Phase Composition Research Articles

Thermal management of lithium-ion batteries based on the coupling of liquid cooling and composite phase change materials

ABSTRACT Effective thermal management techniques for lithium-ion batteries are crucial to ensure their optimal efficiency. This paper proposes a thermal management system that combines liquid cooling with composite phase change materials (PCM) to enhance the cooling performance of these lithium-ion batteries. A numerical study was conducted to examine the impact of various factors on the battery module’s thermal management performance, including the number of flow channels, the distance between these flow channels and the upper and front surfaces, fluid flow rate, coolant inlet temperature, and material’s phase change temperature. The simulation results indicate that at a discharge rate of 6C and a flow channel count of 5, the maximum temperature and the maximum temperature difference of the battery module decrease by 6.44% and 34.35%, respectively, when PCM is coupled with liquid cooling, compared to the pure liquid cooling. However, as the flow rate increases, the rate of temperature reduction slows down, while the pressure drop increases. When the flow rate reaches 0.4 m/s, the maximum temperature only drops by 0.57°C while the pressure drop increases by nearly two times. Furthermore, an increase in the PCM’s melting temperature leads to a larger maximum temperature difference in the battery module. This effect is more pronounced with higher coolant inlet temperatures. Therefore, careful consideration of both flow rate and coolant inlet temperature is essential for designing an effective thermal management system for batteries.

Belite–ye’elimite–ferrite cements produced from London Clay

London Clay (LC) is generated in significant quantities from major infrastructure development projects within and around London, UK. Excavated LC spoils are typically landfilled or used for landscaping purposes with minimal value. This study investigates the feasibility of producing belite–ye’elimite–ferrite (BYF) cements using LC in combination with kaolin or low-grade bauxite. Six cement clinkers with varying compositions were synthesised at 1300°C. The phase composition of the synthesised clinkers was quantified using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) coupled with Rietveld refinement. The hydration behaviour, phase assemblage evolution and mechanical performance of the cements were examined using isothermal calorimetry, XRD, thermogravimetric analysis and compressive strength testing, respectively, up to 90 days of curing. It is demonstrated that LC can be used either on its own or with kaolin or low-grade bauxite to produce BYF cements with a wide range of composition: 31 to 64 wt% belite, 9.3 to 27 wt% ye’elimite and 2.1 to 31 wt% ferrite. The use of LC as the sole alumina source resulted in low compressive strength at early stages. Nevertheless, the strength developed over time, reaching 27.8 MPa at 90 days (0.5 w/b). Possible approaches to develop LC further for producing viable BYF cements are discussed.

Structural and Hydrophilic Properties of Nanoporous Aluminium Oxide Film as a Function of Voltage Anodization

Abstract The impact of voltage on the formation of nanopores through electrochemical anodization of high-purity aluminum was examined. The electrochemical bath was carefully prepared with oxalic acid electrolyte, while a 99.5% pure aluminum electrode served as the cathode and an aluminum template as the anode. The anodization process was conducted at room temperature, with voltage increments ranging from 20V to 65V, which was made possible by the in-house electrochemical cell. Notably, each incremental increase in voltage yielded a significant surge in current density, accompanied by a marked expansion in nanopore size, growing from approximately 35 nm to 125 nm. X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry were used to characterize the films. A slight phase change was observed in the aluminum substrate's FCC structure after the anodization process, transitioning to a monoclinic structure at 39° and 45° for all applied potentials. The stoichiometry of the films was determined through RBS analysis. The nano pores' resulting morphology and phase composition were further examined using SEM and EDS, providing insights into their structural characteristics. Furthermore, the water contact angle of the anodized aluminum oxide samples was measured, revealing a range of approximately 85.16 to 61.01 degrees.

