Saturated Fatty Acid Composition Research Articles

CHROMATOMASS SPECTROMETRIC STUDY OF LEAVES OF RUBUS IDAEUS L. AND SORBUS AUCUPARIA L. SOUTH OF THE TOMSK REGION

The features of the distribution of fat-soluble organic compounds in the leaves of deciduous shrubs Rubus idaeus and Sorbus aucuparia growing in identical weather conditions in mixed and pine forests of the southern taiga of Western Siberia are shown. The composition of n-alkanes, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, n-aldehydes, n-alkane-2-ones, n-alkanols, acyclic isoprenoids, steroids and pentacyclic triterpenoids was studied by chromatomass spectrometry. It was found that the microclimate of pine forest and mixed forest influences the composition of organic compounds in the leaves of single-species plants. In a mixed forest, among acyclic compounds, the total proportion of n-alkanes and the relative content of high-molecular homologues of n-alkanes, n-aldehydes and n-alkane-2-ones in rowan and raspberry leaves were increased. The composition of steroids is dominated by sitosterol, while in the bushes of mixed forest, unlike pine forest, there is a higher proportion of keto-substituted stigmast-4-en-3-one and the hydrocarbon stigmast-3,5-diene. Pine raspberries are distinguished by the presence of cholesterol, lanosterol and lanost-8-en-3-one, an increased content of cycloartenol. The leaves of ash among the pentacyclic triterpenoids identified a- and β-amerins, and the leaves of the raspberry a-, β- and d-amerins, among which in the pine forest increased the proportion a- amerin, and in the mixed forest – d-amerin. Raspberry leaves are dominated by neolup-12-en-3-ol, whereas in the leaves of mountain ash of mixed forest – lupeol, and pine forest – presumably 28-norneogop-18-en-3-ol. It is shown that the distribution of fat-soluble compounds depends not only on the type of plant, but also on the conditions of its growth, which must be taken into account when planning the practical use of plant raw materials.

Simultaneous ocean acidification and warming do not alter the lipid-associated biochemistry but induce enzyme activities in an asterinid starfish

Ocean acidification and warming affect marine ecosystems from the molecular scale in organismal physiology to broad alterations of ecosystem functions. However, knowledge of their combined effects on tropical-subtropical intertidal species remains limited. Pushing the environmental range of marine species away from the optimum initiates stress impacting biochemical metabolic characteristics, with consequences on lipid-associated and enzyme biochemistry. This study investigates lipid-associated fatty acids (FAs) and enzyme activities involved in biomineralization of the tropical-subtropical starfish Aquilonastra yairi in response to projected near-future global change. The starfish were acclimatized to two temperature levels (27 °C, 32 °C) crossed with three pCO2 concentrations (455 μatm, 1052 μatm, 2066 μatm). Total lipid (ΣLC) and FAs composition were unaffected by combined elevated temperature and pCO2, but at elevated temperature, there was an increase in ΣLC, SFAs (saturated FAs) and PUFAs (polyunsaturated FAs), and a decrease in MUFAs (monounsaturated FAs). However, temperature was the sole factor to significantly alter SFAs composition. Positive parabolic responses of Ca-ATPase and Mg-ATPase enzyme activities were detected at 27 °C with elevated pCO2, while stable enzyme activities were observed at 32 °C with elevated pCO2. Our results indicate that the lipid-associated biochemistry of A. yairi is resilient and capable of coping with near-future ocean acidification and warming. However, the calcification-related enzymes Ca-ATPase and Mg-ATPase activity appear to be more sensitive to pCO2/pH changes, leading to vulnerability concerning the skeletal structure.

