Mangrove Composition Research Articles

Impacts and implications of anthropogenic activities on mangrove forests: A review

The purpose of this paper is to review and evaluate published literature on the causes, impacts, implications and mitigation strategies of anthropogenic activities on mangrove forests. A systematic method was utilized to access research works of literature on “Impacts and implications of anthropogenic activities on mangrove forests”. A total of fifty-three (53) research papers published between the years 1975 to 2024 was accumulated and used for this review. A subjective approach was used to select the topics: impact and implications of anthropogenic activities on mangrove forests. In this paper, five (5) roles of mangroves were assessed and presented. Anthropogenic activities that threaten mangrove forests such as land conversion, mining and logging activities and household and industrial activities were also evaluated. Further, four (4) detrimental anthropogenic activities and the potential impacts they have on natural mangrove forests and the ecosystems they thrive in was also reported on. In addition, this paper reviewed some mitigation strategies for sustainable management and conservation of our mangroves, their ecosystems and the coastlines. The published works of literature established that reduced mangrove forests, altered mangrove composition, unequal species abundance, mass mangrove mortality, pollution in mangrove areas, rising sea levels, global climate change and coastal erosion or abrasion are all effects of anthropogenic activity that have a negative impact on mangrove forests and the ecosystems. This review highlights the fact that more studies on the impact and implications of anthropogenic activities on mangroves should be done in neotropical countries since there are paucity of such information on research and published data in these biodiversity rich regions.

Assessing species composition and structural attributes across different habitats to evaluate changes and management effectiveness of protected mangroves

Conservation and restoration of mangroves are necessary to meet global commitments for tackling the climate and biodiversity crises as well as reducing poverty. Management success is typically evaluated by estimating changes in vegetation cover, while changes in species composition and structural attributes across different habitats are often not considered. Here, we evaluated changes in mangrove composition, structural attributes, and drivers of change across Physically Stable Habitat (PSH), Diminished Tidal Inundation Habitat (DTIH), and Poor Drainage Habitat (PDH), for mangroves that have been protected for 22 years. We also analyzed the most likely ecological processes involved in the changes that have occurred. After 22 years, species remained the same in PSH and DTIH, but Rhizophora apiculata and Lumnitzera racemosa disappeared in PDH. Changes in relative proportions (number of trees of a species: total number of trees), and species abundance, varied between habitats. Additionally, changes in structural attributes also differed between habitat types over time suggesting they were driven by distinct ecological processes. Vegetation changes in PSH most likely occurred through a combination of ecologically important mangrove forest replacement and gap recovery processes, compared to only the gap recovery process in DTIH, and episodic changes due to stressful environmental conditions in PDH. Restoring hydrology, preventing sedimentation, planting proper seedlings of Avicennia marina should be conducted to save species and mangrove sustainability in PDH. It is highly recommended that managers follow a habitat-based approach to achieve effective management.

Floristic composition of mangrove community in Ngurah Rai Forest Park and Nusa Lembongan, Bali, Indonesia

Abstract. Wijaya IMS, Sugiana IP, Astarini IA, Ginantra IK, Rahim KAA. 2024. Floristic composition of mangrove community in Ngurah Rai Forest Park and Nusa Lembongan, Bali - Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 300-309. The floristic composition of mangroves can be influenced by various factors, one of which is the size of the island. In Bali, Ngurah Rai Forest Park is one of the mangrove areas in the mainland of Bali, while Nusa Lembongan on the southeastern mainland represents the mangrove on the small island. This research aimed to study the floristic composition of the mangrove species in Ngurah Rai Forest Park and Nusa Lembongan based on the species diversity and the structure of mangrove community. Based on the explorative method, both locations have 20 true mangrove species cumulatively, with 18 species in Ngurah Rai Forest Park and 15 species in Nusa Lembongan. The mangrove community structure is majorly composed by Sonneratia alba and Rhizophora (R. apiculata, R. mucronata, and R. stylosa) in trees, saplings, and seedlings. Sonneratia alba has more impact in relative dominance, while the Rhizophora has more impact in relative density. Based on the Shannon-Wiener Index of Diversity, the mangrove community status is Moderate in both locations in all growth forms (trees, saplings, and seedlings). The Index of Dominance and Index of Evenness indicates the mangrove community is in stable condition with no extremely dominated species and fairly even species distribution. The mangrove condition is categorized as Good with Dense Trees based on the Decree of the Minister of Environment number 201 of 2004.