Protection of 316L Steel Against LBE Corrosion by a CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 Glass–Ceramic Coating

A CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 glass–ceramic coating was prepared by the slurry method and subsequent sintering to improve the corrosion resistance of 316L steel in liquid lead–bismuth eutectic alloy at high temperatures. The glass–ceramic coating, sintered at 884 °C, was dense and demonstrated strong adhesion to the substrate. It was composed of the crystalline phases diopside (CaMgSi2O6) and anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) and had an average Vickers hardness of 595 HV, which was over three times that of 316L steel. After corrosion in an oxygen-saturated, static lead–bismuth eutectic alloy at 500 °C for 1000 h, the uncoated 316L experienced significant mass gain (0.04 g) due to severe oxidative corrosion, resulting in the formation of Fe3O4 and Pb2O on its surface. In contrast, the glass–ceramic-coated specimens showed a very small mass gain (0.0012 g) after corrosion. The coating maintained good thermal stability; its crystalline phase composition remained largely unchanged after the corrosion test. The glass–ceramic coating still exhibited dense microstructure and tightly adhered to the substrate after corrosion. There was no evident penetration of lead–bismuth into the coating, and no dissolution of the coating’s elements into the lead–bismuth alloy was detected. These observations confirm that the glass–ceramic coating possessed superior corrosion resistance in liquid lead–bismuth eutectic environments.

Degradation of Concrete Cement Stone Under the Influence of Aspergillus niger Fungi

The concepts of physical and chemical transformations occurring in cement concrete under conditions of microbiological deterioration can be used to control the processes of the destruction of cement concretes in order to ensure the required durability and to predict the service life of products. The study of changes in the structural and phase composition of cement stone made of Portland cement grade CEM I 42.5N in the process of fungal deterioration for 6 months when moistened, as well as a sample of a concrete wall exposed to fungal microorganisms for 20 years, was carried out. Diffractograms of the studied cement stone samples contain a large number of pronounced narrow peaks and indicate a highly crystalline structure of phases with the presence of an X-ray amorphous phase of calcium hydrosilicates and tobermorite gel in the cement stone. Changes in the structure of cement stone under the influence of fungi are confirmed by the data of a derivatographic analysis. A decrease in the content of calcium hydrosilicates and ettringite, as well as other crystalline phases in cement stone, leads to a decrease in compressive strength by about 15% over 6 months of fungal degradation. Similar changes after 20 years of exposure to microorganisms suggest deterioration in the strength characteristics of concrete.

ZIF‐67 Derived Cobalt Catalysts for the Hydroformylation of Liquid Olefins

AbstractIn this work, we described a general monometallic cobalt heterogeneous catalyst for the hydroformylation of olefins, achieving good yields and recyclability up to five times with no loss in catalytic activity. These catalysts were prepared through the pyrolysis of the well‐defined metal–organic framework ZIF‐67. The addition of steam during the pyrolysis did not affect the final phase composition of the cobalt particles; nonetheless, it resulted in an increase of the cobalt particle size and the partial removal of the carbonaceous matrix. The materials were extensively characterized by several techniques, and it was observed that the N‐doped carbon matrix played a crucial role in terms of activity and stability. Different liquid olefins, including internal, terminal, and cyclic were successfully tested in our hydroformylation protocol. Aldehydes yields of 48%–77% for different liquid olefins were achieved with the optimal catalyst. No leaching of the active sites was observed over five catalytic cycles. The high stability of the catalyst is attributed to the presence of stabilizing nitrogen atoms bearing the cobalt sites.

Large-scale conformal synthesis of one-dimensional MAX phases

MAX phases, a unique class of layered ternary compounds, along with their two-dimensional derivatives, MXenes, have drawn considerable attention in many fields. Notably, their one-dimensional (1D) counterpart exhibits more distinct properties and enhanced assemblability for broader applications. We propose a conformal synthetic route for 1D-MAX phases fabrication by integrating additional atoms into nanofibers template within a molten salt environment, enabling in-situ crystalline transformation. Several 1D-MAX phases are successfully synthesized on a large scale. Demonstrating its potential, a copper-based layer-by-layer composites containing 1% by volume of 1D-Ti2AlC reinforced phase achieves an impressive 98 IACS% conductivity and a friction coefficient of 0.08, while maintaining mechanical properties comparable to other Cu-MAX phase composites, making it suitable for advanced industrial areas. This strategy may promise opportunities for the fabrication of various 1D-MAX phases.