Elucidating the impact of sanitary waste on the formation of fat, oil and grease deposits in sewer systems

The accumulation of fat, oil and grease (FOG) deposits in sanitary sewer systems is a significant cause of sewer overflows, mainly due to their tendency to adhere to pipe walls. The aim of this study is to (i) develop laboratory-prepared FOG deposits using a mixture of iron (Fe) and aluminium (Al) metal ions, fatty acids, saccharides and cooked oils, in addition to various sanitary waste materials such as paper towels, wipes and pads and (ii) examine the characteristics of these FOG deposits. The goals of this study were to (i) gain a deeper understanding of the impact of sanitary waste on the formation of FOG deposits and (ii) discuss the detailed physiochemical properties of these FOG deposits. The findings revealed that FOG deposits can vary in nature, appearing as either a smooth, paste-like substance or a coarse, semi-solid material, depending on the types of waste present in the sewer. Analysis of the fatty acid profile indicated that the FOG deposits with wipes have the highest viscosity (3.2 × 104 Pa s) and larger composition of smaller chain saturated fatty acids (caprylic acid 0.64%, undecanoic acid 5.61%, lauric acid 4.65%, myristic acid 3.21% and palmitic 8.38%). In contrast, FOG deposits with Fe and Al metal impurities have higher heat resistance and thermal stability (melting point of 125 °C) and have larger composition of long chain fatty acids. Furthermore, FTIR analysis confirmed that these FOG deposits are composed of metallic salts of fatty acids, aligning with samples from sewer lines. Our results suggest that FOG deposit formation involves the aggregation of excess calcium, which compresses free fatty acid micelles, and a saponification reaction between the calcium aggregates and free fatty acids. This research illuminates the complex processes behind FOG deposit formation and their varied characteristics, providing valuable insights into potential strategies for preventing FOG-related sewer blockages.

Fatty Acid Profiling of Bali and Wagyu Cattle using Principal Component Analysis

This study aimed to compare the fatty acid profiles of Bali cattle and Wagyu cattle. A total of 50 beef was used in this study, consisting of 44 Bali cattle from Kupang, NTT, and 6 samples of Wagyu cattle from supermarkets. The fatty acid profiles identified are saturated and unsaturated (MUFA and PUFA). The fatty acid analysis used is the Gas Chromatography (GC) method. Descriptive analysis was used to examine data on the fatty acid profile, and T-test analyzed fatty acid composition differences between Bali and Wagyu beef. Differences in fatty acid compositions have been reported based on breeds. The Bali beef had significantly (p<0.05) higher saturated fatty acid than Wagyu. Several fatty acids of meat from Bali cattle were significantly different (p<0.05) from Wagyu, except for myristoleic (C14:0) and palmitoleic acids (C16:0) did not show significant differences (p>0.05). The principal component analysis (PCA) results showed that the first principal component was UFA, MUFA: SFA ratio, oleic acid, omega-9, MUFA, and palmitic acid. In contrast, the second principal component was myristoleic acid, linolenic acid, omega-3, PUFA: SFA ratio, PUFA, omega-6, linoleic acid, stearic acid, SFA, and palmitoleic acid. The study's findings revealed that Bali beef had a much more saturated fatty acid composition of Bali beef was higher than Wagyu beef. This result suggests that Wagyu cattle have a more favorable fatty acid profile, which benefits health.

Comparison of the Fatty Acid Composition in Phospholipid Species from Korean Human Milk.

In this study, the phospholipid species [i.e., phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and sphingomyelin (SM)] in human milk (HM) were compared according to their fatty acid (FA) composition. 34 HM samples were collected and classified into three groups (A < B < C) according to their fat content. Stearic acid (C18:0) was the main FA in PE, PC, and SM. The highest concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) were observed in PE, whereas docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was predominant in SM. Although PC exhibited the highest total saturated FAs (SFAs) and PE contained the highest unsaturated FAs (UFAs), very long-chain SFAs and monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) were preferentially distributed in SM. PC and SM had higher saturation compared to PE. Regarding the effect of the fat content of HM on the FA composition of the phospholipid species, a limited influence was observed on the composition of SFAs and MUFAs of PE, SM, and particularly PC. However, a more pronounced effect on the composition of polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) in phospholipids was observed, especially for linoleic acid (LA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), EPA, and DHA, indicating that the composition of FAs in the phospholipid species was probably affected by the maternal diet.

In Vitro Bioactivities and Characterization of Mycelial Extracts from Different Strains of Phellinus igniarius (Agaricomycetes).

