonomic problems through cuticular analysis in Early Cretaceous bennettitalean leaves from Patagonia

The genus Ptilophyllum Morris is one of the most common bennettitalean leaf genera found in the Cretaceous megafloras from Western Gondwana, particularly Patagonia and Antarctica. Among several specimens, the similarity in the morphology of their leaves make them hard to distinguish from each other, which usually leads to misinterpretations. Therefore, the study of the epidermal features in this taxon is essential, especially because the occurrence of papillae, its size, forms, and distributions are relevant for the differentiation of species. Based on these considerations, the erection of a new Ptilophyllum species here indicated that the papillae are a key character to resolve taxonomic conflict between some of the Cretaceous taxa from Western Gondwana. Ptilophyllum eminelidarum sp. nov. Carrizo, Lafuente Diaz et Del Fueyo, was recovered from the Springhill Formation at the Río Correntoso and Estancia El Salitral localities, Santa Cruz province, Argentina. Epidermal foliar features are fully described with the aid of light and electron (SEM and TEM) microscopy. This new bennettitalean species is characterized by pinnate leaves with an epidermis bearing two distinct, uniformly distributed, papillae morphologies: the compound papillae are situated on the vein cells, and the small simple papillae are located between veins. The cuticular membrane ultrastructure consists of three layers corresponding to the cuticle proper (A2) with fibrillar aspect and the cuticular layers B1 and B2 with homogeneous-granular and fibrillar-granular aspect, respectively. This combination of features are unique to this species, differentiating it from other coetanean species of the genus from Western Gondwana. This finding complements and reinforces previous knowledge regarding the megaflora of the Springhill Formation and underscores the important role of the Bennettitales within the plant associations during the Cretaceous of Patagonia.

Ornamentación del antecio superior en Urochloa y géneros vecinos (Poaceae, Panicoideae, Paniceae): su valor sistemático

Salariato, D.; O. Morrone & F. O. Zuloaga. 2008. Ornamentation pattern of the upper anthecium in Uroch- loa and related genera (Poaceae, Panicoideae, Paniceae): its systematic value. Darwiniana 46(2): 335-355. The ornamentation pattern of the upper anthecium in species of Paniceae belonging to the PCK group, in particular of the genus Urochloa, was analyzed. Nineteen different ornamentation patterns were recognized, of which 11 are reported for the first time. Several epidermal elements are described, including simple papillae, compound papillae and ridges in the anticlinal or periclinal cell walls. The ornamentation patterns were useful for infrageneric delimitation in the genus Urochloa but not to deli- mit the genus from related ones; on the contrary, this character provided more evidence to sustain the paraphyly of the genus. Systematic and phylogenetic value of this character in Urochloa and other rela- ted genera are also discussed.

Renal scarring caused by vesicoureteric reflux and urinary infection: a study in pigs.

The diminishing risk of acute renal scarring with urine infections (reflux nephropathy) after infancy is unexplained, but might reflect kidney maturation. The mechanisms of reflux nephropathy scarring are best explained by a piglet model in which vesicoureteric reflux allows infected urine to enter those segments of renal parenchyme that are drained by compound papillae. We carried out a similar study in adult pigs to determine whether protective maturation occurs. Adult pigs were exposed to urine infection after surgery to produce unilateral vesicoureteric reflux. The intravesical portion of one ureter was deroofed in six female adult Gottingen mini-pigs and the bladder and the ureteric mucosae stitched around the perimeter of the new orifice. One week later Escherichia coli was injected into the urinary bladder to produce cystitis. Three weeks later the animals were killed humanely and the urinary tracts were examined. The animals sustained persistent urine infections; the untreated ureters and kidneys remained normal. However, on the operated side, the ureters were thickened and dilated, vesicoureteric reflux was shown in four cases, and the kidneys had one or more flattened area overlying a renal segment, which showed severe inflammatory changes and early scar formation. The risk of reflux nephropathy scarring is not eliminated by maturation of the kidney in pigs. It is unlikely that the much-reduced risk of initiating scarring that is seen in older children with urine infections is due to a protective maturation of the human kidney. A possible explanation is that most children born with risk factors for developing scarring will have already sustained scars when very young.

Role of the renal collecting system in initial kidney stone formation.