Crystallite size and phase purity in Pb1-xSrxTiO3 ferroelectric perovskites for biomedical applications via controlled sintering

ABSTRACT Lead strontium titanate (Pb1-xSrx)TiO3 (PST) is a ferroelectric perovskite material with tunable properties, including Curie temperature, spontaneous polarization, and high dielectric permittivity, making it promising for advanced biomedical applications, such as biosensors, bioimaging, and light-activated therapeutics. This study investigates the effect of varying sintering temperatures on the crystallite size and phase purity of PST, aiming to optimize its performance for biomedical devices. PbCO3, SrCO3, and TiO2 powders were processed via ball milling for 58 hours, followed by sintering at temperatures ranging from 500°C to 1100°C. Laser diffraction particle size analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to assess the particle size and crystal phase transformations. The results demonstrate that higher sintering temperatures improve the PST phase composition, reducing impurities and enhancing crystallite growth. The most significant crystal growth was observed at 900°C, while the optimal phase purity and crystallite size (91.5 nm) were achieved at 1100°C, producing 100% single-phase PST. These findings emphasize the critical role of sintering temperature in tailoring PST’s properties, enhancing its suitability for electronic and microelectronic biomedical devices. Controlled sintering in perovskite materials opens new pathways for their application in medical diagnostics and therapeutic technologies.

Structure and Magnetic Properties of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Subjected to Mechanical Treatment

Iron oxide nanoparticles have been fabricated using the electric wire explosion (EWE) technique. The structure and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles have been analyzed before and after mechanical grinding in a ball mill for different time periods, focusing on potential bioapplications. The phase composition of the nanoparticles (70% Fe3O4, 30% Fe2O3) has remained unchanged despite the mechanical effects. The average nanoparticle size has not been affected either. The observation of the Verwey transition in the studied nanoparticles, along with the structural data, provides a better understanding of the physical properties of EWE ensembles of nanoparticles in different states. The analysis of the structure and magnetic properties reveals the development of a material with a high level of internal stress. This finding may be of interest for bioapplications due to its potential impact on the material performance.

Toughening Mechanism of CaAl12O19 in Red Mud–Al2O3 Composite Ceramics

The utilization of red mud in the production of ceramic products represents an efficient approach for harnessing red mud resources. Composite ceramics were prepared from Al2O3, red mud, and Cr2O3 by atmospheric pressure sintering, and the phase composition and microscopic morphology of the composite ceramics were investigated by XRD, SEM, and EDS. The flexural strength and fracture toughness of composite ceramics were measured by three-point bending and SENB methods. The results showed that the composite ceramics sintered at 1500 °C with the addition of 1.5 wt.% Cr2O3 had a flexural strength of 297.03 MPa, a hardness of 17.44 GPa, and a densification of 97.75% and fracture toughness of 6.57 MPa·m1/2. The addition of Cr2O3 helps to improve the low strength of red mud composite ceramic samples. The CaAl12O19 phase can form a similar “endo-crystalline” structure with Al2O3 grains, which changes the fracture mode of the ceramics and thus significantly improves the fracture toughness. The wettability tests conducted on Cu and RM–Al2O3 composite ceramic materials revealed that the composites exhibited non-wetting behavior towards Cu at elevated temperatures, while no interfacial reactions or elemental diffusion were observed. Composites have higher surface energy than Al2O3 ceramic at high temperatures. The present study provides a crucial foundation for enhancing the comprehensive utilization value of red mud and the application of red mud ceramics in the field of electronic packaging.

Relaxation processes in the oriented polyvinylidene fluoride films with various crystalline phase composition

Relaxation processes in the oriented polyvinylidene fluoride films with various crystalline phase composition

Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Sulfoaluminate Hydrates—Ettringite (AFt) and Monosulfate (AFm)

The goal of the presented work was to find the most favorable conditions for the synthesis and stabilization of chemically pure ettringite and monosulfate. The reaction was carried out by mixing pure tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and gypsum (CS¯H2) in an excess amount of water. The impact of hydration time (2–7 days), C3A:CS¯ molar ratio (1:1–1:3) and water vapor pressure of the selected drying agents (anhydrite-III and supersaturated CaCl2 solution) on the phase composition of the products was evaluated. After 7 days of hydration, either ettringite or monosulfate was obtained as the main product, depending on the C3A:CS¯ molar ratio. The synthesis carried out at a C3A:CS¯ molar ratio of 1:3 produced pure ettringite. In the case of the sample characterized by the ratio of 1:1 (typical of monosulfate), a considerable portion of ettringite (27.9%) was present in the final products along the AFm phase. Therefore, a different synthesis method has to be selected in order to obtain pure monosulfate. The results showed that thermal analysis, X-ray diffractometry and FTIR spectroscopy can be used to distinguish the characteristic features of ettringite and monosulfate.

