Unsaturated Fatty Acid Composition Research Articles

Rapid evaluation of vegetable oil varieties and geographical origins by ambient corona discharge ionization mass spectrometry

The composition and ratio of unsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oils play a crucial role in determining their overall quality. In this study, we present a corona discharge ionization mass spectrometry (MS) method for the rapid differentiation of vegetable oil varieties and their geographical origins under environmental conditions. Abundant water dimer radical cations, (H2O)2+•, were generated by the ionization setup, which effectively activated carbon‑carbon double bonds (C=C) to form epoxidized products. These epoxidation products were analyzed using tandem MS, generating diagnostic fragment ions that precisely identified CC bond positions. Statistical analysis models were subsequently developed using the resulting MS fingerprint data, revealing significant differences between various vegetable oils and olive oils from different origins. Key advantages of this method include minimal sample preparation, rapid analysis, and easily interpretable spectra. This study provides a new MS-based strategy for food quality assessment and offers a promising tool for identifying CC positional isomers in complex systems.

Seed inoculation with Rhizobium japonium bacteria improved fatty acid composition of different soybean (Glycine max L.) genotypes

BackgroundSoybean is an important crop for food security as it fulfills global oil requirements. Seed inoculation with bacteria is frequently used to increase its production; however, it could change the seed composition. Nevertheless, the genotypes respond differently to the bacteria. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the impact of Rhizobium bacteria on the seed composition. MethodsThis two-year (2018 and 2019) study investigated the effects of seed inoculation with Rhizobium japonicum on fatty acid composition of different soybean genotypes. Three frequently cultivated soybean genotypes, i.e., ‘Gapsoy16′, ‘Traksoy’, and ‘İlksoy’ were included in the study. The seeds were either inoculated with R. japonicum or sown without inoculation. The fatty acid profile, i.e., saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acid) and unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and arachidic acids) was determined, and the collected data were analyzed by single and multivariate analysis. ResultsSeed inoculation with R. japonicum significantly altered the fatty acid composition of different genotypes; however, varied effects were recorded for the genotype. Linoleic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid made up ∼ 33 % of total fatty acids in seeds. Linoleic acid contents varied between 30.78–34.02 %, whereas oleic acid contents ranged between 27.85–31.04 %. Similarly, palmitic acid contents differed between 15.53–16.93 %. The ‘İlksoy’ and ‘Gapsoy’ had the highest contents of palmitic and oleic acids, respectively. Overall, inoculation of bacteria increased the composition of unsaturated fatty acids and lowered saturated fatty acids. ConclusionSeed inoculation with R. japonicum increased the essential fatty acid composition in ‘Traksoy’ genotype. However, ‘İlksoy’ genotype recorded a decrease in unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, ‘Traksoy’ can be inoculated with R. japonicum to improve fatty acid profile.

Changes in the Fatty Acid Composition of Vegetable Oils Affect the Feeding Behavior, Feed Preference, and Thermoregulatory Responses of Sheep

This research evaluated the effects of energy supplementation on sheep’s feeding behavior, feed preference, and thermoregulatory responses using technical cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) and different vegetable oils with different unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) compositions. The experiment was completely randomized with five treatments: a mixture of CNSL (0.5%) + vegetable oils [canola (high in monounsaturated fatty acids—MUFA), and corn, soybean, sunflower, or cottonseed oil (high in polyunsaturated fatty acids-PUFA) at 1.5%] based on total diet dry matter, with eight replications. Forty uncastrated male sheep, with an average initial BW of 24.44 ± 1.5 kg, were evaluated for 70 days. The CNSL + vegetable oil blend did not affect DM and neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) intake (p > 0.05). However, diets with canola oil resulted in higher SFA intake (p < 0.05) than other oils. The canola oil + CNSL blend led to a higher intake of UFA and MUFA and lower PUFA intake than other oil blends (p < 0.05). Sheep fed canola oil ruminated fewer boli per day than those fed soybean and sunflower oils. Using three sieves (pef1.18) reflected in higher sheep aNDF intake. Respiratory frequency and surface temperature of sheep were lower before feeding than 3 h after, without effects of the type of oil. Higher serum creatinine and cholesterol levels were observed in sheep fed CNSL with corn and canola oils compared to other oils. Serum calcium was lower in sheep fed CNSL with soybean and canola compared to sunflower and corn. Including CNSL with vegetable oils with different FA compositions did not affect physiological and thermographic variables. However, sheep showed better diet selectivity and lower bolus rumination with higher MUFA (canola oil) content. Including CNSL with canola oil in sheep diets is recommended, as it increases dietary energy content, enhances diet selectivity, reduces PUFA intake, and does not impact animal health.

