Composition Of Volatile Fraction Research Articles

Improving the quality of liquid smoke by filtration using membranes

Liquid smoke (LS) is getting more attention in many applications, especially food preservation. However, there is still a big problem with the purity of LS. The objective of this study is to improve the quality of LS using membrane filtration. The filtrations were conducted using ultrafiltration or nanofiltration membrane at various pressures. The quality of LS before and after filtration was compared based on their appearance. During the filtration process, LS changed from a dark yellow fluid with a pungent odor to a pale colorless substance with a less smokey odor and a slightly sweet aroma. The color and fragrance parameters of LS before and after filtration using UF membranes were not significantly different. NF membrane filtering had the opposite effect on the appearance of LS. Chemical composition of volatile fraction was studied by GC/MS. Phenols were the predominant aromatic chemicals found in all samples, with LS containing up to 80.8%, 17.53% in treated LS by UF membrane (2 bars), and 48.31% in NF membrane (5 bars). The results proved that the membrane processing can eliminates potentially toxic compounds while still imparting the desired flavors and pleasent aromas of LS.

Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities of Volatile Fraction and Water Extracts of Moricandia arvensis L. (DC) and Molecular Docking Study

Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities of Volatile Fraction and Water Extracts of Moricandia arvensis L. (DC) and Molecular Docking Study

Rocky Planet or Water World? Observability of Low-density Lava World Atmospheres

Super-Earths span a wide range of bulk densities, indicating a diversity in interior conditions beyond that seen in the solar system. In particular, an emerging population of low-density super-Earths may be explained by volatile-rich interiors. Among these, low-density lava worlds have dayside temperatures that are high enough to evaporate their surfaces, providing a unique opportunity to probe their interior compositions and test for the presence of volatiles. In this work, we investigate the atmospheric observability of low-density lava worlds. We use a radiative-convective model to explore the atmospheric structures and emission spectra of these planets, focusing on three case studies with high observability metrics and substellar temperatures spanning ∼1900–2800 K: HD 86226 c, HD 3167 b, and 55 Cnc e. Given the possibility of mixed volatile and silicate interior compositions for these planets, we consider a range of mixed volatile and rock-vapor atmospheric compositions. This includes a range of volatile fractions and three volatile compositions: water-rich (100% H2O), water with CO2 (80% H2O+20% CO2), and a desiccated O-rich scenario (67% O2+33% CO2). We find that spectral features due to H2O, CO2, SiO, and SiO2 are present in the infrared emission spectra as either emission or absorption features, depending on dayside temperature, volatile fraction, and volatile composition. We further simulate JWST secondary-eclipse observations for each of the three case studies, finding that H2O and/or CO2 could be detected with as few as ∼five eclipses. Detecting volatiles in these atmospheres would provide crucial independent evidence that volatile-rich interiors exist among the super-Earth population.

French Guiana honeys from the Amazon biome: First description of volatile fraction and antioxidant capacity

Various honeys from French Guiana were collected and analyzed to investigate their volatile fraction composition and antioxidant activity. Volatile composition was assessed using HS-SPME/GC, GC-MS technique. Oxygenated monoterpenes like hotrienol (0.5–45.3%) were found as major molecules, followed by non terpenic compounds like phenylacetaldehyde (0.8–18.2%) or 3-hydroxy-4-phenyl-2-butanone (0.1–29.3%). Three chemical groups using statistical analysis were classified within investigated honey samples: norisoprenoids/shikimates, mevalonate and their combination. Total phenolics content (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activity was assessed by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays. TPC and anti-radical activity were compared with multifloral honeys from neighboring regions, indicating the possible presence of compounds from the polyphenol family. These results are promising for further biological studies involving honeys from French Guiana.

