Composite Sheet Material Research Articles

A NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHOD FOR EVALUATING THE ADHESION BETWEEN THE LAYERS OF METAL-POLYMER-METAL COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Development of a non-destructive measuring technique for evaluating the bonding quality of metal-polymer-metal composite sheet materials is introduced. Sufficient adhesion is necessary to ensure further shaping steps or bearing loads when used without failure due to delamination. Much attention is paid to determining the quality of gluing. According to the patent-literature review, no non-destructive measuring or quality control of layers’ bonding quality over the entire surface has been found. Thus, a new technical solution is proposed for defining the quality of bonding between the layers by means of electrodynamic repulsion forces arising from the pulse current passing over the metal layers of a composite in the counter direction. The feasibility of the method is tested in laboratory conditions. For its implementation, the necessary values of the test parameters are obtained, i.e., the values of the current transmitted through metal layers. In addition, the possibility of detecting local defects of different shapes and sizes with the proposed method is estimated.

Investigating the effect of green composite back sheet materials on solar panel output voltage harvesting for better sustainable energy performance

Abstract Clean sustainable energy and proper utilization of the available natural resources are of paramount importance for the modern societies. In this work, green composite materials were designed, fabricated and utilized as back sheets for the solar photovoltaic panels to investigate their effects on the output voltage of the solar cell unit. Such replacement of the back sheet of the solar cells would improve their efficiency while reducing the cost and enhancing better environmental conservations. Green back sheet composites were designed with 25 wt% and 50 wt% of high-density polyethylene with all Rhus typhina, Punica granatum and Piper nigrum powders. Investigations of the effect of green composite back sheet materials on solar panel output voltage harvesting have been carried out in Jordan at Zarqa city (latitude 32.07°, longitude 36.08°). Results have revealed that R. typhina and P. nigrum based composites with 25 wt% fiber loading have demonstrated much better output voltage comparable to the original back sheet cell. The maximum output voltage was found to be enhanced about 58 % with the green composite back sheets. This in order would improve the efficiency of such solar cell units and enhance better environmental indices.

Amine-Functionalized Silane-Assisted Preparation of AgNP-Deposited α-Ni(OH)2 Composite Materials and Their Application in Hg2+ Ion Sensing.

A facile synthetic methodology for the deposition of different concentrations of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) on α-Ni(OH)2 sheets (α-Ni1(OH)2-Ag0.5, α-Ni1(OH)2-Ag1, α-Ni1(OH)2-Ag2, and α-Ni1(OH)2-Ag3) is reported using N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]diethylenetriamine (TPDT) silane. The TPDT aminosilane facilitates the formation of α-Ni(OH)2 sheets and reduces the Ag+ precursor to AgNPs, leading to the deposition of AgNPs on α-Ni(OH)2 sheets. UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, transmission microscopy analyses, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques were used to characterize the prepared α-Ni1(OH)2-Ag0.5-3 composite materials. High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping images and scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping images were recorded to understand the α-Ni1(OH)2-Ag composite sheet materials. The optical sensing property of α-Ni1(OH)2-Ag0.5-3 composite materials toward toxic Hg2+ ions were investigated using a UV-vis absorption spectroscopy technique. The α-Ni1(OH)2-Ag2 composite material showed selective sensing behavior.

Improvement of the Method of Measuring the Temperature Distribution of Polymer Composite Sheet Materials When Heated by Microwave Radiation

Improvement of the Method of Measuring the Temperature Distribution of Polymer Composite Sheet Materials When Heated by Microwave Radiation

Improvement of the method of measuring the temperature distribution of polymer composite sheet materials when heated by microwave radiation

Improvement of the method of measuring the temperature distribution of polymer composite sheet materials when heated by microwave radiation

Study of the influence of the type of matrix used in carbon-epoxy composites on fatigue delamination under mode III fracture

The fatigue delamination process of three different aeronautical quality composites subject to mode III fracture loading is studied experimentally in this paper with the aim of analysing the effect of the type of matrix used under this fatigue fracture mode. In all cases, the main difference between the composite materials considered in this study is the type of epoxy resin used as the matrix.The test method used to produce the delamination process under mode III fracture is known as the Longitudinal Half Fixed Beam (LHFB) method, used in previous studies by the authors, which was shown to be a valid method for generating the delamination process in composite sheet materials subject to mode III fatigue loading.The experimental data from the fatigue tests were treated with a probabilistic model based on the Weibull distribution. This model facilitates the identification of relevant aspects of the fatigue behaviour of these materials, such as the estimation of fatigue strength for periods of time greater than those tested here, as well as the reliability of the results.The results thus obtained reflect important differences in the fatigue behaviour of the materials under study, the type of matrix being the predominant parameter of the fracture process under mode III loading.