Preservation Techniques to Increase the Shelf Life of Seafood Products: An Overview

Currently, humanity is facing many types of diseases with various origins and the high costs of chemical drugs for treatment. Therefore, the consumption of healthy and nourishing foods such as seafood products to treat these diseases should be considered in the human diet. However, seafood products are subject to high spoilage owing to their high-water content, rich composition of unsaturated fatty acids, susceptibility to oxidation, near-neutral pH, presence of non-protein nitrogenous compounds, and microorganism activity. Therefore, appropriate storage methods are required to prevent spoilage. This review was done with the aim of providing preservation methods and increasing the shelf life of seafood products. In general, the results of this research stated that common and traditional techniques of seafood products preservation including salting, canning, chilling, freezing, fermentation, super chilling, drying, smoking, frying, pickling/marinating and pasteurization and also modern techniques for seafood products preservation such as microwave processing, ultrasound, pulsed electric field (PEF), irradiation, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), micro fluidization, usage of natural preservatives (plants and algae extracts, biodegradable polymers, bioactive polysaccharides and biopeptides extracted from marine resources/ seafood by-products), packaging ((MAP), (AP), (IP), (VP), (RP)), nanotechnology and other new methods can preserve the product for a period of time efficiently, also significantly increase the desired sensory and organoleptic characteristics of the product and as a result, they increase quality, safety and shelf life. However, improving the weaknesses of traditional methods by using modern techniques can improve and maintain the nutritional value of the product.

CHROMATOMASS SPECTROMETRIC STUDY OF LEAVES OF RUBUS IDAEUS L. AND SORBUS AUCUPARIA L. SOUTH OF THE TOMSK REGION

The features of the distribution of fat-soluble organic compounds in the leaves of deciduous shrubs Rubus idaeus and Sorbus aucuparia growing in identical weather conditions in mixed and pine forests of the southern taiga of Western Siberia are shown. The composition of n-alkanes, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, n-aldehydes, n-alkane-2-ones, n-alkanols, acyclic isoprenoids, steroids and pentacyclic triterpenoids was studied by chromatomass spectrometry. It was found that the microclimate of pine forest and mixed forest influences the composition of organic compounds in the leaves of single-species plants. In a mixed forest, among acyclic compounds, the total proportion of n-alkanes and the relative content of high-molecular homologues of n-alkanes, n-aldehydes and n-alkane-2-ones in rowan and raspberry leaves were increased. The composition of steroids is dominated by sitosterol, while in the bushes of mixed forest, unlike pine forest, there is a higher proportion of keto-substituted stigmast-4-en-3-one and the hydrocarbon stigmast-3,5-diene. Pine raspberries are distinguished by the presence of cholesterol, lanosterol and lanost-8-en-3-one, an increased content of cycloartenol. The leaves of ash among the pentacyclic triterpenoids identified a- and β-amerins, and the leaves of the raspberry a-, β- and d-amerins, among which in the pine forest increased the proportion a- amerin, and in the mixed forest – d-amerin. Raspberry leaves are dominated by neolup-12-en-3-ol, whereas in the leaves of mountain ash of mixed forest – lupeol, and pine forest – presumably 28-norneogop-18-en-3-ol. It is shown that the distribution of fat-soluble compounds depends not only on the type of plant, but also on the conditions of its growth, which must be taken into account when planning the practical use of plant raw materials.

Relationships between erythrocyte membrane mono- and poly- unsaturated fatty acid composition and clinical/cognitive indices in antipsychotic-free schizophrenia patients.

