Composition Of Leaf Essential Oil Research Articles

Chemical Composition and Efficacy of leaf and Stem Essential Oils and Their Fractions from Ferula Tunetana Pomel ex Batt. as Promising Botanical Insecticides Against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

Chemical Composition and Efficacy of leaf and Stem Essential Oils and Their Fractions from Ferula Tunetana Pomel ex Batt. as Promising Botanical Insecticides Against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Essential Oil of Machilus platycarpa

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Essential Oil of Machilus platycarpa

Analysis of chemical composition and biological efficiency of leaf essential oils isolated from seven species of Cinnamomum of the Western Ghats, India

Analysis of chemical composition and biological efficiency of leaf essential oils isolated from seven species of Cinnamomum of the Western Ghats, India

Chemical composition of leaf essential oil of Schinopsis lorentzii and its inhibitory effects against key enzymes relevant to type-2 diabetes: an emphasis on GC-MS chemical profiling and molecular docking studies

Schinopsis lorentzii (Griseb.) Engler is an aromatic plant belonging to Anacardiaceae family, and grown in Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, and Bolivia. It is a rich source of essential oils and tannins as well as commercially available as vegetable-processed leather tanning and antiparasitic agent. This study was designed to explore the chemical composition of essential oil isolated from S. lorentzii leaves and elaborate on their significance as natural anti-diabetic, combined with molecular-docking studies. The leaf oil was chemically analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method and investigated for inhibitory effects against α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Molecular-modelling study via Molecular Operating Environment-Docking (MOE-Dock) program was used to evaluate binding interactions of major components with the above-mentioned targets. The GC-MS analysis of the leaf oil revealed the predominance of β-caryophyllene (21.63±0.36%), γ-terpinene (13.53±0.74%), α-pinene (13.38±0.65%), and terpinen-4-ol (12.55±1.56%). The tested oil expressed a remarkable inhibitory effect against α-amylase with IC50 value of 2.27±0.19 μg/mL, comparable to acarbose (IC50 = 0.52±0.18 μg/mL) used as standard drug. Similarly, it significantly inhibited α-glucosidase (IC50 = 0.84±0.03 μg/mL), compared to acarbose (IC50 = 0.38±0.02μg/mL). The in-silico molecular docking study revealed favorable binding affinities of β-caryophyllene, terpinen-4-ol and sabinene with variable degrees with α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Thus, this study demonstrated valuable scientific data on the leaf oil of S. lorentzii as a potential candidate for the development of natural antidiabetic formulations.

Comparative chemical profiling of leaf essential oils from Cinnamomum kanehirae and related species using steam distillation and solvent extraction: Implications for plant-based classification

Cinnamomum kanehirae Hayata, belonging to Lauraceae family, is an indigenous and endangered species of considerable economic importance in Taiwan. It plays a crucial role as the host for the economically valuable saprotrophic fungus, Taiwanofungus camphorates. However, accurate species identification poses a challenge due to the similarity in morphological features and frequent natural hybridization with closely related species. Acquiring high-quality and pure leaf oils becomes imperative for precise species identification and producing superior goods. In this study, our objective was to establish methodologies for analyzing the chemical composition of leaf essential oils and subsequently apply this knowledge to differentiate among three Cinnamomum species. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was employed to scrutinize the chemical makeup of leaf essential oils from three closely related species: C. kanehirae, C. micranthum, and C. camphora. We utilized Steam Distillation (SD) and steam distillation-solvent extraction (SDSE) methods, with the SDSE-Hexane approach chosen for optimization, enhancing extraction efficiency and ensuring essential oil purity. Through the SDSE-Hexane method, we identified seventy-four compounds distributed across three major classes: monoterpenes hydrocarbons (0.0–7.0 %), oxygenated monoterpenes (3.8–90.9 %), sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons (0.0–28.3 %), and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (1.6–88.1 %). Our findings indicated the presence of more than one chemotype in both C. kanehirae and C. camphora, whereas no specific chemotype could be discerned in C. micranthum. Furthermore, clustering based on chemotypes allowed for the differentiation of samples from the three species. Notably, we demonstrated that the chemical compositions of grafted C. kanehirae remained largely unaffected by the rootstock. Conversely, natural hybrids between C. kanehirae and C. camphora exhibited profiles more closely aligned with C. kanehirae. The optimized extraction method and the chemotype-based classification system established in this study present valuable tools for essential oil preparation, species identification, and further exploration into the genetic variation of Cinnamomum.