Mechanical properties of reinforced composite materials under uniaxial and planar tension loading regimes measured using a non-contact optical method

This study reports the hyperelastic material behaviour of a commercially available PVC/nitrile elastomer with woven continuous nylon reinforcement composite sheet under loading cases of uniaxial extension and pure shear achieved via wide strip tension testing. Through the novel use of an advanced non-contact optical strain measurement technique, the hyperelastic material behaviour of the composite is investigated, and materials parameters are reported for both the warp and the weft directions of reinforcement fibre alignment. The non-contact technique is used to acquire normal and shear strains at the surface of the composite sheet material when loaded to tensile strains (stretches) of up to 0.25. Directly measured shear strains are compared to those derived from the normal strain outputs of an optical rectangular strain rosette array, with both measures showing close agreement. The measured mechanical behaviour under loading is used to determine an approximate strain energy function for the composite via ABAQUS software hyperelastic materials modelling curve fitting, with the Ogden and Yeoh hyperelastic models showing reasonable agreement to experimental data.

Composite Aluminum-Copper Sheet Material by Friction Stir Welding and Cold Rolling

An aluminum alloy and a pure copper material were butt-joined by friction stir welding and subsequently cold rolled. The cold-rolling operation proved to be very advantageous because small voids present after friction stir welding were closed, the interface area per material thickness was enlarged, a thin intermetallic layer was partitioned, and the joint was strengthened by strain hardening. Tensile test specimens fractured in the heat-affected zone in the aluminum material; tensile strengths of the joints exceeded the tensile strengths of the base materials and were as high as 335 MPa. During soft annealing of the composite material, a 6-8-μm-thick intermetallic layer was grown at the interface. Nevertheless, tensile fracture still occurred in the heat-affected zone of the aluminum material. Electrical resistivity of the joint was smaller than resistivity of the aluminum material. Production of such composite material would result in coiled sheet material that could be subjected to further treatments such as electroplating and forming operations in an efficient and economically viable manner. The new composite material is promising for emerging automotive and industrial electrical applications.

Feasible Study of Fire-Resisting Wood Material in Habitability Design of Large Surface Vessels

Wood because of its unique texture, color, smell has a good affinity with the people is to improve the living conditions of very rational ship materials, Can the wood material applied on a large surface ships, the key is fire prevention. This will be the leading domestic and foreign varieties of fire retardant wood elaborated, And proposed development and application of wood composite materials, to improve the habitability of large surface ship design and improve work efficiency and thus improve the ship crew the importance of fighting; The flame-retardant composite sheet material of biomass improved formulations, which can effectively achieve the fire retardant requirements of large surface ships, ultimately achieving the purpose of the application of the ship.

Composition and Characteristics of High-Permeability Composite Sheet Materials Used for IC Tags Mounted on Metallic Bodies

Requirements for the use of IC tags on metallic objects have increased recently as systems that use IC tags have become widely adopted. We have proposed and designed a structure for an IC tag that operates on metallic objects. The structure of the IC tag consists of a conductive metal sheet at the bottom and a thin magnetic core made of a high-permeability composite sheet, which is inserted between the receiver coil and the metal sheet. With this structure, magnetic coupling between the antenna coil and the receiver coil is enhanced; furthermore, the influence of the metallic body to which an IC tag is attached is well suppressed. The method used to fabricate magnetic powders for the composite sheet is investigated together with the effect of the rolling process used to make a sheet on the magnetic anisotropy induced in the sheet. The permeability and quality factor are characterized for five samples in the frequency range from 10 MHz to 1000 MHz. The best fabrication method for magnetic composite sheets is to use 0.8∼1 μm size Co powders as magnetic powder material to be mixed with a resin at the weight ratio between 70 w% and 86 w%, and to apply rolling after extrusion or pulling out after extrusion for a making sheet.