Unveiling the Diversity of Bangka Island’s Mangroves: A Baseline for Effective Conservation and Restoration

The current state of the mangrove ecosystem on Bangka Island requires urgent attention from the local government to protect, restore, and conserve the remaining mangrove areas. Hence, this study endeavors to assess the species composition of mangroves on Bangka Island, examining their correlation with edaphic factors and shedding light on the zonation pattern within the region. We examined species composition, edaphic factors, and zonation patterns along 20 m × 100 m transects perpendicular to the waterfront at 22 sampling sites distributed across Bangka Island. Our findings revealed the presence of 21 mangrove species from ten families, including two mangrove associates. Among the documented species, the Rhizophoraceae family exhibited the highest floristic abundance with nine species. Edaphic factors (soil texture, pore-water salinity, N-total, P, and K) significantly influenced mangrove species composition (p < 0.05). However, these factors explained only 37.2% of the overall variability, suggesting additional factors contribute to the diverse zonation and composition of mangroves on Bangka Island. This study has relevant implications for the conservation and management of mangroves on Bangka Island. By gaining insight into the specific site’s floristic composition, overall richness, and distribution, our findings can guide effective conservation and restoration strategies by understanding the factors shaping mangrove composition.

Strategi Pengembangan Ekowisata Mangrove Kecamatan Pariaman Utara Provinsi Sumatera Barat

This study aims to analyze the composition of mangroves, the structure of the mangrove community, and analyze the suitability of the mangrove ecotourism area. As well as analyzing the strategy of developing ecotourism areas in the Apar Pariaman Mangrove Park. The method used in this study is a survey method with a qualitative and quantitative descriptive approach. The results showed that the Apar Mangrove Park area had a mangrove composition consisting of 5 true mangrove species, namely Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Sonneratia caseolaris, Thespesia Populnea, Acanthus illicifolius, and Nypa fruticans and 2 associated species, namely Dolichandrone spathaceatigillarium, and Oncosperma. The total density at station I is 2,400.44 ind/ha, station II is 2,611.11 ind/ha and station III the total density value is 2,811.11 ind/ha. The results of the analysis of the suitability of the mangrove ecotourism area in the Apar Mangrove Park area. The category (S1) 86.84% is very suitable. Through a SWOT analysis approach. There are two priority strategies in the development, namely (1) Maximizing strategic locations and providing good service. (2) Carry out more promotions by utilizing strategic locations through social media.

RESEARCH ON SPECIES COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHIC ANIMALS IN THE COASTAL ECOSYSTEM OF KIEN LUONG, KIEN GIANG PROVINCE (VIETNAM)

Research results have identified 173 species of coastal benthic Kien Luong, belonging to 122 genera, 75 families and 7 representative groups. Among the discovered species, Gastropod Molluscs have the highest number of species with 70 species, followed by bivalve molluscs with 51 species, crustaceans with 40 species. Other groups account for a lower proportion: Polychaeta has 9 species, Scaphopoda has 2 species, Cephalopoda and Chelicerata all have 1 species. Distribution: The species composition of mangroves has 27 species, the average species weight is 15.8 g/m2, the average species density is 26.33 inds/m2, with a high biodiversity index of 3.57; The species composition of benthic organisms in the intertidal zone has 48 species, the average species weight is 42.71 g/m2, the average species density is 510.42 inds/m2, the relative biodiversity index is 2.83.