Variation in plant morphology and leaf essential oil composition of a representative <em>Cinnamomum verum</em> collection from Sri Lanka

Sri Lankan cinnamon germplasm is an underexploited genetic resource of high breeding potential. A representative collection of a cultivated cinnamon germplasm with 48 accessions, is established at the University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka. From that collection, 40 three-year-old vegetative-propagated accessions, were used in this study to study the variations in plant morphology and leaf oil composition. Flush colour was determined as four main categories of pink, red, brown, and green in all 48 accessions. Leaf length, leaf width, leaf length to width ratio and petiole length varied from 7.9 to 14.5 cm, 3.8 to 7.3 cm, 1.8 to 3.07 cm, and 1 to 2.2 cm, respectively, in the selected 40 accessions. Both the good fragrant aroma category of bark fragrance and the sweet pungent category of bark taste were recorded in 21 of the 40 accessions. Twenty (20) accessions from above collection were selected for leaf oil analysis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of leaf oil revealed the presence of 146 chemical compounds. Eugenol was the major compound of 17 accessions (52.2% to 79.5%). Two accessions with zero eugenol contained 86.8% and 91.9% of benzyl benzoate (BB), in contrast to that of 0%-0.65% from other accessions. One accession produced 16.6% eugenol and 22.3% BB. A green flush colour associated with a higher BB percentage suggested a potential morphological marker for BB. The PCA for 20 accessions explained 88.11% of total variance. The cinnamon accessions with high BB, KA11 and GB17, were clustered together, and HB12 was isolated on a different cluster. Positive correlations were detected between linalool and β-caryophyllene (0.649), linalool and BB (0.770) (p < 0.01), and negative correlations between eugenol and linalool (-0.630) and eugenol and BB (-0.886) (p <0.01).

Chemical composition of essential oils isolated from leaves, twigs, and wood of Vietnamese Keteleeria davidiana (C.E.bertrand) Beissn

ABSTRACT Keteleeria davidiana (C.E.Bertrand) Beissn. is a species of conifer native to southern China, Laos and Vietnam. The species has been listed as vulnerable in Vietnam. Essential oil samples have been isolated from leaves, twigs and wood, and their compositions investigated for the first time by combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques [GC-FID, GC-MS and13C NMR]. The composition of leaf essential oil was dominated by α-pinene (28.1%), β-pinene (15.8%) and (E)-β-caryophyllene (13.8%). Twig essential oil contained mainly α-pinene (37.9%) and β-pinene (24.7%) accompanied by (E)-β-caryophyllene (8.3%) and β-phellandrene (7.5%). Lastly, α-pinene (27.9%), α-terpineol (20.3%) and (E)-β-caryophyllene (20.8%) were predominant in wood essential oil.

Effect of Time of Harvest on the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Leaf Essential Oil of Syzygium guineense Growing in North Central Nigeria (Willd.) Dc. Var.

Abstract. The use of synthetic antioxidants to ameliorate oxidative stress goes with side effects. Some plants are known to be sources of natural antioxidants and, hence, could be used as alternatives to synthetic antioxidants without side effects. Meanwhile, the presence of the phytochemicals that exhibit antioxidant activity in plants depends on environmental conditions that vary with the time of harvest of plant materials. This study, therefore, investigated the effect of time of harvest on the chemical composition and antioxidant potential of leaf essential oil of Syzygium guineense native to North central Nigeria. To accomplish these, pulverized (500 g) leaves of S. guineense harvested in the morning and afternoon were separately hydrodistilled and yielded 0.25 ± 0.002 % (w/w) and 0.27 ± 0.003 % (w/w) of essential oils. Characterization of the oils using GC-MS revealed the presence of twenty-two and twenty-three compounds in the oils from morning and afternoon harvests. The most abundant compound in the oils was β-bergamotene (30.1 % and 27.3 %). D-limonene (2.9 % and 5.6 %), β-ocimene (4.2 % and 10.2 %), α-santalene (7.4 % and 7.7 %), α-cedrene (8.6 % and 9.0 %), β-farnesene (9.1 % and 10.2 %) and calamenene (7.1 % and 5.2 %) were detected in significant quantities in the oils. DPPH radial scavenging assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the oils with butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) as standard. The oils exhibited antioxidant activity with IC50 of 41.92 μg/mL and 33.12 μg/mL for the oils from morning and afternoon harvests. Although the oils exhibited lower antioxidant activity than the standard (IC50 of 28.63 μg/mL), but the oils could be used to ameliorate oxidative stress after clinical trials.