Membrane phospholipid abnormalities are considered a pathophysiological background for schizophrenia. The aim of the study was to explore in detail the fatty acid (FA) composition in patients with antipsychotic-free schizophrenia and its association with clinical symptoms and cognitive function. Erythrocyte membrane FAs were measured in 29 antipsychotic-free patients with schizophrenia (male/female = 11/18; mean [standard deviation] age=26.7 [7.9] years) and age and sex-matched 32 healthy volunteers. Clinical symptoms and cognitive function were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS), and the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS). Eicosapentaenoic acid levels were lower in the schizophrenia group than in the healthy control group. In contrast, arachidonic acid and nervonic acid levels were higher in the schizophrenia group than in the control group. Nervonic acid levels were significantly associated with depression scores as measured by the PANSS. No FA levels were correlated with BACS score; however, oleic acid levels were significantly related to cognitive dysfunction, as measured by the SCoRS. These findings suggest that depressive symptoms along with cognitive dysfunction in daily living in schizophrenia may be linked to the FA composition abnormalities. Further studies will be needed to examine potential longitudinal FA changes during the course of schizophrenia as well as disease specificity.

Extraction, Physicochemical, Fatty Acid Analysis of Chrysophyllum Albidum (African Star Apple) Seed Oil and Nutrient Composition of the Fruit Parts.

In tropical Africa, Chrysophyllum albidum fruit is useful as food and also has many industrial applications. In this study, oil was extracted from the seeds of C. albidum using normal hexane as the extracting solvent. The average percentage oil recovery using 10g, 20g, 30g, 40g and 50g of thee seed sample was 11.56 % which showed that the seed may not be a good source of abundant oil The physical characterization of the extracted oil showed the density of 0.85 g/ml and pH value of 10.30. The specific gravity of the oil was 0.85 at 20°C which is lower than 0.998 at 20°C, the specific gravity of water indicating that the oil is less dense than water. The oil could be classified as a non-drying oil since its iodine value of 34.00mg/100g was lower than 100. The saponification value was 201.96mg/gKOH. The GC-MS result of the fatty acid composition analysis showed the major fatty acid contained in the oil as palmitic acid, palmitoleic and linoleic acids with percentage weights of 53.97%, 18.40% and 10.25% respectively. The total saturated and unsaturated fatty acid composition were 71.16% and 28.84% respectively. The high percentage of the palmitic acid content of the oil indicated that it could be used as a good substitiute for palm oil in industrial production of products. From the result of the proximate analysis, protein had the least content in the fruit. The C.albidum fruit peel, pulp, seed flesh, seed shell and seed contained 2.45%, 3.15%, 0.50%, 0.98% and 0.23% of protein respectively. The moisture content of the fruit peel, pulp, seed flesh, seed shell and seed were 65.00%, 85.00%, 85.00%, 55.00% and 70% respectively. The high moisture content of the fruit implies that it will have a short shelf life. From the result of the mineral analysis, the C. albidum peel was found to contain all the minerals analysed and in high percentage too. Na content was 8.962ppm, K was 21.565ppm, Ca was 48.587ppm, Mg was 19.240ppm and Fe was 10.539. It is advisable for people to consume the fruit peel rather than discarding it as some. The iron content of the seed shell was the highest while potassium content of the pulp was the highest. Analysis of the peel, pulp and seed flesh confirmed the high average value of 17.37 mg/100g of vitamin C in the fruit.

In Vitro Bioactivities and Characterization of Mycelial Extracts from Different Strains of Phellinus igniarius (Agaricomycetes).

To fully utilize Phellinus igniarius fermentation mycelia, the present study investigated the in vitro antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory properties of four Ph. igniarius strains. Organic solvents were used to extract fatty acids, phenolics, and flavonoids from the selected mushrooms. The composition and bioactivity of the extracts were evaluated. The lipid yield obtained using petroleum ether (7.1%) was higher than that obtained using 1:1 n-hex-ane+methanol (5.5%) or 2:1 dichloromethane+methanol (3.3%). The composition and relative content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the petroleum ether extract were higher than those in other solvent extracts. Furthermore, ethyl acetate extracts had higher flavonoid and phenolic content and better antioxidant activity than other extracts; however, the 70% ethanol extracts had the best α-amylase inhibitory activity. The supernatant from the ethanol precipitation of aqueous and 1% (NH4)2C2O4 extracts could also be biocompound sources. This comparative study is the first highlighting the in vitro antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory properties of the four strains of Ph. igniarius extracts prepared using different organic solvents, which makes the investigated species and extracts promising for biological application.