Mangrove Ecosystem Services in Mitigation for Mollusca Communities in Lembar Sheet District, West Lombok Regency

Mangroves have an important role in mitigation and a significant contribution to the wealth of macrofauna. The success of mangrove management has significantly affected the diversity of macrofauna which are associated biota. The research objectives were to investigate the composition of mangroves and mollusc communities, the ecological conditions of the waters, and evidence of mangrove ecosystem services in mitigation. The research data sources are faunal, ecological, and social data. The research method uses purposive sampling and data analysis using descriptive statistics. The results showed that 7 mangrove species were found in the Cemare mangrove area. Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorriza, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, and Sonnetaria alba. The dominant mangroves were Rhizopora stylosa (201 ind/Ha) and Rhizopora apiculata (146 ind/Ha). Meanwhile, the highest abundance of mollusc species was obtained by Cerithidea cingulate (38.94%) and Nerita undata (29.20%) from the gastropod class, while from the Bivalvia class, Anadara grandis (36.07%) and Anadara granosa (19.67%) were found). The condition of the aquatic environment at the research site is still within the tolerance range required for the growth and development of mollusk species. Furthermore, the majority of respondents know or are aware that mangroves have an ecological function (habitat/habitat for animals), an economic function (a livelihood location), a physical mitigation function (abrasion resistance), a non-physical mitigation function (reducing environmental heat) Good category. These results indicate that efforts need to be made to increase mangrove revegetation, given its significant benefits in mitigation.

Floristic composition of mangroves in Bentota River, Southwestern Sri Lanka

The Ceylon Journal of Science is a peer-reviewed journal published quarterly by the University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka in March, June, September and December. It is aimed at publishing high quality research articles on topics related to different disciplines in Science. The journal accepts original research articles, book reviews, reviews and mini-reviews, short communications, opinions, research notes, and commentaries and notes. The Journal has its own website https://site.pdn.ac.lk/cjs/. The journal strictly adheres to publication ethics as emphasized by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). It is indexed in Sri Lanka Journals Online (SLJOL), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Google Scholar and Zoological Records. According to the Google Scholar;H5-Index: 12H5-Median: 15According to the Exaly (1970 – 2021);Impact Factor: 0.6 (top 19%)Extended IF: 0.6 (top 19%)H-Index: 8 (top 28%)Citations/paper: 1.42

Composition of Mangroves and Mangrove Associates in Barangay Ata Atahon, Nasipit, Agusan del Norte, Philippines

Mangroves are essential components of the coastal biome and have an extremely productive ecosystem. It provides benefits for both the environment and humans. Valuation of the diversity and species composition plays a crucial role in the conservation and protection. This study aimed to assess the composition of mangroves and mangrove associates in Barangay Ata-Atahon, Nasipit, Agusan del Norte, Philippines. Three sampling stations were established with a 50-meter interval in every station. Transect lines of 50 meters were laid perpendicular to the shoreline. The results show that 19 species of mangroves and 5 mangrove associates were recorded. Ceriops decandra was found to be the dominant species with 303 individuals and constituting 36% of the entire mangroves population. While Camptostemon philippinensis, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata had the lowest number of individuals and made up a combination of 5%. In mangrove associates, Avicennia rumphiana made up 47% of the population and was followed by Avicennia marina (40%). This implied that the study area is less diverse based on the observed species when compared to the 46-mangrove species found in the Philippines alone. Necessarily, reforestation and conservation efforts must be attained to fill the gaps between the community and mangrove sustainability. Thus, determining the species diversity and composition measures ecological status. Mitigations and ecological management must be enacted by the locality to further conserve the mangrove ecosystem.