Determination of chemical composition and insecticidal potential of leaf essential oil of Mentha piperita L.

Pulverised fresh Mentha piperita leaves was subjected to hydrodistillation for three hours in a Clevenger-type apparatus. The oil obtained was characterised using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and also evaluated for insecticidal activity on Callosobruchus maculatus (bean weevils) and Sitophilus zeamais (maize weevils). The oil afforded a yield of 0.78% (w/w). A total of 39 compounds were identified from their mass spectra representing 98.9% of the oil. The classes of compounds identified revealed predominance of oxygenated monoterpenoids (72.4%), hydrogenated monoterpenoids accounted for 6.0%, hydrogenated sesquiterpenoids and oxygenated sesquiterpenoids constituted 12.2 and 4.0% respectively. Other non-terpenic compounds detected in the oil accounted for 4.3% of the total oil. The most abundant compound was menthol (40.4%), other major compounds identified were menthone (12.3%), menthofuran (9.2%), 1, 8-cineole (5.6%) and limonene (5.5%). The percentage mortality of between 68-94.5% and 65-90.2% were recorded for bean weevils and maize weevils respectively after exposure to 10µl essential oil vapour in fumigation chambers for 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours. The insecticidal activity of the oil compared favourably with that of standard insecticide and so can be used to formulate an alternative insecticide from botanical source.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Leaf Essential Oils of Ocimum Canum Sims Harvested at Various Times Daily

Fresh Ocimum canum leaves were harvested five times at interval of three hours in a twelve hour-cycle daily (7:00, 10:00, 13:00, 16:00, and 19:00 hours). The leaves from each harvest were separately subjected to hydrodistillation for three hours in a Clevenger-type apparatus. The oils obtained were analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Cluster analysis was used (based on the data, select variables > 0.2% of 43 oil components from five harvest times) to classify the oils. Antioxidant potential of the oils were determined using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP)-Induced Lipid Peroxidation assays. The oils afforded yield in the range of 0.15-0.23% (w/w), with the highest and lowest yields observed at 7:00 and 13:00 hours respectively. A total of 23-40 compounds, representing 99.4-99.8% of the total oils were identified from their mass spectra with predominance of oxygenated monoterpenoids (50-65.7%), hydrogenated monoterpenoids accounted for 5.4-19.1%, whereas hydrogenated sesquiterpenoids constituted between 10.1-21.4% of the total oils. The most abundant compound was linalool (46.7-52.4%), other major compounds identified were terpinen-4-ol (8.5-9.5%), eugenol (1.9-10%) and trans-α-bergamotene (5.5-10.2%). Cluster analysis revealed a significant variability within the oil samples obtained from various harvest times. The oils presented a considerable antioxidant activity (IC50 of 5.45-10.87µg/ml compared with 4.05-6.11µg/ml for BHT standard) for DPPH assay; and (3.86- 5.36 µg/ml compared with 2.12-4.33 µg/ml for BHA standard) for SNP-Induced lipid peroxidation assay. The oil obtained from 10:00 hours harvest had the best antioxidant activity at IC50 for both assays. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the oils varied significantly with harvest times. The oils exhibited antioxidant property comparable to those of standards, hence could serve as cheaper and safer alternative to synthetic drugs to ameliorate oxidative stress after clinical trials.

Optimizing the extraction of essential oil from cinnamon leaf (Cinnamomum verum) for use as a potential preservative for minced beef