To fully utilize Phellinus igniarius fermentation mycelia, the present study investigated the in vitro antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory properties of four Ph. igniarius strains. Organic solvents were used to extract fatty acids, phenolics, and flavonoids from the selected mushrooms. The composition and bioactivity of the extracts were evaluated. The lipid yield obtained using petroleum ether (7.1%) was higher than that obtained using 1:1 n-hex-ane+methanol (5.5%) or 2:1 dichloromethane+methanol (3.3%). The composition and relative content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the petroleum ether extract were higher than those in other solvent extracts. Furthermore, ethyl acetate extracts had higher flavonoid and phenolic content and better antioxidant activity than other extracts; however, the 70% ethanol extracts had the best α-amylase inhibitory activity. The supernatant from the ethanol precipitation of aqueous and 1% (NH4)2C2O4 extracts could also be biocompound sources. This comparative study is the first highlighting the in vitro antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory properties of the four strains of Ph. igniarius extracts prepared using different organic solvents, which makes the investigated species and extracts promising for biological application.

Lipid Production from Native Oleaginous Yeasts Isolated from Southern Chilean Soil Cultivated in Industrial Vinasse Residues.

In this research, six strains of oleaginous yeasts native to southern Chile were analyzed for their biotechnological potential in lipid accumulation. For this purpose, the six strains, named PP1, PP4, PR4, PR10, PR27 and PR29, were cultivated in a nitrogen-deficient synthetic mineral medium (SMM). Then, two strains were selected and cultivated in an industrial residual "vinasse", under different conditions of temperature (°C), pH and carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio. Finally, under optimized conditions, the growth kinetics and determination of the lipid profile were evaluated. The results of growth in the SMM indicate that yeasts PP1 and PR27 presented biomass concentrations and lipid accumulation percentages of 2.73 and 4.3 g/L of biomass and 36.6% and 45.3% lipids, respectively. Subsequently, for both strains, when cultured in the residual vinasse under optimized environmental conditions, biomass concentrations of 14.8 ± 1.51 g/L (C/N 80) and 15.83 ± 0.57 g/L (C/N 50) and lipid accumulations of 28% and 30% were obtained for PP1 and PR27, respectively. The composition of the triglycerides (TGs), obtained in the culture of the yeasts in a 2 L reactor, presented 64.25% of saturated fatty acids for strain PR27 and 47.18% for strain PP1. The saturated fatty acid compositions in both strains are mainly constituted of fatty acids, myristic C 14:0, heptadecanoic C 17:0, palmitic C 16:0 and stearic C 18:0, and the monounsaturated fatty acids constituted of oleic acid C 18:1 (cis 9) (28-46%), and in smaller amounts, palmitoleic acid and heptadecenoic acid. This work demonstrates that the native yeast strains PP1 and PR27 are promising strains for the production of microbial oils similar to conventional vegetable oils. The potential applications in the energy or food industries, such as aquaculture, are conceivable.

Characterization and Association of CFHR5 Gene Polymorphism with Fatty Acid Composition and Cholesterol in Sheep

The Complement Factor H Related 5 (CFHR5) gene is speculated to have an important role in regulating fatty acid composition in sheep. The aim of this study was to investigate the polymorphism of the CFHR5 gene and its association with fatty acid composition and cholesterol of sheep in Indonesia. A total of 172 rams from 83 priangan sheep (PS), 20 sapudi sheep (SS), 19 Garut sheep (GS), 20 jonggol sheep (JS), 10 Garut composite sheep (GCS), 10 compass agrinac sheep (CAS), and 10 Barbados cross sheep (BCS) were used for this study. Identification of CFHR5 gene polymorphism were performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using AciI restriction enzyme. The results showed that the CFHR5 gene in all sheep populations were polymorphic producing three genotypes, e.g. CC, CT and TT, respectively. The polymorphism had a significant effect (p&lt;0.05) on fatty acid composition (miristoleic [C14:1], ginkgolic [C17:1], tridecanoic [C13:0], and heptadecanoic [C17:0] acids) and cholesterol. The breed and polymorphism had a significant effect (p&lt;0.05) on fatty acid composition (JS with tridecanoic acid [C13:0] and BCS with miristoleic acid [C14:1]). The CC genotype is the preferred genotype and as it exhibits reduced levels of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol. The BCS sheep is the preferred genotype and as it exhibits high PUFA/SFA ratio. The CFHR5 gene (SNP c.1011C&gt;T) has the potential to be used as a genetic marker for the selection of low saturated fatty acid composition and cholesterol in sheep