Screening of Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oil and Volatile Fraction from Olive Mill Wastewater

Oil mill wastewater is the main by-product of the olive oil industry resulting mainly from the treatment and pressing of olives in mills. It is a rich source of nutrients and phytochemicals with a wide spectrum of biological properties. The present study focuses on the chemical analysis and evaluation of the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the essential oil (EO) and the volatile fraction (VF) obtained, respectively, by hydrodistillation. Chemical analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and a flame ionisation detector (GC/FID) revealed the predominance of phenolic compounds (25.71%, 60.36%) and fatty acids (62.37%, 38.25%) for the VF and EO, respectively. It was also shown that the main compounds were oleic acid (24.9%) for the VF and 4-ethylphenol (28.5%) for the EO. The results of the antimicrobial activity in terms of MIC values against twelve microorganisms showed that, overall, the VF was more active than the EO. The antioxidant activity of the VF and EO was evaluated using the DPPH assay and expressed as half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), where the EO (218 μg/mL) showed better antioxidant activity than the VF (244 μg/mL). The results also revealed that the antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity values for both oils were significantly lower than the standards used.

Chemical Composition, Antifungal and Anti-Biofilm Activities of Volatile Fractions of Convolvulus althaeoides L. Roots from Tunisia.

The antifungal drugs currently available and mostly used for the treatment of candidiasis exhibit the phenomena of toxicity and increasing resistance. In this context, plant materials might represent promising sources of antifungal agents. The aim of this study is to evaluate for the first time the chemical content of the volatile fractions (VFs) along with the antifungal and anti-biofilm of Convolvulus althaeoides L. roots. The chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector and mass spectrometry. In total, 73 and 86 chemical compounds were detected in the n-hexane (VF1) and chloroform (VF2) fractions, respectively. Analysis revealed the presence of four main compounds: n-hexadecenoic acid (29.77%), 4-vinyl guaiacol (12.2%), bis(2-ethylhexyl)-adipate (9.69%) and eicosane (3.98%) in the VF extracted by hexane (VF1). n-hexadecenoic acid (34.04%), benzyl alcohol (7.86%) and linoleic acid (7.30%) were the main compounds found in the VF extracted with chloroform (VF2). The antifungal minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the obtained fractions against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis were determined by the micro-dilution technique and values against Candida spp. ranged from 0.87 to 3.5 mg/mL. The biofilm inhibitory concentrations (IBF) and sustained inhibition (BSI) assays on C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis were also investigated. The VFs inhibited biofilm formation up to 0.87 mg/mL for C. albicans, up to 1.75 mg/mL against C. glabrata and up to 0.87 mg/mL against C. tropicalis. The obtained results highlighted the synergistic mechanism of the detected molecules in the prevention of candidosic biofilm formation.

Organ dependency variation of the chemical composition of Ziziphus lotus volatile fractions

Organ dependency variation of the chemical composition of Ziziphus lotus volatile fractions

Effect of Adding Essential Oils of Caraway and Rosemary on Volatile Aroma Compounds Derived from Stored Vacuum Packaged Minced Turkey Meat

Abstract Changes in the odor of meat during its storage are one of the basic indicators affecting its assessment and possible disqualification. The aim of the study was to determine whether the addition of essential oils may affect the composition and concentration of volatile compounds included in the aroma of stored turkey meat. We investigated the effect of adding essential oil (EO) of caraway (0.02% v/w), rosemary (0.02% v/w) and a mixture of the two (0.01% each) on the composition of volatile compound fractions formed during 10-day storage of vacuum-packed minced turkey meat. The EOs used were also evaluated for their influence on microbial contamination (total viable count and lactic acid bacteria count), sensory quality (odor and taste) and the level of fat rancidity (acid value, peroxide value and p-anisidine value) and pH in chill-stored samples. In terms of sensory indicators, the greatest beneficial effect of adding EOs was noted in the odor of raw meat. Use of the HS-SPME/GC-MS (headspace-solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) method showed that the addition of essential oils significantly reduced the amounts of benzeneacetaldehyde, 2-octenal and ethyl 2-methyloctanoate compared with the control sample. In addition, in the presence of essential oils of rosemary and caraway, decreases were noted in benzaldehyde and 9-octadecenal, respectively. These changes may potentially affect the reception of the odor. There was a beneficial effect of the EOs in reducing the levels of fat oxidation indicators, including peroxides. However, the oils at applied concentrations had no significant effect on the total viable count and LAB count.