Cinnamon leaf essential oil extraction using steam distillation method is a time-consuming and energy-intensive process. Furthermore, a lower yield and a higher rate of product degradation are this method’s main drawbacks. Thus, the goal of this research is to optimize the extraction process parameters of cinnamon leaf essential oil in response to maximizing the yield while retaining quality by using response surface methodology (RSM). The application of extracted essential oil on minced beef to assess its preservative effect was also the other objective of this research. Extraction time (120–210 min), extraction temperature (105–115 ℃), and feed mass (300–600 g) were the chosen independent variables of the optimization experiment using central composite design (CCD). Furthermore, the extracted essential oil’s antibacterial and microbiological preservative activity on minced beef was evaluated. At extraction time of 175.43 min, extraction temperature of 105 °C, and a feed mass of 600 g, the optimum predicted value of cinnamon leaf essential oil yield and cinnamaldehyde concentration (% area) was 2.9% and 34.6%, respectively. Moreover, the second-order polynomial equation fits the experimental data for 20-run experimental data. The chemical composition of cinnamon leaf essential oil extracted at optimal conditions was dominated by eugenol (60.68%) and cinnamaldehyde (33.94%). Additionally, the optimally extracted cinnamon essential oil inhibited the growth of bacteria, particularly gram-positive bacteria. After twenty-one days of storage at 4 °C, total viable count of minced beef seasoned with cinnamon essential oil at concentration of 1.2% (v/v) was lower than 106 CFU/g. To conclude, optimized cinnamon leaf essential oil extraction process provides better yield while retaining its functional properties.

Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial, Nitric Oxide Inhibition and Cytotoxic Activity of Essential Oils from Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Leaves and Stems from Vietnam.

This study was aimed to investigate the chemical composition and biological activities of leaf and stem essential oils of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. from Vietnam. Their chemical composition was analyzed by GC/MS. Antimicrobial activities were evaluated by microdilution broth assay. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the ability to inhibit nitric oxide production in macrophage cells. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated using the sulforhodamine B assay on three human cancer cell lines. Forty-four compounds were identified in the leaf oil, among which dehydroaromadendrane (23.4 %), (E)-carpacin (17.6 %), 2-tridecanone (12.2 %), and 9-methyl-2-decanone (11.8 %) were the most abundant. The stem oil contained fifty-five identified constituents, mainly γ-gurjunene (51.1 %) and butyl acetate (11.8 %). Both oils exhibited inhibitory effects on three bacterial strains, namely S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and a fungal strain C. albican, while showed insignificant effects on B. subtilis, L. fermentum, and S. enterica. Both oils showed weak NO production inhibition in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, but exhibited potent cytotoxic activity against all three tested cell lines SK-LU-1, MCF-7, and HepG2 with the IC50 values ranging from 16.03±0.77 to 35.60±1.62 μg/mL. This is the first report on the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from the leaves and stems of Z. acanthopodium.

GC-MS Analysis and Bioactivity Screening of Leaves and Fruits of Zanthoxylum armatum DC.

Zanthoxylum armatum DC. is a plant that has been homologated for medicine and food by the Chinese for three thousand years. In this study, the essential oils of fresh leaves and fruits were extracted by hydrodistillation, the aromas of fresh leaves and fruits were extracted by headspace solid-phase microextraction and their chemical compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The main components of the leaf essential oils were linalool (62.01%), 2-undecanone (9.83%) and 2-tridecanone (5.47%); the fruit essential oils were linalool (72.17%), limonene (8.05%) and sabinene (6.77%); the leaf aromas were limonene (39.15%), β-myrcene (15.8%), sabinene (8.17%) and linalool (5.25%); the fruit aromas were limonene (28.43%), sabinene (13.56%), linalool (11.47%) and β-myrcene (8.64%). By comparison, it was found that the composition of leaf essential oils and fruit essential oils were dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes, while the composition of their aromas were both dominated by monoterpenes; the relative content of non-terpene components in leaf essential oil and leaf aroma is second only to oxygenated monoterpenes, while their content in fruits is low; the chemical composition of leaf aromas and fruit aromas were richer than those of essential oils. In this study, we reported for the first time that the antitumor, tyrosinase inhibition, HMGR inhibition and nitric oxide production inhibition activity of leaf essential oils were stronger than those of fruit essential oils in in vitro tests. The results of the study can provide a reference for the recycling and green low-carbon transformation of the leaves, and also help to deepen the understanding of the value of the volatile chemical constituents of this plant in “forest medicine” or “aromatherapy”, and provide new ideas for the transformation of the value of the plant in the secondary and tertiary industry chain.