A GC/C/IRMS-based method for position-specific carbon isotopic analysis of saturated long chain fatty acids

Intramolecular carbon isotope profiles (13C/12C) of mid- and long-chain saturated fatty acids represent a potentially rich source of pathway and flux information on fatty lipid biosynthesis. Accessing the PSIC-13C (position-specific carbon isotope composition) of saturated long chain fatty acids, however, proves a challenge as neither 13C NMR, nor online pyrolysis, can measure all carbons successfully. We have developed a wet chemistry procedure (α-bromination, α-hydrolysis and decarboxylation) to stepwise shorten the targeted saturated fatty acid, followed by GC/C/IRMS (gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry) measurement of the 13C/12C ratios of fatty acids, with minimal purification. Isotope mass balance was then applied to calculate the 13C/12C ratios of individual carbons. The triplicated PSIA precision varies from position to position in the range 3.95–5.25 mUr (averaging 4.44 mUr, equivalent to ‰).Applying this method to a commercial C16:0 fatty acid of C3 botanical origin revealed an intramolecular odd-over-even 13C enrichment pattern, consistent with that obtained with 13C NMR. Although PSIA-13C was attempted only on a single fatty acid, the method can potentially be applied to obtain PISC-13C for all fatty acids in a mixture simultaneously, and to long chain saturated alkanes after proper functionalization. The method should prove useful in studies of lipid metabolism and biogeochemistry as both saturated long chain fatty acids and alkanes are the dominant organic archives of climate in petroleum deposits, sediments and soils.

GROWTH PROMOTING ACTIVITY OF FLAVONOIDS OF EXTRACTS OF POPULUS POPULUS BALSAMIFERA BUDS

Currently, the urgent task is to accelerate the development of alternative plant protection measures, which is associated with the aggravation of the environmental situation, the desire to reduce pollution of agricultural landscapes and obtain agricultural products with minimal use of agrochemicals. Poplar extract is a plant growth stimulant due to the presence in its composition of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, lipids, phenolic and polyphenolic compounds, amino acids, essential oils, vitamins, which provide a stable growth-stimulating effect. The advantages of biological preparations, based on balsamic poplar, include their low cost, the absence of a negative effect on plant productivity, high specificity, low toxicity. The main difference between biological preparations and other plant protection products is that they are able to stimulate the natural protective abilities of the plants themselves, thereby affecting harmful organisms. The use of such drugs is one of the ways to solve environmental problems in agriculture and a powerful means of increasing the effectiveness of both plant protection from phytopathogens and crop production in general. The purpose is to evaluate the stimulating activity of the extracts of the buds of poplar balsamic Populusbalsamifera on the seed productivity of flax. The objecvtives: to isolate the sum of flavonoids from balsamic poplar; to establish the growth-stimulating activity of the extract of the buds of balsamic poplar in relation to flax seeds. Methodology. The method of obtaining the proposed balsamic poplar extract includes the use of balsamic poplar buds, air drying, grinding, extraction with 90% ethanol in a Soxlet apparatus, filtration and evaporation until the target product is obtained. The results. The obtained results and conclusions. In the course of the study, flavonoids have been isolated from the buds of balsamic poplar. The presence of flavonoids in the ethanol extract is confirmed by qualitative reactions. The composition of poplar kidney extract has been investigated by thin-layer chromatography. Conclusion. It has been found that the extract from the poplar buds mainly contains substances of a flavonoid nature. The results of studying the growth-stimulating activity of the extracts of balsamic poplar Populusbalsamifera showed high seed productivity of flax of Tomsk selection in the control group; reproduction conditions have positively affected the yield of flax.