Влияние регенерации слоистого модификатора трения на триботехнические свойства смазочных композиций

The paper examines an influence of the regeneration efficiency of the developed anti-wear additive on tribological properties of the lubricating composition, including a lubricating oil and the additive. The anti-wear additive was a layered friction modifier – molybdenum diselenide MoSe2, mixed in the volume of a composition of unsaturated fatty acids – stearic acid and oleic acid. Lubricating oil M-16G2TSS was chosen as the base lubricant, with respect to which the tribological properties of other lubricants submitted for testing are compared. For all cycles of tests, a volume of no more than 25 cm3 of lubricant was used to avoid high thermal inertia when the test samples moved on the friction machine. Experiments of the regeneration of the additive were carried out on a rotary mixing unit of the author's design, and the solution has a long storage period of 8 640 hours (about 12 calendar months). The possibility of restoring the uniform distribution of molybdenum diselenide throughout the volume of the additive in a suspended state has been revealed. This lubricant composition, after restoration of the structure by stirring, can be used in the production of a lubricant composition based on M-16G2TSS oil. Using a reciprocating friction unit of a friction machine, simulating the cylinder-piston group of a marine diesel engine, the resulting lubricant composition was compared with other lubricants based on molybdenum diselenide, the additive solutions of which have different storage periods before being added to the lubricating oil, as well as with the base lubricating oil. The assessment of the tribological properties of lubricants based on M-16G2TSS oil by determining the weight wear and further using this value to estimate the resource of the friction unit has been made. Rotational regeneration has shown satisfactory effectiveness in partially restoring of the tribological properties of a lubricant composition with the participation of an additive, but is not enough effective compared to rotational pulsation mixing of the additive in order to create perspective lubricant compositions.

Sodium Caseinate Improves Emulsion Stability of Meat Model System Formulated with Pre-neutralized Red Palm Olein-canola Oil Emulsion Gel

Replacing animal fat with vegetable fat in comminuted meat products often faces technological property challenges, such as high weight loss after cooking and a texture that is not dense and compact due to the predominant composition of unsaturated fatty acids. The use of emulsifiers from natural ingredients such as sodium caseinate can be a solution to improve the stability of the emulsion. In this research, sodium caseinate was added to the meat emulsion system at several levels: 0%, 0.15%, 0.30%, 0.45%, and 0.60% (w/w) of dough weight. The pH value, emulsion stability of the raw batter, cooking loss, texture profile and color of the final product were tested to prove the capabilities of sodium caseinate. The addition of 0.3% sodium caseinate improved emulsion stability, prevented excessive shrinkage and improved texture, without changing the color of the final product. In conclusion, the addition of sodium caseinate at 0.30% (w/w) is recommended in the manufacturing of comminuted meat products formulated with red palm-canola oil emulsion gel as animal fat replacer.

Parametric, physicochemical and fatty acids composition characterizations of oil extract from Telfairia occidentalis seed; an evolution of its industrial applications potentials

Telfairia occidentalis is a perennial crop that belongs to Cucurbitaceae family, with seeds that contains significant quantity of oil. Process parameters (time, temperature, and particle size) effects, physicochemical and fatty acid composition properties of extracted Telfairia occidentalis seed oil (TOSO) were studied. Oil yields of five different solvents (chloroform, ethanol, benzene, petroleum ether, and n-hexane) were studied to choose best solvent. Extraction yield, physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of oil were determined using standards procedures. N-hexane produced highest yield of 49.98 wt%, at 55 °C, 150min, and 0.5 mm. Telfairia occidentalis seed oil (TOSO) properties results show viscosity, density, saponification and iodine values of 85.1 cP, 0.9386 gm −3, 339.022 mgKOH/g and 149.294 g/I2/100g oil, respectively; with 19.3% saturated and 80.7% unsaturated fatty acids composition. In other words, physicochemical and fatty acids composition properties of the oil indicate its potential applications for a number of industrial purposes, like in biofuels production, especially biodiesel and biolubricant.