Chemical composition, antioxidant, herbicidal and antifungal activities of leaf essential oils from three Tunisian Eucalyptus species

Chemical composition, antioxidant, herbicidal and antifungal activities of leaf essential oils from three Tunisian Eucalyptus species

Effect of Seasonal Variation on the Chemical Composition of Leaf Essential Oil of <i>Aframomum Latifolium </i>(K. Schum) Obtained from Southwest Nigeria

This study was aimed at investigating effect of seasonal variation on yield and chemical composition of leaf essential oil of <i>Aframomum Latifolium</i> over a period of twelve months. Fresh leaves of this plant were subjected to hydrodistillation every month for a period of twelve months using an all glass Clevenger apparatus. The volatile oil obtained each month was analyzed by means of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The percentage oil yield ranged between 0.03 – 0.15 % v/w for the twelve treatments. Twenty compounds were identified in the volatile leaf oil obtained over a period of twelve months and oxygenated monoterpene was the most dominant constituent. Cajeputol, an oxygenated monoterpene has the highest percentage in the twelve treatments (39.40 – 45.61%). The effect of seasonal variation was established in the yield of the volatile oil in this study as the maximum yield (0.11%) (v/w) was recorded in November. There is a sudden disappearance of limonene in august and September and a rise in the level of cajeputol between august and November. The volatile oils obtained were rich in cajeputol (45.61%) and α-pinene (20.97%) and these compounds had been documented to be a cough suppressant, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial agents.

Chemical Composition of the Cinnamomum malabatrum Leaf Essential Oil and Analysis of Its Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibitory and Antibacterial Activities.

Cinnamomum species are a group of plants belonging to the Lauraceae family. These plants are predominantly used as spices in various food preparations and other culinary purposes. Furthermore, these plants are attributed to having cosmetic and pharmacological potential. Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm. f.) J. Presl is an underexplored plant in the Cinnamomum genus. The present study evaluated the chemical composition by a GC-MS analysis and antioxidant properties of the essential oil from C. malabatrum (CMEO). Further, the pharmacological effects were determined as radical quenching, enzyme inhibition and antibacterial activity. The results of the GC-MS analysis indicated the presence of 38.26 % of linalool and 12.43% of caryophyllene in the essential oil. Furthermore, the benzyl benzoate (9.60%), eugenol (8.75%), cinnamaldehyde (7.01%) and humulene (5.32%) were also present in the essential oil. The antioxidant activity was indicated by radical quenching properties, ferric-reducing potential and lipid peroxidation inhibition ex vivo. Further, the enzyme-inhibitory potential was confirmed against the enzymes involved in diabetes and diabetic complications. The results also indicated the antibacterial activity of these essential oils against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration analysis revealed a higher antibacterial potential for C. malabatrum essential oil. Overall, the results identified the predominant chemical compounds of C. malabatrum essential oil and its biological and pharmacological effects.

Investigation of Diversity by Analyzing the Polymorphism of SSR Markers and the Composition of Leaf and Fruit Essential Oils of 72 Mandarins (Citrus reticulata Blanco)

The great genetic and phenotypic diversities characterize the mandarin species (Citrus reticulata). The present study aimed to evaluate a part of this diversity with molecular markers and through the composition of leaf (LEO) and fruit peel (PEO) essential oils. Seventy-two cultivars were chosen for this study to represent some wild and cultivated mandarins growing in the same orchards. The essential oils were analyzed via gas chromatography (retention indices) and via gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The low similarity of ‘Tachibana’ and ‘Korail tachibana’ with mandarins and other species suggested that they were pure mandarins but were not involved in the genesis of the cultivated forms. This distinction was also evident at the aromatic level with specific compounds or unusual proportions, such as δ-3-carene in PEO or β-phellandrene at 24.9% in ‘Korail tachibana’ LEO. ‘Kunembo’ and ‘Ben di gang ju’ were genetically and chemically identical, with a high proportion of myrcene (&gt;20%) in their LEO. In general, the genetic diversity of SSR markers was higher than the chemical diversity. From the 72 accessions, 54 genotypes were identified, with only 8 aromatic profiles in PEO and 9 in LEO. This diversity of essential oils of mandarins offers new perspectives for the research and validation of new aromatic properties for food and cosmetic purposes.

Valorization of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) by-products as potential stored grain protectants.

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) being a most valuable spice, produce stems and leaves as by-products during processing. This study aimed to valorize these by-products as potential grain protectants against rice weevils since it is a novel approach to reducing the post-harvest loss of rice and minimizing synthetic insecticide usage. The composition of clove stem and leaf essential oils was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Accordingly, the contact repellent activity and fumigation mortality of essential oils were tested while computing the mortality percentage and LD50 values. The yield of stem essential oil (5.52%) was significantly higher than leaf essential oil (3.92%). Further, stem essential oil with a 100µL dose showed the highest repellency (100.00 ± 0.00%) and mortality (96.67 ± 3.33%) while 50 and 75µL doses caused similar mortality (83.30 ± 3.33%) after 5days. The lowest LD50 (28.06µL/L) was observed on day 5, indicating the higher toxicity of stem essential oil. Eugenol (73.73 and 82.56%), β-caryophyllene (24.84 and 16.67%), α.-humulene (0.82 and 0.33%), and 1S, CIS-calamenene (0.14 and 0.03%) were detected as the major components responsible for the insecticidal activity of stem and leaf essential oils. Hence, the valorization of clove by-products was successful as potential grain protectants, and clove stem essential oil could be the most effective alternative for rice weevil management.