Research in biologically active substances of the volatile fraction from Highbush blueberry vegetative organs

Ukraine ranked second in the world after Peru in the pace of laying new Highbush blueberry plantations. Experts estimate that in 2018, in Ukraine, from 0.7 thousand hectares to 1.0 thousand hectares of new Highbush blueberry plantations were laid. Over the past 12 years, previously little-known product, Highbush blueberries have become one of the main berry crops. At present, commercial plantations blueberries take the 3rd place after black currants and strawberries. Zhytomyr region boasts the biggest areas planted with Highbush blueberries in Ukraine, followed by Volyn and Kyiv. According to estimates, the export of blueberries from Ukraine may increase to 20 thousand tons in 5 years. In addition to the use of Highbush blueberries in the food industry, they are a promising source of BAS for pharmaceutical and medical use, so their study is a promising area of pharmaceutical science. In Ukraine, there are no domestic standardized medicines manufactured from Highbush blueberries, and there are only foreign dietary and functional supplements. Abroad, Highbush blueberry medicines are used to improve vision and as astringents for colitis, enterocolitis and diarrhoea. In this regard, the development of domestic standardized medicines based on Highbush blueberries raw materials is an urgent task for modern pharmacy. The aim of the research was to study the phytochemical profile of the volatile fraction of Highbush blueberry vegetative organs (leaves, stems and fruits). Materials and methods. The objects of research were the leaves, fruits and stems of Highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), in which the composition of the the volatile fraction components was studied by chromato-mass spectrometry on a gas chromatograph Agilent Technologies 6890 with a mass spectrometric detector 5973. Results. Chromato-mass spectrometry in the composition of volatile fractions of leaves, fruits and stems of Highbush blueberries revealed 65 substances. 49 substances were identified in the Highbush blueberry leaves, of which 36 substances of terpene nature, 13 organic acids, and 2 compounds were not identified. In the Highbush blueberries fruits, 47 substances were found, of which 36 substances are of terpene nature, 14 are organic acids and 3 were not identified. In the Highbush blueberries stems, 50 substances were found, of which 33 substances are of terpene nature, 14 are organic acids and one was not identified. Conclusions. As a result of phytochemical studies, it is for the first time that the component composition of volatile fractions of leaves, stems and fruits of Highbush blueberries from the flora of Ukraine was established. The content of 65 substances was identified and established, including 14 organic acids and 39 terpene compounds.

Accumulation of volatile constituents in agar and bioreactor shoot cultures of Verbena officinalis L.

In vitro shoot cultures of common vervain (Verbena officinalis L., Verbenaceae) were established and evaluated for essential oil content. The shoots were maintained as stationary microshoot culture, grown on Schenk–Hildebrandt medium supplemented with 9.84 µM of 2-isopentenyladenine and 1.0 µM of thidiazuron. The shoots were further adapted to grow in two temporary immersion bioreactors (RITA and Plantform), using Schenk–Hildebrandt medium supplemented with 4.92 µM indole-3-butyric acid. The best growth, in terms of dry weight production, was recorded for agar culture (0.73 g l−1 day−1), followed by 35 days (day) Plantform (0.53 g l−1 day−1), 35 days RITA (0.42 g l−1 day−1) and 56 days Plantform culture (0.29 g l−1 day−1). The volatile fractions were obtained by simultaneous hydrodistillation-extraction of the plant materials using Likens–Nickerson apparatus. Aerial parts of V. officinalis intact plant and 56 d Plantform culture had the highest essential oil content (8.1 g kg−1) whereas the stationary agar culture excelled in essential oil productivity (5.0 mg l−1 day−1). The volatile oils isolated from in vitro shoots contained 1-octen-3-ol, benzyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, coumaran and hexadecenoic acid as major constituents. 1-Octen-3-ol was the predominant (> 50%) constituent of 35 day shoot cultures maintained in temporary immersion bioreactors whereas coumaran (19%) and hexadecanoid acid (21%) prevailed in stationary microshoot culture. The volatile fraction obtained from aerial parts of V. officinalis intact plant was composed mainly of hexadecanoic acid (> 20%), linalool (> 8%), anethole (> 5%) and carvone (> 3%). Microshoot cultures of Verbena officinalis, grown in temporary immersion bioreactors, were investigated in terms of essential oil content and composition of volatile fraction