Development, Chemical, and Sensory Characterization of Cashew Nut Paste with Cupuaçu Seed

ABSTRACT Cashew nuts kernels (CN) are known for their composition of unsaturated fatty acids, considered “healthy fats.” Agro-industrial residues, such as cupuaçu seed (CS), have great potential for use as raw material in the elaboration of products, as they have a good nutritional composition. This study aimed to elaborate CN pastes with powdered CS (cream similar to peanut butter), and their chemical, microbiological, and sensory characterization. Three formulations were prepared: (A) CN and CS in similar proportions, (B) the highest concentration in the proportion of CS, and (C) the highest CS concentration in the CN ratio. Some differences were observed in the total soluble solids and ash concentration related to the higher amount of CN added. The result revealed that sample B had the best result in terms of sensory properties for the following parameters: aroma, flavor, texture, and appearance. In addition, this sample also showed greater purchase intention. In its composition, paste B has a higher amount of CN (67.5%) and about 20% of CS. CN and CS proved to be the best raw materials for making the paste.

Effect of substrate composition on physicochemical properties of the medium-long-medium structured triacylglycerol.

Nutritional and functional qualities and applications of structured lipids (SL) depend on the composition and molecular structure of fatty acids in the glycerol backbone of triacylglycerol (TAG). However, the relationship between the substrate composition and physicochemical qualities of SL has not been revealed. The investigation aims to disclose the effect of substrate composition on the physicochemical properties of medium-long-medium structured lipids (MLM-SLs) by enzymatic interesterification of Lipozyme TLIM/RMIM. The medium-long-chain triacylglycerol (MLCT) yield could reach 70.32%, including 28.98% CaLCa (1,3-dioctonyl-2-linoleoyl glyceride) and 24.34% CaOCa (1,3-didecanoyl-2-oleoyl glyceride). The sn-2 unsaturated fatty acid composition mainly depended on long-chain triacylglycerol (LCT) in the substrate. The increased carbon chain length and double bond in triacylglycerol decreased its melting and crystallization temperature. The balanced substrate composition of MCT/LCT increased the size and finer crystals. Molecular docking simulation revealed that the MLCT molecule mainly interacted with the catalytic triplets of Lipozyme TLIM (Arg81-Ser83-Arg84) and the Lipozyme RMIM (Tyr183-Thr226-Arg262) by OH bond. The oxygen atom of the ester on the MLCT molecule was primarily bound to the hydrogen of hydroxyl and amino groups on the binding sites of Lipozyme TLIM/RMIM. The intermolecular interplay between MLCT and Lipozyme RMIM is more stable than Lipozyme TLIM due to the formation of lower binding affinity energy. This research clarifies the interaction mechanism between MLCT molecules and lipases, and provides an in-depth understanding of the relationship between substrate composition, molecular structure and physicochemical property of MLM-SLs. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

BENEFITS OF MICROBIAL FERTILIZERS APPLIED AT DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES ON OIL CONTENT AND QUALITY PROPERTIES OF PEANUT

Microbial fertilizer helps the plants grow healthy and stay strong due to including fertilizer and beneficial microorganisms. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of microbial fertilizers applied in different growth stages on oil content, fatty acid composition and oil quality of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The study was conducted in Osmaniye/Turkey in 2019 and 2020 according to RCBD arranged in split-plots design with 3 replications. The highest oil contents were observed in 150 cc da-1 (53.07%) and beginning bloom + full bloom (53.95%) treatments in studied years. For total unsaturated fatty acid compositions, the highest values were obtained in full bloom (79.49%) and 100 cc da-1 (79.99%) treatments. The highest O/L ratio were observed in full bloom and 100 cc da-1 treatments as 1.72 and 1.68, respectively according to mean of 2-year values. Similar results were seen in IV, and these treatments came forefront with the values 93.83 and 94.52, respectively. As a results of the study, it was concluded that (i) microbial fertilizers had the positive effects on oil content and quality parameters of peanut, (ii) the treatment 100 cc da-1 applied in full bloom may be the optimum selection.