Decomposition Behavior of Limestone Powder in Converter Flue Gas: Effect of Fe‐Oxide Dust on Calcium Ferrite Formation

To improve the utilization level and energy conversion efficiency of converter flue gas, a novel technology is proposed for the online production of slagging and dephosphorization agent by utilizing the waste heat of converter flue gas. Herein, the effects of Fe‐oxide dust in converter flue gas on the phase composition and microstructure of decomposed product and decomposition degree are investigated by high‐temperature drop tube furnace experiment and thermogravimetric experiment to clarify the influencing mechanism of Fe‐oxide dust on limestone powder decomposition. The results show that Ca2Fe2O5 is formed during limestone decomposition in the flue gas with Fe‐oxide dust, and the increase of Fe‐oxide dust content promotes the decomposition reaction of limestone powder and formation of calcium ferrite. With the Fe‐oxide dust content increasing from 10% to 30%, the decomposition degree increases from 80.1% to 96.2% and the proportion of Ca2Fe2O5 increases from 6.35% to 35.90%. Moreover, FeO in the dust reacts with both CaCO3 and CaO completely to form calcium ferrite with the presence of external oxygen gas in converter flue gas, whereas FeO has no significant effect on the decomposition of CaCO3 in an inert atmosphere and no Ca2Fe2O5 is formed.

The effect of coating chitosan from cuttlefish bone (Sepia Sp.) on the surface of orthodontic mini-screw

IntroductionPeri-implantitis is a significant complication resulting from the failure of orthodontic mini-screws. Recent strategies to address this issue include the application of natural antibacterial coatings to prevent bacterial colonization. Notably, cuttlefish (Sepia sp.) bones are rich in chitosan, which is recognized for its antibacterial effectiveness and biocompatibility. ObjectivesTo evaluate the effects of a chitosan coating derived from cuttlefish bone (Sepia sp.) on mini-screws against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans bacteria frequently linked to peri‑implantitis. Materials and MethodsThe surface functional groups, phase composition, and crystal morphology of chitosan were analyzed using conventional analytic techniques alongside energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. These prepared were tested for antibacterial activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans by disk diffusion assay; minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined. Stainless steel mini-screws were coated with chitosan, and their surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). ResultsThe investigation revealed that chitosan exhibited a MIC value of 8 ppm against A. actinomycetemcomitans with MBCs recorded at 16 ppm. Zones of inhibition varied based on concentration; notably, concentrations at 0.4 %, 0.6 %, and 0.8 % produced zones averaging 16.17 ± 1.64 mm collectively while increasing to a mean zone size of 20.99 ± 3.63 mm at the highest tested concentration (0.8 %). SEM analyses further confirmed the successful adhesion of the chitosan compound onto immersed mini-screw surfaces. ConclusionThe prepared chitosan from cuttlefish bone (Sepia sp.) has antibacterial activity against the bacteria A. actinomycetemcomitans in vitro and can successfully coat SS mini-screws to enhance their efficiency.

Thermal stability and anti-ablation performance of plasma spray coated-YSZ on Al2TiO5 modified novel ablative carbon-phenolic composites

Abstract Despite ongoing challenges, ablative thermal protection systems are among the most promising methods for safeguarding spacecraft during re-entry thermal protection systems (TPS). A novel aluminium titanate (Al2TiO5/AT) and a highly efficient thermal barrier of coating (TB/TBCs) made from yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), powder, but deposited using the plasma spray technique on polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fiber fabric(C)-reinforced with resorcinol phenol formaldehyde resin (RF) composites (C-RF)) would be a potential candidate for TPS applications. This study investigates the composites with varying wt.% of AT that were developed, namely 0 wt.% (YSZ-C-RF), 1 wt.%, 3 wt.%, and 5 wt.% (YSZ-AT-C-RF) by utilizing a hot press moulding machine. Thermal stability and ablation performance of unmodified C-RF with modified YSZ-C-RF and YSZ-AT-C-RF composites are examined through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and oxyacetylene torch test/OAT (4.0 MW/m2 for 60 sec). Also, the phase composition and microstructure of the ablated surface are determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The TBC of YSZ has an obvious influence on the residual weight ratios at high temperatures in C-RF and also plays a positive role in increasing thermal stability under nitrogen atmosphere for enhancing ablation resistance concerning YSZ-C-RF. The mass and linear ablation rates (MAR and LAR) of the composites after modifying the surface by YSZ-coated particles are reduced by 82.98% and 15.65%, respectively. Similarly, the introduction of AT particles and TBC of YSZ results in evidence of improving the thermal stability and the ablation resistance in varying wt.% of YSZ-AT-C-RF composites. The primary optimum AT weight loading for enhancing ablation resistance in YSZ-C-RF composites is 1wt.%. The modification of 1wt.% AT particles and YSZ-Coated particles reduce MAR and LAR by 54.79% and 61.94%, respectively. This work offers a meaningful method to remarkably enhance the ablation performance of the modified C-RF and YSZ-AT-C-RF composites.

