Composite Sampling Method Research Articles

Arbuscula Mycorrhizal Fungi on The Rhizosphere Three in The Ex-Sand Mine at Cipancur-Kuningan West Java

Sand and stone mining activities in Kuningan Regency cause damage to soil and environmental ecosystems, so reclamation and revegetation are carried out. The purpose of this study is to determine the existence of indigenous / local Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (FMA) found in the rhizozofer stands of Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) and Acacia (Acacia mangium) which are revegetation plants on the land of former sand and stone mines Cipancur village, Kalimanggis district, Kuningan regency. Sampling using the composite sampling method, FMA isolation technique using the wet pour method is then continued with the centrifugation technique and root colonization observation technique using the root staining technique (staining). The temperature of the ex-mining soil ranges from 28C – 29C, the soil pH is 5.5 including acidic, the soil moisture varies between wet, medium (slightly wet) and dry (dry) but during the rainy season the soil will become wet and even flooded. The results showed that there were 5 genera, it are Acaulospora, Glomus, Gigaspora, Sclerocytis and Scutellospora. The dominant genus is Glomus. The highest spore density was found in Sengon stands with 1,157 spores per 50 grams of soil. The highest percentage of AMF infection was at the root of Sengon stands at 69% from the ex-sand mining area.

Spatio-Temporal variability of soil primary macro and micro nutrients – An empirical analysis on Anaimalai block, Coimbatore District, India

This study reveals Spatio-temporal prognostication of macro and micronutrients present in entisols, inceptisols and alfisols soil groups at Anaimalai block of Coimbatore district, India through empirical analysis. The soil primary macronutrients and micronutrients for the period 2021–2032 were procured from Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Linear Regression (LR) and Logistic Regression (Log R) models by setting out 2005–2020 soil nutrient datasets as input. 1627 soil samples were taken out through composite sampling method in the month of February 2021. The laboratory soil analysis was carried out for macro and micronutrients computation. Computed values were validated with the 2021 soil nutrient empirical models. R2 values 0.88, 0.83, 0.85, 0.89, 0.88, 0.92, 0.90, 0.92 and 0.85 for soil pH, EC, Available nitrogen, Available phosphorus, Available potassium, Iron, Manganese, Copper and Zinc respectively divulges the reliability of ARIMA model in forecasting the soil nutrients and are spatially exposed. Spatio-temporal visualization of soil nutrients for a decade with large nutrient database as input along with field validation brings out promising forecasting model that reverberates on futuristic policy making for attaining sustainable agro-productivity.

Water Quality Assessment on Physicochemical and Biological Parameters of Selected Lentic Ecosystem in Aboh Mbaise Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria

The aim of this study is to determine the suitability of the ponds in Aboh Mbaise Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria for domestic use. A cross-sectional study was carried out for the study. Composite sampling method was used, where three water samples were collected randomly from each station to ensure that the samples were representative of the entire station. Samples were collected during the rainy season, given that the ponds always dry up during the dry season. Physicochemical and microbial analyses were carried out on water samples of selected lentic aquatic ecosystems in randomly identified ponds in five communities of Aboh Mbaise. These ponds are used by the residents of these villages for various domestic and anthropogenic activities. Statistical analyses include: descriptive statistics, Analysis of Variance, Parallel coordinate plot, Pearson correlation, Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) and Water Quality Index (WQI) were carried out. Results indicate that pond water within the study area did not fall within the bracket of good water quality, as per the WQI range of 0 to 50, thereby affirming the poor quality of water. The WQI for the five ponds ranges from 1338.71 - 3322.81. There is a direct correlation between the presence of Total Bacterial Counts from Shigella and Salmonella counts and the presence of fecal contamination from both human and animal wastes. Given the poor quality of the pond water, it is unhealthy for the inhabitants in the study area to use pond water for food preparation and other household tasks, except if it is treated.