GROWTH PROMOTING ACTIVITY OF FLAVONOIDS OF EXTRACTS OF POPULUS POPULUS BALSAMIFERA BUDS

Currently, the urgent task is to accelerate the development of alternative plant protection measures, which is associated with the aggravation of the environmental situation, the desire to reduce pollution of agricultural landscapes and obtain agricultural products with minimal use of agrochemicals. Poplar extract is a plant growth stimulant due to the presence in its composition of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, lipids, phenolic and polyphenolic compounds, amino acids, essential oils, vitamins, which provide a stable growth-stimulating effect. The advantages of biological preparations, based on balsamic poplar, include their low cost, the absence of a negative effect on plant productivity, high specificity, low toxicity. The main difference between biological preparations and other plant protection products is that they are able to stimulate the natural protective abilities of the plants themselves, thereby affecting harmful organisms. The use of such drugs is one of the ways to solve environmental problems in agriculture and a powerful means of increasing the effectiveness of both plant protection from phytopathogens and crop production in general. The purpose is to evaluate the stimulating activity of the extracts of the buds of poplar balsamic Populusbalsamifera on the seed productivity of flax. The objecvtives: to isolate the sum of flavonoids from balsamic poplar; to establish the growth-stimulating activity of the extract of the buds of balsamic poplar in relation to flax seeds. Methodology. The method of obtaining the proposed balsamic poplar extract includes the use of balsamic poplar buds, air drying, grinding, extraction with 90% ethanol in a Soxlet apparatus, filtration and evaporation until the target product is obtained. The results. The obtained results and conclusions. In the course of the study, flavonoids have been isolated from the buds of balsamic poplar. The presence of flavonoids in the ethanol extract is confirmed by qualitative reactions. The composition of poplar kidney extract has been investigated by thin-layer chromatography. Conclusion. It has been found that the extract from the poplar buds mainly contains substances of a flavonoid nature. The results of studying the growth-stimulating activity of the extracts of balsamic poplar Populusbalsamifera showed high seed productivity of flax of Tomsk selection in the control group; reproduction conditions have positively affected the yield of flax.

PHYSIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITION OF MORINGA OLEIFERA OIL OF FAR NORTH CAMEROON

In this work, a comparative study on Moringa oleifera (MO) oil extraction techniques were conducted. MO seeds were collected from the Far North Region of Cameroon and oil was extracted using Soxhlet (SO), Ultrasonic (US) and Cold press (PR) methods. Physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition were determined for each MO oil extracted. The SO seems to be the effective method for oil extraction with a yield equal to 38.94 ± 0.28%, followed by US 35.11 ± 1.45% and at least PR (23.00 ± 1.00%). Moreover, myristic and lignoceric acids were found at low concentration in all extracted oil. However, the unsaturated fatty acid composition of the extracted oils follows PR>US>SO order. Oleic acid was the main unsaturated fatty acid with high rate obtained using PR and SO extractions (75.37%, 75.31% respectively) which is not very different from that obtained by US extraction (74.85). A higher value of acidity was noted in PR extraction method and lower oxidative state value was noted in PR extracted oil comparing to US and SO methods. No major differences were observed for the other physic-chemical parameters. Major and minor saturated fatty acids were palmitic and myristic acids, respectively. Lower total saturated fatty acids were recorded in PR extracted MO oil. We found also linoleic and linolenic acids in the group of unsaturated fatty acids of MO oil.

Processes for the Clarification of the Crude Oil of Baobab Seeds Extracted by Pressing on Activated Carbon Elaborated from the Capsules of the Fruit (<i>Adansonia digitata</i> L.)

The baobab, Adansonia digitata L. plays an important role in the economy of local populations. The oil from the seeds of the baobab fruit is nowadays highly prized because of its numerous cosmetic and therapeutic applications and its composition of unsaturated fatty acids, sterols and tocopherols. However, unlike refined oils, locally extracted baobab oil has not undergone purification operations to ensure its quality. Only a filtration on special cloths is carried out after decantation. Indeed, the oil obtained after pressing is cloudy because of the presence of various impurities. It therefore requires treatment operations to make it more attractive and of higher quality. Therefore, in order to provide innovative solutions to local companies to improve the quality of vegetable oils, a study of clarification (treatment) of crude oil is necessary. An experimental device has been developed in the laboratory. It includes a glass column and a filter bed of dune sand and activated carbon. This study has shown the efficiency of the experimental device. Indeed, the activated carbon, thanks to its adsorbing power, has allowed a significant decrease in turbidity at the 5% threshold, from 14.61 NTU for the raw oil to 0.08 NTU for the oil filtered on 3% carbon and 0.033 NTU for the oil filtered on 5% carbon. That is to say an abatement higher than 95%. This decrease in turbidity could be correlated with the decrease in brown index from 187.39a for the initial crude oil to 128.53d for the oil treated with 3% activated carbon versus 187.59a for the oil filtered on cloths. The lowest brown index was observed with the filtration using 5% activated carbon (35.99b). Thus, for the yellowness index, only the filtration on 5% charcoal allowed to obtain a significant decrease in yellowness. The yellowing index of the oil with 5% was 44.67b against 79.04a for the oil filtered with 3% activated carbon, 86.33a for the crude oil and 86.46a for the oil filtered on cloths. Finally, the oil sample treated with 5% activated carbon had the clearest clarity than the other samples with a clarity (L) equal to 97.98c against 95.63d for the oil treated with 3% carbon and 94.99b for the oil filtered on filter cloths. According to the results obtained, the experimental device made it possible to obtain a clearer baobab oil with a low brown index, thus improving the sensory quality of the oil.