Thermal analysis and modeling of phase equilibria in the NaCl–NaBr–Na2WO4 system

The phase complex of a three-component system of sodium chlorides, bromides and tungstates was studied for the first time using experimental and theoretical methods. It was found that the liquidus surface of the system consists of the crystallization fields of NaBr, Na2WO4, Na3ClWO4 compounds and NaClxBr1–x solid solutions. The differential thermal method of physico-chemical analysis (DTA) revealed the compositions and melting points of eutectic in the quasi–binary and three–component systems NaBr–Na3ClWO4 and NaCl–NaBr–Na2WO4, respectively. To establish the nature of the physico-chemical interaction in the system, three compositions were studied in the secondary triangle NaCl–NaBr–Na3ClWO4 by the DTA method, thermal effects of tertiary crystallization were not recorded on the DTA curves of these compositions, which is proof of the absence of a non-invariant composition in the NaCl–NaBr–Na3ClWO4 simplex. To determine the composition and melting point of the nonvariant composition located in the NaBr–Na2WO4–Na3ClWO4 simplex, a polythermal section located in the field of crystallization of sodium bromide and a nonvariant section emerging from the crystallization pole of sodium bromide passing through the point of joint crystallization of sodium chloride and the compound, with a constant decrease in the content of sodium bromide in the studied compositions before the onset of non-invariant crystallization process. The composition of the three-component eutectic of ED in molar percentages, crystallizing at 560оC with the following component content, has been determined: 7.5% NaCl; 38.5% NaBr; 54% Na2WO4. Based on data on the melting temperatures of the initial salts, compositions and crystallization temperatures of two- and three-component systems, a 3D-model of the “composition–temperature” phase complex in the temperature range 500–700оC was formed using theoretical methods. On the basis of the model, the isotherms of the liquidus surface and the T–x diagram of the polythermal section for which experimental studies were conducted was constructed. Also, as an example of using a 3D-model, the composition of the equilibrium phases released during cooling of an arbitrarily selected figurative point in the temperature range from 700 to 500оC. was calculated.

Ti3C2Tx-UHMWPE Nanocomposites-Towards an Enhanced Wear-Resistance of Biomedical Implants.

There is an urgent need to enhance the mechanical and biotribological performance of polymeric materials utilized in biomedical devices such as load-bearing artificial joints, notably ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). While two-dimensional (2D) materials like graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced GO, or hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) have shown promise as reinforcement phases in polymer matrix composites (PMCs), the potential of MXenes, known for their chemical inertness, mechanical robustness, and wear-resistance, remains largely unexplored in biotribology. This study aims to address this gap by fabricating Ti3C2Tx-UHMWPE nanocomposites using compression molding. Primary objectives include enhancements in mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and biotribological performance, particularly in terms of friction and wear resistance in cobalt chromium alloy pin-on-UHMWPE disk experiments lubricated by artificial synovial fluid. Thereby, no substantial changes in the indentation hardness or the elastic modulus are observed, while the analysis of the resulting wettability and surface tension as well as indirect and direct invitro evaluation do not point towards cytotoxicity. Most importantly, Ti3C2Tx-reinforced PMCs substantially reduce friction and wear by up to 19% and 44%, respectively, which was attributed to the formation of an easy-to-shear transfer film.