Quasistatic deformation and failure modes of composite square honeycombs

Carbon fibre epoxy matrix composite honeycombs have been fabricated by slotting, assembling and adhesively bonding composite laminate sheets with various fibre architectures. Their out-of-plane compressive and in-plane shear responses were measured as a function of relative density, ratio of the cell height to width and the number of cells in the specimen. The measurements indicate that the response is relatively insensitive to the ratio of the cell height to cell width and number of cells in the specimen but is strongly dependent on the laminate type and fibre orientation. For example, the compressive strength of the honeycombs made from 0 90 laminates with fibres aligned with the compression direction was greater than that of honeycombs made from a woven material with fibres at ±45 . However, the shear strengths exhibited the opposite trend. These differences were attributed to a change in failure mode. In compression the honeycombs failed by either elastic buckling or plastic microbuckling while in shear the two main failure modes were elastic buckling or shear failure of the composite sheet material. Analytical models are derived for these collapse modes and used to predict the strength of the honeycomb structure. The predicted strengths are substantially higher than the measurements due to the presence of manufacturing imperfections in the honeycombs that are not accounted for in the analytical models. A limited finite element (FE) investigation is also reported to quantify the effects of imperfections on the compressive strength of the composite honeycombs. The measurements and analytical predictions reported here indicate that composite cellular materials such as honeycombs reside in a gap in the strength versus density material property space, providing new opportunities for lightweight, high strength structural design.

Processing Ti-Al-Nb Composite Sheet Materials Using Cold Roll Bonding and Reaction Annealing

Multi-layered composite sheet materials with nominal composition of Ti-46Al-9Nb (at.%) were successfully processed from Ti, Al and Nb elemental foils using the cold roll bonding technique. To promote the formation of intermetallic compounds in these composites, annealing at 600°C was employed for specimens subjected to various amounts of reduction. The microstructures and phases that formed after cold rolling, the first annealing stage, and the second annealing stage were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Good bonding was achieved for all rolled samples with a threshold reduction in thickness of about 35% in the first rolling pass. No new phases were formed in the cold rolling stage. Annealing stage did promote the formation of the TiAl3 and NbAl3 phases at the interfaces.

Synthetic Paper from Plastic Waste: The Effect of CaCO3 on Physical, Surface Properties and Printability

AbstractThis article is a description of recent work in the development of composite sheet materials from blends of recycled high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS) and high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), with a view to using them as synthetic paper for the printing trade. Four monolayer films of differing composition were characterized in terms of their physical and surface properties. They were further evaluated compared with each other and with commercial synthetic and cellulose papers, to discover relationships between CaCO3 filler loadings, film structure and properties that could lead to improvements. In terms of their whiteness and water base inks printing properties, these sheets were generally inferior to the cellulose and synthetic papers. Notwithstanding this, in some tests they showed superior quality; thus, in offset printing, the high surface gloss, probably due to the HIPS content, made the colors brighter in some mono‐oriented film samples.

Impact damage processes in composite sheet and sandwich honeycomb materials

The research interest of this study is the impact toughness of different lightweight sandwich panels and composite sheet materials. This is as to the degrees of damage inflicted on the contact surface, through-thickness and rear surface of the materials when subjected to different impacts. For this study, specimens were prepared from sheet moulding compound (SMC), glass mat thermoplastic (GMT) and honeycomb sandwich panels employing different skin and core materials. For all experiments, drop-weight impact facilities were used and for some experiments a servo-hydraulic impact machine was also employed. The reason for this study is that very much needed for the next generation of more advanced aircraft, marine-craft, road and rail vehicles are improved lightweight stiff materials that can absorb higher impact energy and retain a higher degree of structural integrity.

Compressive behavior of pultruded composite plates with circular holes

Compressive behavior of E-glass fiber/isophthalic polyester resin matrix pultruded composite sheet material is reported for two thicknesses. The effect of circular holes on compressive strength and failure strain was also investigated. In the first series of tests, compression tests were performed with plate specimens without any hole. These specimens were instrumented with several pairs of back-to-back axial strain gages at different locations on the surface of the specimen to capture global buckling (if any) during compression. In the second series of tests, plate specimens with circular holes were prepared. A wide range of diameter to width ratio of D/ W=0.075–0.75 was chosen. The open-hole specimens were also instrumented with several strain gages (combination of single and strip gages) in and around the surface of the hole to determine the strain distribution, strain concentration factor, transverse and through-the-thickness normal strain, etc. A relationship between the compressive strength and hole-diameter was established, and compared with the base line material properties. Finally, an attempt was made to determine the compressive failure initiation mechanisms and failure progression mechanisms in the presence of holes through sectioning and examining under a stereo microscope.