Species composition and vegetation structure of mangrove forest in Baskara Bakti Village, Central Bangka Regency, Bangka Belitung

Mangrove ecosystem has a strategic function as a buffer for coastal areas, marine conservation, mitigates climate change and global warming. Bangka Belitung is an archipelagic province with many coastal areas, including mangrove ecosystems. This study aims to determine the quality of the mangrove ecosystem by analyzing the structure, composition, and health index of mangroves in the mangrove forest ecosystem in Baskara Bakti Village, Central Bangka Regency. Data were collected through observations at several sampling points used to analyze species composition, vegetation community structure, and environmental physicochemical conditions using stratified random sampling with an observation plot size of 10 m x 10 m and canopy cover determination using the hemispherical photography method. The study results show that the composition of mangrove vegetation in the study area consisted of 5 true mangrove species and 6 associated mangrove species. Rhizophora apiculata is the species with the highest Important Value Index of 91.87%. The mangrove community showed a good health condition with an average value of 50.41%. Environmental parameters that directly influence the mangrove forest ecosystem include temperature, water pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and salinity. Planting and enrichment of mangrove species need to conserve sustainable mangrove ecosystems.

Geomorphic and Climatic Drivers Are Key Determinants of Structural Variability of Mangrove Forests along the Kenyan Coast

Mangrove forests occur across a diversity of coastal landforms that influence their structural development and productivity. Preliminary studies in Kenya indicate that mangroves growing in the region north and south of Tana River delta have different structural attributes. We hypothesise a close relationship between mangrove distribution, climate and landform types. Floristic composition of mangroves along the coast of Kenya was characterised and differences illustrated using non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS). Other structural properties of mangroves such as tree height, basal area, stand density and standing biomass were also assessed and their differences tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA). A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to compare mangrove species based on structural properties. Additionally, a regression fit model was used to investigate the relationship between mangrove standing biomass and possible drivers of variability. The study revealed significant differences in mangrove tree diameter, tree height, basal area, stand density and standing biomass across the sampled sites. High values of structural complexity were observed in estuarine and deltaic settings with high influence of freshwater input whereas low levels of structural complexity were observed for peri-urban with direct human influence. Our findings suggest that structural variability of mangroves in Kenya is highly influenced by geomorphological and climatic variability along the coast as well as the past and present management regimes of the forest.

Review: Causes and impacts of anthropogenic activities on mangrove deforestation and degradation in Indonesia

Abstract. Cahyaningsih AP, Deanova AK, Pristiawati CM, Ulumuddin YI, Kusumawati L, Setyawan AD. 2022. Review: Causes and impacts of anthropogenic activities on mangrove deforestation and degradation in Indonesia. Intl J Bonorowo Wetlands 12: 12-22. Indonesia is a country with the largest extent of mangroves in the world. However, as the human population increases, the extent and quality of the mangroves decrease. The increasing population is in line with the increase in human activities, leading to deforestation and degradation of the mangrove forests. This paper aimed to review anthropogenic activities that cause mangrove deforestation and degradation in Indonesia and the impacts of such anthropogenic activities on the mangrove ecosystems and formulate the efforts to overcome mangrove deforestation and degradation in the country. Various human activities are the primary drivers of deforestation and degradation of mangroves, including land conversion from mangrove forests into other land uses (e.g., agricultural lands, ponds, infrastructure developments, and human settlements), extractive activities (e.g., mining and logging), and household and industrial activities (e.g., plastic debris, heavy metals pollutants). These anthropogenic factors reduce mangrove forest area, changes in mangrove composition, uneven species abundance, and pollution. Combined with sea-level rise caused by global climate changes, such activities pose devastating threats to Indonesian mangroves. Efforts to overcome these problems include increasing awareness of communities regarding mangrove conservation, conducting mangrove restoration programs, and promoting sustainable management of mangrove, for example, through ecotourism. On top of that, community participation plays an essential role in Indonesia's sustainable management and conservation of mangrove forests.