Synthesis and characterization of ceramic refractories based on industrial wastes

The possibility of reusing ceramic roller waste to produce cordierite and mullite refractories was investigated. Five batches were designed using wastes representing ceramic roller waste, magnesite, and silica sand, shaped and fired at 1300 °C/2 h, and one batch was selected at 1200 °C. The chemical composition and precipitated phases of the used raw materials and the fired batches were analyzed using XRF and XRD techniques, respectively. Densification parameters, morphology, microstructure and electrical properties were also studied to evaluate the effect of the formed phases on the properties of fired materials. Bulk density increases with an increase in mullite and a decrease in cordierite, and it also increases with increasing temperature, whereas porosity and water absorption show a opposite behavior to density (it decreases with an increase in mullite and temperature). The main phases developed after firing at 1300 °C/2 h were cordierite, mullite, corundum, baddeleyite, and spinel. Bending strength increases with increasing mullite percentage and density, and decreasing grain size and porosity. The microstructure develops and becomes finer with increasing mullite percentage and density. The grain size of the crystals was very fine at 1200 °C/2 h and increased at 1300 °C/2 h. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy was employed to study the electrical and dielectric behavior of the investigated samples. The increase in mullite concentration shows a remarkable increase in ε’, especially at lower frequencies, as it is three times higher than that of M10. At f > 103 Hz ε’, frequency independence is accompanied by an increase in mullite concentrations due to the lag of dynamics fluctuations after the alteration of the electric field. The generation of new free ions leads to the enhancement of conductivity as the mullite concentration increases.

3D model of a stable triangle LiF–NaBr–KBr four-component reciprocal system Li+, Na+, K+ || F-, Вr-

A 3D model of the phase equilibrium states of the quasi-three-component system LiF–NaBr–KBr, which is a stable triangle of the four-component reciprocal system Li+, Na+, K+ || F-, Br-, has been constructed. Based on the 3D-model, polythermal, isothermal sections and the polytherm of phase crystallization were constructed for the first time. Two polythermal sections contain wide areas of boundary solid solutions based on sodium and potassium bromide. In an isothermal section at 650 оC, the fields of the liquid phase and the coexisting two and three phases are delimited. The crystallization polytherm is represented by three fields. In the crystallization field of lithium fluoride, the area of separation of two liquids is limited. The direction of the ion exchange reaction 2LiBr + NaF + KF = 2LiF + NaBr + KBr was confirmed by thermodynamic calculations at temperatures of 400, 600, 800, 1000K. The exothermic nature of the exchange reaction is confirmed by taking a DTA heating curve for a mixture of powders from 50% LiBr + 25% NaF + 25% KF, and the phase composition of the reaction products LiF + NaBr(OTR) + KBr(OTR) is confirmed by X-ray phase analysis data, where OTR is limited solid solution.

Scientifc Validation and Chromatographic Method Development for the Estimation of Piperine in Herbal Formulation Babbularishta: A Quality Control Strategy for Critical Quality Attributes

Background: Babbularishta is an Ayurvedic medicine in liquid form used for the treatment of phthisis, skin diseases, urinary disorders,, and breathing problems. It is also beneficial in cases of blood disorders, acne, dermatitis, hemoptysis, lung injury, asthma, persistent cough, whooping cough, etc. Objective: The functional role of this study is to develop a simple, novel, precise, accurate, reliable, and selective RP-HPLC method for the estimation of piperine content in herbal drug formulations (Babbularista). Methods: A traditional approach to method development could fail to meet the desired separation. Consideration of the current regulatory requirement for analytical method development and RP-HPLC method for routine analysis of piperine in the herbal formulation has been optimized using an analytical Quality by Design (QbD) approach. Three laboratory formulations and three marketed preparations of Babularishta were investigated for organoleptic parameters, physicochemical parameters, and validation. The mobile phase composition (methanol and water % as A), pH (B), and flow rate (mL/min as C) were selected as independent variable,. In contrast, retention time (min. as Y2), area (AU as Y1) is selected as dependent variables. Results: The fingerprinting method was developed and optimized by using the AQbD approach. Piperine content was found to be in Piper nigrum (Marica) 3.01±0.01527 % w/w and in Piper longum (Pipali) 2.74±0.01154% w/w in Babbularista. Conclusion: An attempt has been made to develop quality control parameters of Babbularista by developing a suitable and sensitive HPLC methods for the quantitation of piperine in herbal drug formulations (Babbularista). The developed method was found to be simple, accurate, precise,, and economical for the estimation of piperine in herbal formulations.