Water Quality Monitoring for Trophic State of Tasik Kemajuan, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Aquatic ecosystems offer several ecosystem services, including water purification, nutrient recycling, flood reduction, groundwater recharge, irrigation, and animal habitats. One of the most prevalent challenges freshwater systems face globally is eutrophication. Eutrophication refers to the process of increasing the concentration of plant nutrients in water. The Carlson's Trophic State Index (CTSI) categorises an aquatic environment's eutrophication condition. The parameters exclusively employ three water quality parameters, which are Secchi Disc Transparency (SD), Total Phosphorus (TP), and Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a). Biological indicators refer to living organisms, such as plants and macroinvertebrates, that are implemented to identify and assess the presence of pollutants within a specific ecosystem. Therefore, this study focuses on the determination of trophic state and the assessment of biological indicators of Tasik Kemajuan. Water samples were collected for nine weeks using the composite sampling method for laboratory analysis. Water transparency was determined using a Secchi Disc. The Chl-a was determined by using the determination of chlorophyll-a using 90% methanol and measuring the absorption using a Hach DR6000 UV VIS Spectrophotometer at 663 nm and 750 nm, while the Total Phosphorus was determined by using USEPA1 PhosVer® 3 with Acid Persulfate Digestion Method (Method 8190). Tasik Kemajuan exhibited eutrophic conditions over the duration of the nine-week period. The CTSI values exhibited a range of 60 to 80, thereby demonstrating that the water body under consideration is in a state of eutrophication. The Red Claw Crawfish (Cherax Quadricarinatus), Amona Prawn (Caridina Multidentata), Freshwater Snail (Viviparidae), Tiger Barb (Puntius Tetrazona), and Waterlily (Nymphaeaceae) are among the biological indicators found in Tasik Kemajuan. In conclusion, the analysis of the result shows that the Tasik Kemajuan is in an eutrophic condition, which has high amounts of algae growth, and the bottom waters are seriously depleted in oxygen.

AN ASSESSMENT OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPS) INDICATOR LEVELS IN DRINKING WATER FROM MUBI-NORTH, GIREI AND MAYO-BELWA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS IN ADAMAWA STATE

The assessment of persistent organic pollutants (pops) indicator levels in drinking water from Mubi-north, Girei and Mayo-belwa local government areas in Adamawa was carried out in three sampling point for each local government. A total of 63 samples were collected during the rainy season in August- October 2018 and during the dry season, 63 samples were equally collected from January- March 2019. Composite sampling method was employed and the samples Areas were coded, labelled, sealed and preserved. Analog grade reagents were used throughout. The water samples collected were analyzed using standard procedures. Generally, the respective values of POP recorded during the rainy season are higher than their value recorded in dry season both in well and borehole water, across the three Local Government Areas. The analysis of variances on the differences among persistent organic pollutants recorded during rainy and dry season across the respective well and borehole water in the three selected Local Government Areas are significant difference at p<0.05. however, all the POPs recorded both in the rainy and dry seasons across the well and borehole water were within the tolerable limits of 1μg/l for human consumption and 0.5μg/l for children toys set by FEPA and EU.

Composite sampling method for soil microbiome and microbial abundance analysis

Composite sampling method for soil microbiome and microbial abundance analysis

Composite sampling method for soil microbiome and microbial abundance analysis

Composite sampling method for soil microbiome and microbial abundance analysis

Water Quality Assessment of Nigerian Port Authority Waterway in Port-Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

The aim of this study is to assess the water quality of the Nigerian Port Authority Water way. A cross-sectional study was carried out using a composite sampling method, where three water samples were collected randomly from each station to ensure that the samples were representative of the entire station. Water samples were taken from four different locations along the waterway with new unused bottles, chosen based on the level of port activity in the area. The samples were thereafter analysed for physiochemical parameters, and heavy metal, and compared to the World Health Organization's Permissible Limits. Data analyses covered descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient analysis, Agglomerative hierarchy clustering, parallel coordinate plot and Water Quality Index computation. The results showed that most parameters were above the standards, indicating a potential risk of bioaccumulation. The water quality index for the station was found to range from 3192.635 to 5061.35 for the four stations, indicating that the waterway is of poor water quality and unsuitable for consumption, and irrigation purposes. The parallel coordinate plot identified Lead and Salinity as the main contaminant in the waterway.

Physicochemical properties of wastewater effluents from selected wastewater treatment plants

The majority of garbage that is dumped into the environment is the consequence of industrial activity, and this waste contains toxic and dangerous substances that have properties. Untreated industrial effluents have repeatedly affected the environment and human health. Additionally, the aim of this review is to determine if water treatment conforms to DWAF and USEPA criteria and to evaluate specific wastewater treatment facilities. Additionally, the effluent from companies was assessed after being collected utilizing composite sampling methods. The findings recognized pH, rivers, and industrial activities. This is a warning sign that the water is unsafe, demonstrating that industrial effluents are contributing to a reduction in river water quality. Receiving water near numerous food-processing facilities showed significant reductions after effluent discharge. As a result, when developing mitigation strategies, governments should consider this. Some of these strategies are enforcing the pollution laws that are already in place; setting up treatment facilities; turning industrial waste into biogas; educating the public; starting programs; and passing laws.