Effects of Ozone Treatment on Microbial Status and the Contents of Selected Bioactive Compounds in Origanum majorana L. Plants.

This study presents the effects of ozone treatment on microbial status and contents of selected bioactive compounds in marjoram plants. Origanum majorana L. is a widely used plant which in the course of production is affected by microbial infections. One of the ways to reduce microbial load involves application of a strong oxidant, such as ozone. In order to determine the effects of ozonation, a number of analyses were carried out including microbiological tests (aerobic colony count, yeast and mould count, and mesophilic lactic acid bacteria count) and chemical tests assessing total antioxidant potential, total polyphenols, and volatile fraction composition. Ultimately, the findings showed considerable (6-log) reduction in microbial load, with unchanged composition of headspace volatile compounds. Furthermore, the raw material obtained presented elevated the contents of the selected bioactive compounds. It was shown that the most beneficial effects are achieved when ozone treatment is applied at a rate of 1 ppm for a duration of 10 min.

Validation of a LLME/GC-MS Methodology for Quantification of Volatile Compounds in Fermented Beverages.

Knowledge of composition of beverages volatile fraction is essential for understanding their sensory attributes. Analysis of volatile compounds predominantly resorts to gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Often a previous concentration step is required to quantify compounds found at low concentrations. This work presents a liquid-liquid microextraction method combined with GC-MS (LLME/GC-MS) for the analysis of compounds in fermented beverages and spirits. The method was validated for a set of compounds typically found in fermented beverages comprising alcohols, esters, volatile phenols, and monoterpenic alcohols. The key requirements for validity were observed, namely linearity, sensitivity in the studied range, accuracy, and precision within the required parameters. Robustness of the method was also evaluated with satisfactory results. Thus, the proposed LLME/GC-MS method may be a useful tool for the analysis of several fermented beverages, which is easily implementable in a laboratory equipped with a GC-MS.

Chemical Composition of Volatiles of Eight Geranium L. Species from Vlasina Plateau (South Eastern Serbia).

Geranium species are widely used in traditional medicine of Balkan. The aim of this work was to investigate and compare chemical composition of volatile fractions obtained by hydrodistillation from aerial parts of G. macrorrhizum, G. phaeum, G. sanguineum, G. robertianum, G. palustre, G. pyrenaicum, G. columbinum and G. lucidum as well as from underground parts of G. macrorrhizum and G. phaeum, originated from Vlasina plateau in South Eastern Serbia. The volatiles were analyzed using GC/MS and GC-FID. G. palustre volatiles have been studied for the first time with β-selinene (18.6 %) as a characteristic compound. The cluster analysis revealed separation of volatiles into two main groups. Volatile fractions of G. macrorrhizum were separated from all other samples due to high sesquiterpene content (92.3 % in aerial and 94.6 % in underground parts). The volatile fractions of other samples were mainly composed of sesquiterpenes (10.8-61.8 %), diterpenes (12.9-43.0 %) and fatty acids and their derivatives (6.6-21.6 %) with the exception of volatile fraction of G. phaeum underground parts which was dominated only by fatty acids and their derivatives (76.6 %). The results presented in this article contribute to the knowledge on the chemistry of this genus and advances the knowledge on flora of southeast Serbia.