An Acyl Carrier Protein Gene Affects Fatty Acid Synthesis and Growth of Hermetia illucens

Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is an acyl carrier in fatty acid synthesis and is an important cofactor of fatty acid synthetase. Little is known about ACP in insects and how this protein may modulate the composition and storage of fatty acids. We used an RNAi-assisted strategy to study the potential function of ACP in Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). We identified a HiACP gene with a cDNA length of 501 bp and a classical conserved region of DSLD. This gene was highly expressed in the egg and late larval instars and was most abundant in the midgut and fat bodies of larvae. Injection of dsACP significantly inhibited the expression level of HiACP and further regulated the fatty acid synthesis in treated H. illucens larvae. The composition of saturated fatty acids was reduced, and the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) was increased. After interfering with HiACP, the cumulative mortality of H. illucens increased to 68.00% (p < 0.05). H. illucens growth was greatly influenced. The development duration increased to 5.5 days, the average final body weights of larvae and pupae were decreased by 44.85 mg and 14.59 mg, respectively, and the average body lengths of larvae and pupae were significantly shortened by 3.09 mm and 3.82 mm, respectively. The adult eclosion rate and the oviposition of adult females were also severely influenced. These results demonstrated that HiACP regulates fatty acid content and influences multiple biological processes of H. illucens.

Changes in physicochemical, microbiological and fatty acid composition during the ripening period of artisan sheep cheese from Bulgaria

The composition of artisan sheep's milk cheese during the ripening period was studied. The raw material used for cheese production, was obtained from an indigenous Karakachan sheep from Bulgaria. It was found that the main physicochemical parameters of the cheese have changed during the study period. During the ripening process, chaaracteristics such as dry matter, total protein and fat content increased by approximately 7.0%, 3.0% and 4.0% respectively, while the water content of the samples decreased by up to 7.0%. A smooth acidification process was observed, which correlated with the high number of lactic acid bacteria. The fatty acid analysis showed that the saturated fatty acid composition was 66.0% and unsaturated fatty acids were 34.0%. During the biochemical ripening at the 60th day of the test period, the presence of linoleic polyunsaturated fatty acid was found to be 0.12%.

Composition of Crude Palm Oil Extracted Using Hot Compressed Water Extraction.

Extraction process are one of the critical units in palm oil milling process which dictates its efficiency. In this study, hot compressed water extraction (HCWE) is utilized for the crude palm oil (CPO) extraction. With regards to CPO quality, the extracted CPO using HCWE was analysed based on overall composition, triacylglycerol (TAG) composition and fatty acid profile composition. This is to evaluate the possible product degradation during the process. From the results, the CPO extracted using HCWE process contain low FFA of 0.15±0.01% and low DAG of 2.145% which reflect to higher quality of CPO. This CPO also show the equal mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid composition at 50.63% and 49.93% respectively, within the CPO composition range in the literature. No significant changing of the fatty acid composition is observed between CPO extracted using HCWE and commercial CPO indicated that no possible undesired reaction during the extraction process. HCWE is a promising method for screw press system replacement, but the economic analysis is essential to evaluate its prospective.

Effect of slaughter age and sex on fatty acid composition of vembur sheep meat

Six each of Vembur sheep males and females from 9 and 12 months of age maintained under grazing system were slaughtered to analyse the meat fatty acid composition. The results showed no significant difference in individual saturated fatty acids composition (C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C20:0 and C22:0) between slaughter age and sex. Both slaughter ages and sex showed no significant differences in the monounsaturated fatty acid (C16:1 and C18:1) and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition (C18:2, C18:3, C20:5 and C22:6) of meat. However, overall significantly lower saturated fatty acid and higher unsaturated fatty acids were observed at 9 months as compared to 12 months of age. Contrarily, sex of the animal had no effect on fatty acid composition.

Criopreservação de sementes de espécies brasileiras do gênero Dyckia (Bromeliaceae)

Cryopreservation of seeds of Brazilian species of the genus Dyckia (Bromeliaceae). The objective of this study was to evaluate different cryoprotectants in cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen (NL) of seeds of Dyckia dusenii, Dyckia kranziana and Dyckia walteriana and to quantify the lipid content of the seeds. The treatments were: control, immersion in NL, glycerol 1 mol.L-1, sucrose 0.4 mol.L-1, PVS1, PVS2, PVS2 + 1% floroglucinol and PVS3. From the seeds, the total lipid content was evaluated. The percentage of germination and abnormal seedlings, germination speed index, length and dry mass of the seedlings were evaluated. After 150 days, the length and dry mass of the aerial and root parts. The cryoprotectants were not effective in the seeds of D. dusenii and D. kranziana, however, for those of D. walteriana it is recommended to use the cryoprotectants glycerol 1 mol.L-1, sucrose 0.4 mol.L-1, PVS1, PVS2 , PVS2 + 1 % floroglucinol or PVS3. Studies of the composition of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are necessary to establish a relationship with cryopreservation.