An analysis of stretch forming of thermoplastic composites

AbstractThermoplastic composite sheet materials have found an increasing number of applications through the use of matched‐die compression molding. The combination of high strength, low weight and moderate manufacturing costs makes the material an attractive alternative to sheet metal stampings in a number of applications. However, a significant range of conventional sheet forming techniques may also prove suitable for these materials, provided the effects of strain rate and temperature can be properly understood and exploited, leading to a further reduction of manufacturing costs and an increasing number of potential applications. In this work, limiting strains in biaxial stretch forming were explored using the hemispherical stretch forming test. The materials tested contain 20, 35, and 40 percent by weight of randomly oriented glass fiber in a polypropylene matrix. The forming tests were performed at temperatures ranging from 75°C to 150°C and at punch speeds of 0.01cm/sec, 0.1cm/sec, and 1cm/sec. A rotationally symmetric, anisotropic material model with rate sensitivity was developed and incorporated into an axisymmetric finite element model of the stretch‐forming process. The model parameters were temperature‐dependent, though the temperature distribution in the formed part was assumed to be uniform. Strain distributions in the formed parts are compared to finite element method results, and the results are good up to the point when localized necking begins to dominate the strain distribution. These forming limit strains are compared with predictions based on Marciniak's imperfection theory, with good results.

An innovative technique for pore structure analysis of fuel cell and battery components using flow porometry

Some of the porous sheet materials used in fuel cells and batteries hardly permit gas flow through the thickness of the sheet, although flow parallel to the sheet is appreciable. Determination of the porosity of such materials is not possible by the available techniques. A novel technique based on flow porometry is reported. This technique can measure the pore structure of such porous sheets. A composite porous sheet material containing one of the electrodes and the separator in two layers was investigated. The largest pore diameter, the mean flow pore diameter and the pore size distributions were measured. The pore structures of both layers were identified.

Strength of a composite sheet material in impact tension

A procedure and results of studies on the strength of a 2-mm PA6 shock-resistant composite sheet in impact tension are briefly outlined. Experimental investigations include static and impact tensile tests of specimens with a short test portion and sharp symmetrical edge notches. Acoustic emission methods used in the tests of specimens in static tension revealed acoustic signals that point to the development of damages in the material under loads much lower than the ultimate one. Test procedures are similar to those used earlier for testing sheet metals in tension. The wave process in the specimens upon impact tension was analyzed using the viscoelastic model. The influence of viscosity on the width of the wave front, determining stress growth rates upon its propagation, was established. According to the test results, the change from quasistatic to impact tension slightly changes maximum stress levels. Impact tension of notched specimens in the first wave of loading lower than the ultimate one produces a decrease in stresses with time that can be determined by viscosity and damage effects near sharp notches.

5591496 Method of manufacturing composite sheet materials: Anderson Michael C; Heap Anthony; Grone Horst-Ditmar West Yorkshire, United Kingdom assigned to Linpac Plastics International Limited

5591496 Method of manufacturing composite sheet materials: Anderson Michael C; Heap Anthony; Grone Horst-Ditmar West Yorkshire, United Kingdom assigned to Linpac Plastics International Limited

Synthesis of a nanophase, whisker-reinforced, ceramic/metal composite by electrochemical infiltration

A novel, nanophase metal-matrix composite sheet material has been synthesized. Nickel was infiltrated by electrodeposition into a “wool-like” mat of SiC whiskers that had been grown by chemical vapour deposition. Infiltration of nickel by d.c. plating, pulse plating, and the effects of a tin-palladium surface treatment of the SiC whiskers were evaluated. Pulse plating combined with the Sn-Pd treatment were effective in minimizing porosity. Compared to values for the unreinforced electrodeposited nickel, the hardness could be almost quadrupled and the wear rate decreased to approximately one sixth in a composite with ≈30 vol % whiskers.