Effect of rapeseed oil aromatisation with marjoram on the content of volatile fraction and antioxidant properties

The aim of the paper was to study how the process of aromatisation with marjoram affected the composition of volatile fraction and antioxidant properties of rapeseed oil. Different methods of aromatisation were used: direct addition of marjoram essential oil, classical macerations of marjoram herb, and maceration assisted with ultrasound or microwave. The dominant aromatic component in the volatile fraction was γ-terpinene with concentration in the range from 3.15 μg/mL (microwave assisted maceration) to 8.82 μg/mL (classic maceration with shaking). The content of this compound in the mixture of rapeseed oil with essential oil was 152.09 μg/mL. The sample aromatized by the direct addition of essential oil contained the highest amount of volatile substances but simultaneously it had the lowest antioxidant activity.

Effect of Harvesting Time on Volatile Compounds Composition of Bergamot (Citrus × Bergamia) Essential Oil

AbstractBergamot (Citrus × bergamia) is mainly cultivated in Calabria area (Italy) for its essential oil that is widely used in cosmetics, food and medicine. The harvest season (November to February) affects the quality of essential oil, consequently the aim of our study was to evaluate the composition of volatile fractions at different harvesting stages. Two different cultivars, Femminello and Fantastico, were collected in November, December and January and their volatile compounds composition was determined by SPME GC/MS. Fourty‐two compounds were identified. Monoterpenes were the preponderant group; limonene was the most representative compound with similar concentrations in the varieties and at the three harvesting times. β‐Ocimene, β‐mircene and α‐terpinene showed higher concentration in Femminello than Fantastico, while trans‐α‐bergamotene, α‐pinene and citronellal were mostly concentrated in Fantastico. The concentration of β‐pinene in Fantastico and Femminello was higher in December and January, respectively, and γ‐terpinene concentration was higher in Femminello in November and January and in Fantastico in December. Linalool was the most preponderant monoterpene alcohol with a significantly higher concentration in Femminello than in Fantastico, but without significant differences during ripening. cis‐γ‐Bisabolene was the most preponderant sesquiterpene; it was more concentrated in Fantastico than in Femminello and showed a significantly higher concentration in December and January than in November. Linalyl and neryl acetate were the most abundant esters, with a significantly higher concentration in Fantastico. Fantastico seems to be the variety that produces higher volatile organic compounds in essential oil; moreover, the volatile compound concentration was higher at the second and third harvest time.

Chemical composition, antimicrobial and insecticidal activities of the tunisian Citrus aurantium essential oils

The chemical composition of volatile fractions from leaves, flowers and peels of Citrus aurantium growing in Tunisia obtained by hydrodistillation were analysed using GC and GC-MS. Furthermore, the isolated essential oils were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against eight bacteria, eight phytopathogenic and nine human pathogenic fungi. The essential oils from peels and its main compound limonene have been found to possess strong contact toxicity against four storage-grain insects. The highest mortality rate was observed when the essential oil was applied against Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Liposcelis bostrychophila and Tribolium castaneum.

Volatile profiling of Arnicão (Lychnophora salicifolia mart.), a wild medicinal species from Brazilian Cerrado

The Cerrado is a diverse Brazilian savanna with more than 12,000 species. Arnicão (Lychnophora salicifolia Mart – Compositae) is an endemic species occurring in central and southeast Brazil, at higher altitudes, in sandstone and quartzite soils. Lychnophora species have been reported for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and UV protectant effects. Local communities use it to prepare traditional remedies (i.e. ointments or creams). The aim of this work was (1) to characterize the qualitative composition of L. salicifolia volatile fraction; (2) to evaluate the influence of the environmental conditions on the volatile fraction composition, by investigating plants harvested both in areas under stress conditions and protected from human interference; (3) optimizing a non-separative method for routine in-field analyses. Separative (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and non-separative (HS-SPME-MS) approach combined with PCA are proposed to discriminate between plant populations of L. salicifolia from two distinct areas. Forty-eight individuals were randomly collected from four populations. A clear separation between populations from protected and non-protected areas was observed, with an important presence of caryophyllene derivatives in populations from non-protected areas, usually with compounds associated to plant defense. Both analytical approaches gave the same results, confirming HS-SPME a useful approach for rapid in-field analysis of samples of wild populations.