Anti-Proliferative Activity of Piper trioicum Leaf Essential Oil Based on Phytoconstituent Analysis, Molecular Docking and In Silico ADMET Approaches.

The essential oils isolated from several medicinal plants are reported to have anticancer activities. Both the essential oil and extracts of many Piper species (Piperaceae) possess potential cytotoxic effect against cancer cell lines and are being used in traditional system of medicine for the treatment of cancer. There is a need to evaluate and validate the anticancer properties of essential oils extracted from other wild species of Piper. The current research was undertaken to determine the chemical composition and investigate the anti-proliferative activity of wild growing Piper trioicum leaf essential oil. The selected five major constituents were subjected to molecular docking to identify possible modes of binding against serine/threonine-protein kinase (MST3) protein. The essential oil of leaf of P. trioicum was extracted by hydro distillation method and its chemical composition was carried out by GC-FID and GC-MS. The anti-proliferative activity of the essential oil was evaluated by MTT assay against normal (3T3-L1) and various cancer (HCT 116, HT-29, PC-3 and HepG2) cell lines. Molecular docking analysis was performed using AutoDock 4.2 software. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the major constituents were determined using absorption, distribution, metabolization, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) analysis. The GC-MS analysis revealed the identification of 45 constituents with δ-cadinene (19.57%), germacrene-D (8.54%), β-caryophyllene (6.84%), 1-epi-cubenol (4.83%) and α-pinene (4.52%) were found to be predominant constituents in the leaf essential oil of P. trioicum. The highest cytotoxicity of essential oil was observed against HT-29 cells (IC50 value of 33.14 µg/ml). 1-epi-cubenol and δ-Cadinene exhibited low binding energy values of -6.25 and -5.92 kcal/mol, respectively. For prediction of in silico pharmacokinetic and druglike properties of the major compounds, ADMET prediction tool was also used, the results of which came within the ideal range. The present findings demonstrated that P. trioicum essential oil possesses significant anti-proliferative activity and could be effective against cancer treatment.

Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Citrus hystrix, Citrus limon, Citrus pyriformis, and Citrus microcarpa Leaf Essential Oils against Human Cervical Cancer Cell Line

The essential oil derived from Citrus plants has long been used for medicinal purposes, due to its broad spectrum of therapeutic characteristics. To date, approximately 162 Citrus species have been identified, and many investigational studies have been conducted to explore the pharmacological potential of Citrus spp. oils. This study investigated the volatile constituents of essential oil distilled from the leaves of C. hystrix, C. limon, C. pyriformis, and C. microcarpa, using gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry. A total of 80 secondary compounds were tentatively identified, representing 84.88-97.99% of the total ion count and mainly comprising monoterpene (5.20-76.15%) and sesquiterpene (1.36-27.14%) hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes (3.91-89.52%) and sesquiterpenes (0.21-38.87%), and other minor chemical classes (0.10-0.52%). In particular, 27 compounds (1.19-39.06%) were detected across all Citrus species. Principal component analysis of the identified phytoconstituents and their relative quantities enabled differentiation of the Citrus leaf oils according to their species, with the loading variables contributing to these metabolic differences being identified. The Citrus leaf oils were tested for their antioxidant and antiproliferative activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazylhydrate (DPPH) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. The results indicated that C. limon displayed the highest DPPH radical scavenging ability (IC50 value of 29.14 ± 1.97 mg/mL), while C. hystrix exhibited the lowest activity (IC50 value of 279.03 ± 10.37 mg/mL). On the other hand, all the Citrus oils exhibit potent antiproliferative activities against the HeLa cervical cancer cell line, with IC50 values of 11.66 μg/mL (C. limon), 20.41 μg/mL (C. microcarpa), 25.91 μg/mL (C. hystrix), and 87.17 μg/mL (C. pyriformis).