The anatomic site where the initial kidney stone grows to a clinically significant size is unknown. We studied human forniceal anatomy by microdissection and correlated the anatomic findings with the clinical presentation of kidney stones. In addition, we examined crystal attachment sites within the collecting system by direct infusion of calcium oxalate crystals into the renal pelvis of rabbits. Secondary urinary dead spaces were found in the fornices of compound papillae only, which were located at the poles of the kidneys. This feature correlated with a higher incidence of stones in these areas at the time of lithotripsy. Calcium oxalate crystals tended not to attach to either the renal papilla nor the pelvic sidewall unless these epithelia were previously injured with hydrochloric acid. The renal collecting system may serve as an anatomic site for crystal retention and growth but is unlikely to be the principal site for crystal attachment, unless prior cellular injury occurs.

A New Species of Streptostachys (Poaceae: Paniceae) from Brazil

A new species of Streptostachys, S. rigidifolia, from the Brazilian state of Maranhao is described, illustrated, and compared with previously described species in the genus. Anatomical data on the leaf blade of the new species are also provided. Upon examination of recent gatherings of Poaceae from Maranhao, Brazil, a new species of Streptostachys P. Beauvois was encountered, which is here described, illustrated, and compared with species previously included in the genus by Morrone & Zuloaga (1991). Streptostachys rigidifolia Filgueiras, Morrone & Zuloaga, sp. nov. TYPE: Brazil. Maranhao: Loreto, BR-230, estrada para Sao Raimundo das Mangabeiras, ca. 22 km de Sao Raimundo, 6?56'S, 45?19'W, cerrado baixo cor estrato graminoso aberto, 13 maio 1988, L. B. Bianchetti, F. R. Ferreira & J. N. Silveira 634 (holotype, CEN; isotypes, B, BM, IBGE, K, MO, R, RB, SI, SP, UB, US). Figures 1-3. Ab omnibus speciebus generis flosculo superiore glabro papillis compositis ornato differt. Streptostachys ramosa similis sed plantis 68-95 cm altis, inflorescentia racemosa vel subpaniculata 6-17 cm longa abunde differt. Robust, stout, caespitose and short-rhizomatous perennial. Culms 68-95 cm tall, simple, bearing basal and cauline leaves; internodes cylindrical, hollow, glabrous; nodes swollen, shortly pilose with whitish hairs. Sheaths pilose, more so toward the base, or glabrous, striate, one margin hyaline, the other ciliate. Ligules a ciliate rim ca. 1 mm long, with hairs up to 7 mm long, behind the ligule at the base of the blade and on the upper margins of the sheaths. Blades lanceolate, 25-50 cm long, 5-8 mm wide, rigid, glabrous or with few scattered hairs, strongly striate, rounded at the base, the apex pungent, acuminate, the margins denticulate and/or ciliate. Peduncle cylindrical, scabrous, to 30 cm long. Inflorescence exserted, racemose or subpaniculate, 617 cm long, formed by 2-6 branches 9-11 cm long, all bearing unilateral spikelets along their entire length; main axis short, triquetrous, scabrous, terminating in a spikelet; spikelets solitary on the branches, the pedicels 1-3 mm long, swollen, partially adnate to the rachis of the branches. Spikelets narrowly ellipsoid, 5-8 mm long, shortly pilose, with thickened, conspicuous internodes between the glumes, and florets; upper glume and lower lemma subequal, conspicuously coriaceous. Lower glume ovate, 3-6 mm long, /,-2/ the length of the spikelet, acute, 3(-5)-nerved, adaxial, slightly asymmetrical. Lpper glume 5-6 mm long with a few short hairs throughout, 5-nerved, the nerves anastomosed toward the apex. Lower floret male; stamens 3, the anthers 3 mm long; lodicules 2, truncate, conduplicate, 0.5-0.8 mm long; lower lemma 5.5-6.5 mm long, 5-nerved, prominently pilose toward the apex; lower palea well developed, lanceolate, 4.2 mm long, 1.6 mm wide, hyaline, strongly 2-nerved. Upperfloret narrowly ovoid, 4.5 mm long, 1.6 mm wide, indurate, pale, shiny, with regular compound papillae evenly distributed over the surface of the lemma and palea; lemma 5-nerved; styles 2, free from the base of the gynoecium; stigmas plumose, purple; stamens 3, with purple anthers; lodicules 2, conduplicate, 0.5-0.8 mm long. Caryopsis planoconvex, 3-3.5 mm long; hilum linear along the entire length of the caryopsis. Streptostachys rigidifolia is known only from a single population in the municipality of Loreto, Maranhao, Brazil, in cerrado vegetation. This species has been included in Streptostachys because of its inflorescence type, the thickening of the rachilla between the glumes and florets, the nervation of the glumes and lower lemma, and the linear hilum (Morrone & Zuloaga, 1991). Streptostachys rigidifolia is unique in the genus because of its glabrous upper floret, with compound papillae over its entire surface. It can be further distinguished from S. ramosa and S. macrantha by the coriaceous upper glume and lower lemma; in S. ramosa and S. macrantha the upper glume and lower lemma are membranous; both species have a pilose upper floret with simple papillae over the NOVON 3: 252-257. 1993. This content downloaded from 40.77.167.99 on Thu, 23 Feb 2017 18:11:27 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Volume 3, Number 3 1993 Filgueiras et al. Streptostachys rigidifolia Figure 1. Streptostachys rigidifolia Filgueiras, Morrone & Zuloaga. -a. Habit. -b. Schematic longitudinal section of spikelet base, indicating conspicuous thickened internodes: Lg: lower glume; Ug: upper glume; LI: lower lemma; Lp: lower palea; Ul: upper lemma; Up: upper palea; Lo: lodicules; Gy: gynoecium. -c. Spikelet, ventral view. -d. Spikelet, lateral view. -e. Spikelet, dorsal view. -f. Upper palea and lodicules. -g. Upper floret, dorsal view. h. Upper floret, ventral view, lemma and palea. (Based on Bianchetti et al. 634.) 253