Fast pyrolysis of trunk wood and stump wood from a Brazilian eucalyptus clone

The objective of this study was to compare yields and chemical composition of volatile fraction of bio-oil produced from fast pyrolysis of trunk wood and stump wood of Eucalyptus urograndis. Ground material was processed in a fluidized bed pilot plant equipped with a continuous reactor at temperatures of 500–600 °C. Light bio-oil fraction from each material was collected and vacuum distilled. The oily volatile fraction was characterized by GC/MS. Yield of charcoal was higher for stump wood than for trunk wood and the opposite behavior was observed for the yield of light and heavy bio-oil fractions and of gases. Yields of volatile compounds were statistically equal for trunk and stump wood, both representing about 6% of the initial dry biomass. The results demonstrate the technical viability of having stump wood as a source of volatile oils with chemical composition similar to commercial liquid smoke products.

Studies on serum pharmacochemistry of effective parts of modified Xiaochaihu Tang for treatment of gastric ulcer

To conduct the studies on serum pharmacochemistry of effective parts of modified Xiaochaihu Tang for treatment of gastric ulcer by using chromatography-mass spectrometry. Absolute ethyl alcohol induced-gastric ulcer model of mouse was used in this study to investigate the pharmacology of modified Xiaochaihu Tang and its effective parts. Both groups could significantly decrease the absolute ethyl alcohol induced-ulcer. Gasphase-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to detect chemical compositions of volatile fractions and the drug components after gastric administration. A total of 63 compounds were identified in extracts, accounting for more than 93% of the all volatile oil, including 23.51% α-curcumene, 11.96% zingiberene, 9.56% curzerene, 6.54% β-sesquinene, 4.77% camphene, and 6 prototype components were also detected in serum for gastric ulcer model. In liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), a total of 17 compounds were identified in extracts, 6 prototype components and 2 metabolites (3,5-O-feruloylquinic acid and palmatine) were obtained in serum. In a conclusion, this study provides an important scientific basis for identifying the active ingredients in modified Xiaochaihu Tang, and also helps to reveal the pharmacological effect of modified Xiaochaihu Tang for treatment of gastric ulcer.

Effects of plant growth regulators, different culture media and strength MS on production of volatile fraction composition in shoot cultures of Ocimum basilicum

The influence of different culture media, strength MS media and plant growth regulators (PGR) was assessed through the growth and production of the volatile fraction composition in Ocimum basilicum (basil). The treatments were: the use of different culture media (MS, B5 and WPM), strength MS media (2MS, MS, ½MS and ¼MS) and different PGR combinations or only IAA, NAA, IBA, BAP and TDZ. The leaf number, nodal segment, shoot number, lenght, shoot dry weight, root number, root size, root dry weight, as well as the volatile fraction analysis through Head-Space – GC/MS were assessed at the 40th culture day. The present results suggest that media type, MS concentration and the growth regulator types have qualitative and quantitatively influenced the growth and volatile composition. A higher amount of methyleugenol in the media 2MS and ¼MS, and higher content of linalool and 1,8-cineole in MS and WPM were observed. The PGR improved biomass production and induced quantitative modifications in the production of major volatile constituents in Ocimum basilicum plantlets, although the same major compounds were produced in all treatments. There was a tendency to estragole synthesis in the presence of auxin combined with cytokinin. There was a tendency to linalool synthesis in the presence of auxin isolates.