Analysis of the concentration of heavy metals in soil, vegetables and water around the bole Lemi industry park, Ethiopia

Irrigation water contaminated with industrial waste could pollute the soil and vegetables with heavy metals. The objective of this study was to analyze the concentration of heavy metals in soil and vegetables after irrigation practices with wastewater emanating from industrial parks. 24 samples were collected from 8 sampling stations for vegetable, soil and water samples separately, following APHA procedures. Samples were collected using a composite sampling method in May and June 2021. Water samples were collected using clean polyethylene plastic bottles while soil and vegetables were sampled using clean plastic bags. Analysis was done for heavy metal concentrations such as Pb, Cr, Cd, and Zn for each sample using descriptive statistics of changes in concentrations, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Principal Component Analysis and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The mean concentration of heavy metals in soil, vegetables, and water samples was analyzed. Unlike the rest of the heavy metal concentrations, the result showed the highest levels for Zn, i.e., 7.82 mg/kg and 5.12 mg/kg for vegetables and soil samples, respectively. The maximum value of the bioconcentration factor (BCF), the highest value of Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), and the maximum Target Cancer Risk (TCR) value recorded were 19.39, 0.001, and 8.09 × 10−5 for Cd, Zn, and Cr, respectively. But, Hazard Index (HI) indicated no potential health effects. On the other hand, the concentration of heavy metals in the soil sample showed that Cr and Cd were strongly positively correlated with the concentration of Pb in vegetables during May. Cd concentration in the water sample was also strongly positively correlated with the concentration of Pb during May. The application of proper management for the reduction of contaminants, and suitable irrigation methods with treated wastewater is essential. The study can provide a basis for the City Administration of Addis Ababa to properly protect the water quality of rivers and provide a reference for river management around the industry parks across the country.

Wastewater-based epidemiological investigation of SARS-CoV-2 in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) may be successfully used to comprehensively monitor and determine the scale and dynamics of some infections in the community. We monitored severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in raw wastewater samples from Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil. The samples were collected and analyzed every week between May 2020 to May 2021. Meanwhile, different social restrictions were applied according to the number of hospitalized patients in the region. Weekly samples were obtained from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), named Navegantes and Serraria. To determine the SARS-CoV-2 RNA titers in wastewater, we performed RT-qPCR analysis targeting the N gene (N1). The highest titer of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was observed between epidemiological weeks (EWs) 33–37 (August), 42–43 (October), 45–46 (November), 49–51 (December) in 2020, and 1–3 (January), 7–13 (February to March) in 2021, with viral loads ranging from 1 × 106–3 × 106 genomic copies/Liter. An increase in positive confirmed cases followed such high viral loads. Depending on the sampling method used, positive cases increased in 6–7 days and 15 days after the rise of viral RNA titers in wastewater, with composite sampling methods showing a lower time lag and a higher resolution on the analyses. The results showed a direct relation between strict social restrictions and the loads of detected RNA reduction in wastewater, corroborating the number of confirmed cases. Differences in viral loads between different sampling points and methods were observed, as composite samples showed more stable results during the analyzed period. Besides, viral loads obtained from samples collected at Serraria WWTP were consistently higher than the ones obtained at Navegantes WWTP, indicating differences in local dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 spread in different regions of Porto Alegre. In conclusion, wastewater sampling to monitor SARS-CoV-2 is a robust tool to evaluate the viral loads contributing to hospitalized patients’ data and confirmed cases. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 detection in sewage may inform and alert the government when there are asymptomatic or non-tested patients.

Evaluate the hydro-geochemical characteristics of Selamko farm reservoir water quality and its potential for multipurpose uses in Debre Tabor, Ethiopia using GIS-based water quality indices