GROWTH PROMOTING ACTIVITY OF FLAVONOIDS OF EXTRACTS OF POPULUS POPULUS BALSAMIFERA BUDS

At present, the urgent task is to accelerate the development of alternative measures for the protection of plants, which is associated with the aggravation of the environmental situation, the desire to reduce pollution of agricultural landscapes and obtain agricultural products with minimal use of agrochemicals. Poplar extract is a plant growth stimulant due to the presence in its composition of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, lipids, phenolic and polyphenolic compounds, amino acids, essential oils, vitamins, which provide a stable growth-stimulating effect.The aim was to evaluate the stimulating activity of extracts of balsamic poplar buds Populus balsamifera on the seed productivity of flax.&#x0D; Tasks: isolate the amount of flavonoids from balsamic poplar; to establish the growth-stimulating activity of balsamic poplar bud extract in relation to flax seeds.&#x0D; Methodology and scientific approaches: The method for obtaining the proposed balsam poplar extract includes the use of balsam poplar buds, air drying, grinding, extraction with 90% ethanol in a Soxhlet apparatus, filtration and evaporation to obtain the target product.&#x0D; Results and conclusions: the results of studying the growth-stimulating activity of extracts of balsam poplar Populus balsamifera showed high seed productivity of flax of Tomsk selection in the control group; reproduction conditions had a positive effect on the yield of flax.

Effect of Trichilia monadelpha stem bark extract on the fatty acid composition of rabbit’s thigh meat

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Trichilia monadelpha stem bark extract on the fatty acid composition of rabbit’s thigh meat. A total of 40, 6-7 weeks New Zealand white × Chinchilla crossbred rabbits with an average weight of 490 ± 4.40 were randomly divided to 4 groups with 5 replications consisting of 2 animals each in a completely randomized design. Rabbits in treatment 1 (T1) was fed basal diet with no Trichilia monadelpha stem bark extract (TMSB), T2, T3 and T4 were fed basal diet with 3mL, 6mL and 9mL TMSB per rabbit/day. Phytochemical analysis of TMSB revealed the presence of tannins (10.95 mg/g), alkaloids (9.22 mg/g), saponins (4.75 mg/g), oxalates (3.10 mg/g), flavonoids (15.88 mg/g), phenols (18.46 mg/g), terpenoids (8.62 mg/g), glycosides (7.11 mg/g) and 2-diphenyl 1-piccrlhydrazyhydrate (430.8 mg/g). Concentrations of vitamins identified in the extract are; vitamin A (2.190 mg/100g), vitamin B1 (0.567 mg/100g), vitamin B2 (0.301 mg/100g), vitamin B3 (0.227 mg/100g), vitamin B9 (0.080 mg/100g), vitamin B12 (0.209 mg/100g) and vitamin C (5.680 mg/100g). Composition of saturated fatty acid (TSFA) decrease with a significant increase in monosaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (P˂0.05) across the treatments. It was found that TMSB significantly (P˂0.05) influenced the concentration of total unsaturated fatty acid (TSFA). Therefore, it can be concluded that TMSB is capable of modulating the fatty acid and improving the quality of meat from rabbit without causing any deleterious effect on the performance of the animal.

Improved hydrogenation process for margarine production with no trans fatty acid formation by non-thermal plasma with needle-in-tube configuration