Short Communication: Structure and composition of mangrove vegetation in Lembar bay area, West Lombok District, Indonesia

Abstract. Sukuryadi, Harahab N, Primyastanto M, Hadi AP. 2021. Short Communication: Structure and composition of mangrove vegetation in Lembar bay area, West Lombok District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 5585-5592. One of the potential natural resources of coastal areas in West Lombok District, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia is the 501.9-ha mangrove ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to analyze the structure and composition of mangroves in the Lembar bay area. The study used field observation methods based on predetermined plots. The results showed that the composition of mangroves in the Lembar Bay area consisted of Avicennia alba Bl, Avicennia marina (Forsk) Vierh, Bruguiera cylindrica (L) Bl, Ceriop decandra (Griff) Ding Hou, Ceriop tagal (Perr) C.B. Rob, Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voight, Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. Var, Phemphis acidula, Rhizhopora stylosa Griff, Rhizophora apiculata Bl, Rhizophora mucronata Lmk, and Sonneratia alba J.E. Smith. The mangrove vegetation at tree level was composed of 12 species dominated by Rhizhopora stylosa Griff and Rhizophora mucronata Lmk, with Importance Value Index (IVI) of 56.05 and 48.89, respectively, at sapling level 9 species dominated by Rhizhopora stylosa Griff, Bruguiera cylindrica, and Rhizophora mucronata, with IVI of 47.46, 33.33, and 31.07 respectively, and at the seedling level 7 species dominated by Rhizhopora stylosa Griff and Rhizophora mucronata Lmk, with IVI of 47.71 and 37.76, respectively.

IDENTIFIKASI JENIS MANGROVE PADA KAWASAN RESTORASI EKOSISTEM MANGROVE DI DESA KEUDE PANGA KECAMATAN PANGA KABUPATEN ACEH JAYA

This study aimed to identified mangrove species, calculated the total number and composition of mangroves, and the structure of zonation mangroves at the mangrove relocation area in Keude Panga Village, Panga District, Aceh Jaya Regency. The study was carried out on April 2021, for one month with two replications. The research method was the survey method, namely directed observation to research location. A sampling of mangroves used the quadratic transect method, which was divided into 3 transect points with the categories of tree plots measuring 10 m x 10 m, sapling plots with 5 m x 5 m, and the seedling plots measuring 1 m x 1 m. Data analyzed of the total number and composition of mangroves used Microsoft Excel 2010 and zonation of mangrove analysis was carried out descriptively. The results showed on the research at both stations founded 3 species of true mangrove and 1 species of scrub respectively, namely Rhizhopora mucronata (19% sapling level), Rhizhopora apiculata (34% sapling level), Nypa fruticans (47% tree level), Acrostichum aureum (or 100% shrub category) and Rhizhopora mucronata (23 individuals or 37% sampling level), Rhizhopora apiculata (15 individuals 20% sapling level), Nypa fruticans (36 individuals or 49% tree level), Acrostichum aureum (100% shrub category). Structure zonation of mangrove vegetation is composed of 3 species of mangroves, namely Rhizhopora mucronata which was located closest to the sea, Rhizhopora apiculata was in the middle of the mangrove ecosystem, and Nypa fruticans was a pioneer mangrove located close to the mainland.

Development of a Rapid Mangrove Zonation Mapping Workflow Using Sentinel 2-Derived Indices and Biophysical Dataset