Vesico-uretero-renal reflux and the kidney.

The most frequent complications of non-obstructive vesico-uretero-renal reflux (VUR) are segmental renal scars. These scars are confined to segments with intrarenal reflux which are, in addition, exposed to bacterial infection. Primarily, only gaping collecting duct orifices, confined to compound papillae and mainly situated at the kidney poles, allow intrarenal reflux. Scar contraction and obstruction seem to be able to transform closed collecting duct orifices into gaping ones, thereby enlarging the parenchymal area prone to intrarenal reflux and to renal scarring. Contrary to earlier reports, a recent survey has documented that new scars in children develop with significant frequency beyond 5 years of age. There is a greater tendency for scarring to develop with more severe VUR, but new renal scars can develop with all grades of VUR. Early and adequate antibiotic treatment decreases the extent of scarring. The results of experimental studies in which renal scarring developed in piglets with bladder decompensation resulting from intravesical obstruction but without bacterial infection may be relevant to the few children with proximal urethral valves and hypertonic neurogenic bladders but not to the large number with non-neurogenic detrusor instability or detrusor sphincter dyssynergia. Prospective studies have not shown different recurrence rates of urinary tract infections in medically managed compared with surgically managed children. The frequency of acute pyelonephritic attacks decreased significantly after operation.

Adaptations to a diet of nectar and pollen in the marsupial Tarsipes rostratus (Marsupialia: Tarsipedidae)

The mouse‐sized marsupial Tarsipes rostratus, endemic to south‐western Australia, feeds almost exclusively on nectar and pollen. Its tongue has long filiform papillae at the tip and shorter compound papillae over much of the upper surface. These collect nectar and pollen when the long tongue, stiffened by a keratinized keel, is protruded into flowers or over pollen presenters. Pollen is scraped from the papillae by a series of combs on the roof of the mouth. A large diverticulum, off the main chamber of the stomach, may store nectar in times of surplus. Pollen is not digested in the stomach but during passage down the simple intestine, which does not have a caecum. In captive animals, pollen passed through the gut in about six hours and the percentage of grains voided which had lost their contents was related to time spent in the gut. The digestion process remains unresolved but probably takes place through the apertures in the shells of pollen grains. Tarsipes ingests large numbers of pollen grains whose contents probably provide necessary nutrients absent from nectar.

Intrarenal backflow and renal perfusion during increased intrapelvic pressure in excised porcine kidneys.

The effect of increased intrapelvic pressure on renal perfusion was examined by simple magnified angiography of freshly excised artificially perfused kidneys of adult Danish Landrace pigs. In all kidneys control angiography was performed at normal intrapelvic pressure (0-5 mmHg). Intrapelvic pressure was raised by retrograde ureteral perfusion of saline in 9 kidneys. Repeat angiography was performed at an intrapelvic pressure of 30-35 mmHg (4 kidneys), 50-55 mmHg (5 kidneys) or 0-5 mmHg (4 kidneys). Angiography demonstrated a delay in arterial filling in kidneys with increased intrapelvic pressure. Perfusate flow measurements showed a corresponding fall in perfusion flow. Retrograde ureteral perfusion was repeated at similar pressures using contrast medium. Intrarenal backflow (IRB) was demonstrated in all 9 kidneys with elevated intrapelvic pressure. IRB localized to 84 per cent of the compound papillae and to 40 per cent of the simple papillae, and was independent of the level of elevated intrapelvic pressure. One-third of the papillae with IRB had absent or markedly decreased arterial filling in the corresponding lobe at angiography. A third retrograde ureteral perfusion was done with a mixture of barium sulphate and gelatin in 4 kidneys. Light microscopy demonstrated that the primary pathway for IRB was canalicular. The contrast medium entered the interstice by three routes: (1) Tubular leakage in the papilla and the corticomedullary region, (2) tears originating in the papilla itself and (3) tears in the calyceal fornix with extension into the parenchyma.