Non-thermal dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma with needle-in-tube configuration was used to improve hydrogenation reaction for trans -fat free margarine production. Refined palm olein was used as raw material with operating conditions at ambient pressure, room temperature (29 °C) and no catalyst. Effects of hydrogen gas (H 2 ) concentration, input power, gas flow rate, discharge gap size and reaction time on fatty acid compositions and properties of hydrogenated refined palm olein after plasma treatment was evaluated. Lowest iodine value (IV) was achieved with reduction from 60.75 to 23.56 with increase in saturated fatty acid composition from 40.82 ± 0.05 to 68.70 ± 0.07% and decrease in unsaturated fatty acid composition from 59.11 ± 0.12 to 31.39 ± 0.01% under the condition of 0.5 L/min gas flow rate with 100% H 2 , 40 W input power, 0.5 cm gap size and 15 h reaction time. In addition, no trans -fat was detected by GC-MS analysis. Slip melting point (SMP) was increased from 9.33 ± 0.5 to 36.33 ± 0.5 °C. Acid value (AV) was reduced from 0.47 ± 0.02 to 0.32 ± 0.03 mg KOH/g oil. Texture of produced margarine was similar to that of commercial one. Generated hydrogen free radicals were hypothesized to perform hydrogenation by reacting with carbon-carbon double bonds (π-bonds), converting poly- and monounsaturated fatty acids into saturated ones. This highly effective catalyst-free plasma hydrogenation system can be used as alternative, environmentally friendly and economically feasible method to produce trans -fat free margarine. • Production of trans -fat free margarine via non-thermal plasma hydrogenation of palm olein. • Highly environmental-friendly, requiring no catalyst under low temperature and pressure. • Reduced acid value provides increased storage time and longer shelf life.

Effect of Trichilia monadelpha Stem Bark Extract on the Fatty Acid Composition of Rabbit’s Thigh Meat

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Trichilia monadelpha stem bark extract on the fatty acid composition of rabbit’s thigh meat. A total of 40, 6-7 weeks New Zealand white × Chinchilla crossbred rabbits with an average weight of 490 ± 4.40 were randomly divided to 4 groups with 5 replications consisting of 2 animals each in a completely randomized design. Rabbits in treatment 1 (T1) was fed basal diet with no Trichilia monadelpha stem bark extract (TMSB), T2, T3 and T4 were fed basal diet with 3mL, 6mL and 9mL TMSB per rabbit/day. Phytochemical analysis of TMSB revealed the presence of tannins (10.95 mg/g), alkaloids (9.22 mg/g), saponins (4.75 mg/g), oxalates (3.10 mg/g), flavonoids (15.88 mg/g), phenols (18.46 mg/g), terpenoids (8.62 mg/g), glycosides (7.11 mg/g) and 2-diphenyl 1-piccrlhydrazyhydrate (430.8 mg/g). Concentrations of vitamins identified in the extract are; vitamin A (2.190 mg/100g), vitamin B1 (0.567 mg/100g), vitamin B2 (0.301 mg/100g), vitamin B3 (0.227 mg/100g), vitamin B9 (0.080 mg/100g), vitamin B12 (0.209 mg/100g) and vitamin C (5.680 mg/100g). Composition of saturated fatty acid (TSFA) decrease with a significant increase in monosaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (P˂0.05) across the treatments. It was found that TMSB significantly (P˂0.05) influenced the concentration of total unsaturated fatty acid (TSFA). Therefore, it can be concluded that TMSB is capable of modulating the fatty acid and improving the quality of meat from rabbit without causing any deleterious effect on the performance of the animal.

Oxidative stability of high oleic palm and hazelnut skin oil blends

AbstractHigh oleic palm oil (HOPO) with high oleic and palmitic acid contents is a new vegetable oil that needs to find further use in food applications, while hazelnut skin oil (HSO) with high oleic acid content is a by‐product of hazelnut oil production and have no commercial value. The aim of the study was to obtain new oil blends for new food formulations with high oxidative stability and low (or reasonable) saturated fatty acid content using HOPO and HSO. For this aim, they were blended in the proportions of 0 to 100% (wt/wt), and fatty acid and tocol compositions, induction period and storage stability of the blends were evaluated. Tocotrienols (560.94 mg/kg) constitute the majority of the tocol content of HOPO, while tocopherols (437.69 mg/kg) were the major tocols of HSO. HOPO has a higher saturated fatty acid composition and lower monounsaturated fatty acids content than HSO. In general, it was determined that increasing the HSO ratio in oil blends reduced their oxidative stabilities, which is most likely because HSO is richer in total unsaturated fatty acids (91.8%) than HOPO (68.4%). In addition, tocotrienols are known to be stronger antioxidants than tocopherols. Although HOPO is rich in γ‐tocotrienol, which has a strong antioxidant activity, it also has some disadvantages such as having a high price and containing significant levels of saturated fatty acids (mainly palmitic acid). The optimum blend ratio was then determined as 50% HOPO:50% HSO considering oxidative stability and fatty acid compositions.