Moderate to high resolution satellite imageries are commonly used in mapping mangrove cover from local to global scales. In addition to extent information, studies such as mangrove composition, ecology, and distribution analysis require further information on mangrove zonation. Mangrove zonation refers to unique sections within a mangrove forest being dominated by a similar family, genus, or species. This can be observed both in natural and planted mangrove forests. In this study, a mapping workflow was developed to detect zonation in test mangrove forest sites in Katunggan-It Ibajay (KII) Ecopark (Aklan), Bintuan (Coron), Bogtong, and Sagrada (Busuanga) in the Philippines and Fukido Mangrove Park (Ishigaki, Japan) using Sentinel-2 imagery. The methodology was then applied to generate a nationwide mangrove zonation map of the Philippines for year 2020. Combination of biophysical products, water, and vegetation indices were used as classification inputs including leaf area index (LAI), fractional vegetation cover (FVC), fraction of photosynthetically-active radiation (FAPAR), Canopy chlorophyll content (Cab), canopy water content (Cw), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI), modified chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index (MCARI), and red-edge inflection point (REIP). Mangrove extents were first mapped using either the Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) algorithm or the Mangrove Vegetation Index (MVI)-based methodology. The biophysical and vegetation indices within these areas were stacked and transformed through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Regions of Interest (ROIs) were selected on the PCA bands as training input to the MLC. Results show that mangrove zonation maps can highlight the major mangrove zones in the study sites, commonly limited up to genera level only except for genera with only one known species thriving in the area. Four zones were detected in KII Ecopark: Avicennia zone, Nypa zone, Avicennia mixed with Nypa zone, and mixed mangroves zones. For Coron and Busuanga, the mapped mangrove zones are mixed mangroves, Rhizophora zone and sparse/damaged zones. Three zones were detected in Fukido site: Rhizophora stylosa-dominant zone, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza-dominant zone, and mixed mangrove zones. The zonation maps were validated using field plot data and orthophotos generated from Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) surveys, with accuracies ranging from 75 to 100%.

Condition of Mangrove Forest in the Village of Apar Pariaman Utara District Pariaman City West Sumatra Province

Pariaman Utara District has the most extensive mangrove forest, which is 16.5 ha, in Apar Village the amount (6.0 ha). The purpose of this study was to determine the type and density of mangrove forests and to determine the condition of mangrove forests by determining the percentage of canopy cover in Apar Village. The method used in this research is a survey method, where the data collected is data obtained directly from the field which is then analyzed the data. The research procedure consisted of several stages, namely, collecting density data at 3 stations. Each station consisted of 3 straight line transects along 50 meters from the sea and estuary to land with a position perpendicular to the coast and having a distance between transect lines of 50 meters. In each transect line there are 3 plots arranged in a zigzag manner with a size of 10 m x 10 m for the tree category mangrove community structure. Retrieval of canopy cover photo data which was then analyzed by hemispherical photography. The results of measurements of water quality from the research location were temperature 29 - 30 ° C, salinity 4 - 5 ‰ and pH of the waters were 6-7. The composition of mangroves in the research locations were Sonneratia caseolaris, Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora mucronata, Nypa fructicans. Density at station I, 1700.00 trees/ha, station II 1311.11 trees/ha and station III 1888.89 trees/ha. Canopy cover at station I, 80.65%, station II, 58.46% and station III, 83.21%.

The spatial dynamics of mangrove forest in the Alas Purwo Banyuwangi National Park marine tourism area using remote sensing images

Bedul Mangrove Forest, located in the location of the Alas Purwo Banyuwangi National Park (TNAP). In 2009, the mangrove forest was opened as a tourist area. Although the surrounding community no longer cuts down mangroves, the presence of tourists will affect mangrove growth. This study aims to see the right way to identify mangrove areas, see the dynamics of mangrove trends in TNAP, and adapt it to tourism developments. Remote sensing uses Landsat 8 OLI TRS and Landsat 7 ETM + imagery data for 2005-2020. The mangrove density analysis used NDVI, grouped into 5 classes, from very dense to very rare. The results showed that the mangrove area’s total area was 16.47 km2 and was stagnant until the time of determining tourist attractions in 2009. Since the determination until 2020, the mangrove area has decreased to 14.96 km2. Overall, mangroves’ tendency to experience negative is indicated by an increase in the very dense density class and a decrease in other classes. The composition of mangroves has dramatically increased from 2005 to 2020, from 64% to 87% of the entire class.