Papillary morphology in adult human kidneys and in baby and adult pig kidneys.

The morphology of the renal papillae was studied by inspection in a series of: (1) Hampshire/Duroc piglet kidneys; (2) Danish Landrace adult pig kidneys, and (3) kidneys obtained at necropsy from adult patients. In both man and pig two main types of papillae were found: (1) a single or 'simple' papilla which drains one renal lobe, and (2) a fused or 'compound' papilla which drains two or more renal lobes. Compound papillae were found most frequently in the Hampshire/Duroc kidneys and least frequently in the human kidneys. In all three groups compound papillae were found most frequently in the upper pole. Intrarenal backflow during retrograde pyelography in the piglet kidney at intrapelvic pressures of 30-35 mm Hg (moderate) and of 70-75 mm Hg (high) was related to the morphology of the individual papilla. Both types of papilla could be divided into an open type containing at least two round or oval orifices of the papillary ducts and a closed type with small, often slit-like orifices. At moderate intrapelvic pressure intrarenal backflow occurred mainly in the open compound papillae whereas at high intrapelvic pressure it occurred in nearly all open compound papillae and in about 50% of the open simple papillae. It is concluded that papillary morphology plays an important role in the predominant upper polar occurrence of intrarenal backflow/intrarenal reflux during micturition cystography and in the higher frequency of intrarenal backflow in the mid-zone than in the lower pole in adult human beings.

Papillary pore counts: a method of studying developmental aberrations in diseased juvenile kidneys.

Counts of the number of pores of primary collecting tubules (ducts of Bellini) on renal papillae, and values calculated by adjusting the counts of compound papillae to those of "virtual" single papillae, were determined for kidneys of patients with end-stage renal failure. Values for chronic glomerulonephritis, Alport's disease, infantile polycystic disease, trisomy 18, and trisomy 13 were not abnormal. Kidneys of patients with CUTO showed significantly low pore counts, indicating that this process in some cases is a true hypoplasia, with mean reduction of number of ducts of Bellini of 26%. FGS showed a high proportion of single papillae (80% vs. normal 60%) with high virtual pore counts, suggesting that a developmental abnormality underlies this disorder (or this outcome of nephrotic syndrome). Cystinosis showed a high proportion of compound papillae (80% vs. 40%) but low virtual pore counts, implying that this genetic disorder causes both maldevelopment and postnatal functional abnormality of the kidneys. A Jeune syndrome kidney produced very low pore counts (mean 8 vs. 16.6 for virtual pore counts), and Down's syndrome also showed low pore counts (mean VPC 15.1 vs. normal 16.6), indicating that the low kidney weights demonstrated by others with Down's syndrome reflect a true hypoplasia.

Some Anatomical and Morphological Characteristics of the North American Species of Eriochloa (Poaceae: Paniceae)

A comprehensive survey of anatomical and morphological characteristics of the North American taxa of Eriochloa is presented. Leaf blade epidermal characters such as silica-body shape, subsidiary cell shape, bicellular microhair form, and cellular arrangement support the inclusion of Eriochloa in the Paniceae. Carbon isotope ratios and leaf blade anatomy indicate that the North American species of Eriochloa utilize the C4 photosynthetic pathway. Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the epidermal features of the lemma and palea of the upper (perfect) floret. Both structures were typically covered with large compound papillae in longitudinal rows. Size, shape, and abundance of papillae varied among and within taxa.

Intrarenal reflux--papillary morphology and pressure relationships in children's necropsy kidneys.

A radiological study of the necropsy kidneys of 100 children was made. Morphologically it was shown that compound or fixed papillae predominate in the upper group of calyces and to a lesser degree in the lower group, whilst simple papillae occurred in the middle group. Pressure studies showed that intrarenal reflux occurred in compound papillae at lower pressure than in simple papillae and that lower pressures were required to produce intrarenal reflux in the first year of life.