Composition of Crude Palm Oil Extracted Using Hot Compressed Water Extraction.

Extraction process are one of the critical units in palm oil milling process which dictates its efficiency. In this study, hot compressed water extraction (HCWE) is utilized for the crude palm oil (CPO) extraction. With regards to CPO quality, the extracted CPO using HCWE was analysed based on overall composition, triacylglycerol (TAG) composition and fatty acid profile composition. This is to evaluate the possible product degradation during the process. From the results, the CPO extracted using HCWE process contain low FFA of 0.15±0.01% and low DAG of 2.145% which reflect to higher quality of CPO. This CPO also show the equal mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid composition at 50.63% and 49.93% respectively, within the CPO composition range in the literature. No significant changing of the fatty acid composition is observed between CPO extracted using HCWE and commercial CPO indicated that no possible undesired reaction during the extraction process. HCWE is a promising method for screw press system replacement, but the economic analysis is essential to evaluate its prospective.

Criopreservação de sementes de espécies brasileiras do gênero Dyckia (Bromeliaceae)

Cryopreservation of seeds of Brazilian species of the genus Dyckia (Bromeliaceae). The objective of this study was to evaluate different cryoprotectants in cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen (NL) of seeds of Dyckia dusenii, Dyckia kranziana and Dyckia walteriana and to quantify the lipid content of the seeds. The treatments were: control, immersion in NL, glycerol 1 mol.L-1, sucrose 0.4 mol.L-1, PVS1, PVS2, PVS2 + 1% floroglucinol and PVS3. From the seeds, the total lipid content was evaluated. The percentage of germination and abnormal seedlings, germination speed index, length and dry mass of the seedlings were evaluated. After 150 days, the length and dry mass of the aerial and root parts. The cryoprotectants were not effective in the seeds of D. dusenii and D. kranziana, however, for those of D. walteriana it is recommended to use the cryoprotectants glycerol 1 mol.L-1, sucrose 0.4 mol.L-1, PVS1, PVS2 , PVS2 + 1 % floroglucinol or PVS3. Studies of the composition of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are necessary to establish a relationship with cryopreservation.

Effects of dietary addition of wormwood on growth performance, blood characteristics and meat quality in growing-fattening pigs

This study investigated the effects of the dietary addition of wormwood (Artemisia montana Pampan) on growth performance, blood characteristics, carcass traits, and meat quality in growing-fattening pigs. One hundred eighty crossed pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc), weighing approximately 70 kg, were divided into four groups of 15 head (eight barrows and seven gilts) per pen, and the experiment was replicated thrice. The basal diet (C) was supplemented with 0.5% (T1), 1.0% (T2), and 1.5% (T3) of dried powdered wormwood, and the pigs were fed an experimental diet for six weeks. The average daily weight gain and feed efficiency were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in treatments than in C. On the contrary, the total cholesterol concentration was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in treatments than in C. Additionally, the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05), and the carcass grade was better (P < 0.05) in the treatments than in C. The ether extract content of the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle was lower (P < 0.05) in T2 and T3 than that in C. In contrast, the unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) composition in LD muscle was higher (P < 0.05) in the treatments than in C. Additionally, the marbling and flavour of cooked meat were better (P < 0.05) in the treatments than in C. The dietary addition of wormwood increased (P < 0.05) lightness and yellowness of the surface meat colour and decreased (P < 0.05) juiciness of the LD sensory evaluation. Therefore, the dietary addition of wormwood improved growth performance, feed efficiency, carcass grade, USFA composition, and oxidation of protein and lipids in the LD muscle of growing-fattening pigs.