Species composition and growth performance of mangrove forest at the coast of Tanah Merah, East Nusa Tenggara

The availability information about species composition and growth performance of mangrove forest are required to determine the best strategies for sustainable ecosystems management, particularly at the coastal area. This study aimed to quantify the number of species composition and growth performance of mangrove stand that established at the coast of Tanah Merah, East Nusa Tenggara. Forest inventory was conducted using nine permanent sampling plot which evenly distributed in every zonation of mangrove. Data were collected in each life stage of vegetation, namely seedling, sapling, pole, and tree. Several parameters were calculated to describe species composition, including important value index, richness, heterogeneity, and evenness. Four indicators were selected to assess the growth performance of mangrove stand in this location, i.e. mean diameter, average height, timber volume, and wood biomass. Results demonstrated the species composition of mangrove forest consisted of 9 different plants. The highest important value index of seedling was noted in A. marina (124.09) while the greatest important value index of sapling, pole, and tree were recorded in S. alba by approximately 86.57, 130.01, 118.58 respectively. This location had low level of richness (1.22) and heterogeneity (0.88) but having high level of evenness (0.99). The mean diameter and height of mangrove stand in this area was 15.2 cm and 8.3 m with an average timber volume and wood biomass around 90.7 m3 ha-1 and 65.1 Mg ha-1 respectively. Based on these findings, we suggested to conduct enrichment planting for improving plant biodiversity of mangrove forest at the coast of Tanah Merah.

Important value aspect of mangrove community at coastal area of Pangkalpinang City, Bangka Island

Mangrove is a one of high - level plants becouse it has structure roots, branches and leafes. Mangrove commonly was found in the delta or brakishwater, but has ecological benefit as well as economic value. Mangrove found in the intertidal zone and high tide level. This research was aimed to analysis important value aspect of species mangroves at coastal area of Pangkalpinang City. This study uses a purposive sampling method. Data was collected using the line and plot transect method (LTP) and hemisphere photography agreed upon for mangrove monitoring in the COREMAP-CTI. The results showed that Mangrove composition found in 5 stations as many as 22 species mangroves which were classified into 10 family Rhizophoraceae, Sonneratiaceae, Avicenniaceae, Meliaceae, Combretaceae, Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Myrcinaceae, Arecaceae, Malvaceae, Pteridaceae. The type of vegetation that has the highest INP value at the capling level is Rhizophora apiculata BI. of 266.65%, and The type of vegetation that has the highest INP value at the sapling level is Rhizophora apiculata BI. of 202.85%. Dominance species found in 5 station is Rhizophora apiculata BI and Sonneratia alba.

Species diversity and composition of mangroves in Tacloban City, Philippines

This study reflects the present status of Tacloban City mangrove vegetation and would be useful for mangrove restoration program. Surveys of mangrove forests in Tacloban City were conducted from October to November 2017 in 12 selected sites. Quadrat method was used to assess the species composition and stand structure of the canopy layer, representing seaward, middle and landward zones. The mangrove forests in Tacloban City contain 23 mangrove species belonging to 12 families and 15 genera. Rhizophoraceae and Acanthaceae are the most dominating families. As per IUCN report, among the 23 species, 4 were recognized as threatened. These include the Endangered Camptostemon philippinensis, the Vulnerable Avicennia rumpiana and the Near Threatened Aegiceras floridum and Ceriops decandra. Rhizophora Apiculata is the most abundant species, followed by Sonneratia alba. Other abundant species are Avicennia officinalis, Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata. The least abundant are Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Camptostemon philippinensis and Xylocarpus granatum. The canopy layer is composed of small-sized trees with an average tree density of 1,678 per ha and stem density of 3,133 per ha. The average height and diameter are 6.15m and 8.95cm, respectively. Mangrove diversity is generally low. Shannon index of diversity value ranges from 0.762 to 1.132, with an average value of 0.914. Understory is characterized by few species of regenerants, low density and low species diversity.