Surface water pollution is a global problem and has been evident for a long period of time. Hence, the aim of the study was to evaluate the hydro-geochemical characteristics of Selamko farm reservoir water quality and its suitability for multipurpose uses using GIS-based water quality indices. The water sampling sites and parameters were selected systematically based on the land use, land cover, and anthropogenic activities around Selamko reservoir watershed in Debre Tabor, Ethiopia. Water samples were collected from 11 sampling stations from July 2019 to March 2020 using the composite sampling method and examined using standard procedures. The suitability of the reservoir's water quality for multipurpose use was investigated using drinking and irrigation water quality indices, and other tools. The spatial distribution maps of water quality parameters were prepared using the kriging method in ArcGIS 10.5. The results of the geospatial analysis indicated that the reservoir water quality parameters had spatial variation, which was caused by industrial and household wastewater inflow across the reservoir's watershed. Based on WHO and ES standards, the computed drinking water quality index results revealed that 81.81% and 18.18% of the reservoir's water quality fall into the poor to very poor classes, which indicates that the water in the reservoir is not fit for drinking. However, a Wilcox diagram, irrigation indices, and USEPA regulations revealed that the reservoir water quality is found to be safe and suitable for irrigation, fishing, and livestock purposes. The study concluded that Selamko reservoir's water quality is suitable for irrigation, fishing, and livestock watering with proper management accordingly.

Evaluasi Kesesuaian Lahan untuk Tanaman Mulato (Brachiaria hybrid cv. Mulato) pada Tiga Lokasi yang Berbeda

The objective of this research is to evaluate actual and potential land suitability of mulato grass (Brachiaria hybrid cv. Mulato) as forage crop at Dago Dairy Lembang, UPBS Pangalengan and UPBS’s field at Cipunagara. The research is qualitative descriptive research with survey that the data taken from the field and supported by laboratory analysis. Soil sampling carried out by composite sampling method with diagonal systhematic pattern. Land quality obtained from land observation and laboratory analysis compared with mulato’s land suitability criteria to obtain the land suitability level. The actual land suitability level of mulato grass were about S2 (moderately suitable) to S3 (marginally suitable) at Dago Dairy’s field, S2 and S3 at UPBS Pangalengan’s field, S2, S3 and N (non-suitable) at UPBS’s field at Cipunagara. Limiting factors found were oxygen availability (oa), nutrient retention ability (nr), nutrient availability (na) and erosion hazard (eh). Each limiting factor fixed by soil drainage, calcium carbonate or sulfur application, fertilization and cover crop cultivation. Potential suitability of mulato grass after improvement were S1 to S2 at Dago Dairy, S1 to S2 at UPBS Pangalengan and S1, S2 to S3 at UPBS’s land at Cipunagara.

Understanding sampling variation – a vital aspect of industrial research experiments

Industrial research experiments are conducted in various scales in the mining industry. Regardless of the experimental purpose, sampling and analysis is normally always a part of the experimental process to collect necessary data. However, in order to ensure that the experiment will enable valid conclusions, the understanding and minimisation of sampling variation is crucial. Two effective methods for evaluation of sampling variability in any process sampling situation are the duplicate and replication experiments. The application of sampling experiments in the early phases of a demo- or pilot-scale experiment is an effective way to both understand the total measurement system variability, as well as the possibility to improve sampling methods if the sampling variability is deemed too high to enable representative results to use for experimental evaluation. LKAB is an iron ore mining company in the north of Sweden where experiments are conducted in all parts of the process value chain with regularity. In the current state of the world, encountering more and more threats to our global climate and environment, a focus for LKAB has been to reduce the use of fossil fuel as well as to minimize waste and tailings. One of LKABs current environmental initiatives is to investigate the feasibility of recovering and processing apatite from tailings of the LKAB beneficiation process. Further processing of recovered apatite will generate critical raw materials, phosphorous, rare-earth elements, and fluorine. To increase the understanding of the process variability of various analytical parameters in a pilot-scale experiment within this project, both duplicate and replication sampling experiments were conducted during one of the pilot-scale campaigns. The sampling experiments were applied to three separate sampling locations where two different sampling methods were used. Results show that both sampling method and sampling experimental method can affect the results obtained. The case study showed that the sampling variability was higher for sampling locations where grab sampling was applied, in comparison to composite sampling that generated lower sampling variability at one of the sampling locations in the pilot plant. This indicate that the composite sampling method can produce more representative results and should be favourable in future process experiments. The results also indicate that the duplicate sampling experiment is more robust to outliers in comparison to the replication experiment. The duplicate experiment is also able to quantify the process variability and evaluate the relative sampling to process variability which can be an advantage in some cases.

Geostatistical, deterministic and interpolation with barriers methods—a comparative analysis for interpolating soil NPK

The spatial distribution of soil pH, electrical conductivity, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations at Anaimalai block of Coimbatore district, India was interpolated by geostatistical analysis to create digital maps of soil NPK that renders numerous information for agro based policy making. 1627 soil samples in 30,700 acres were gathered by composite soil sampling method and rendered interpolation analysis to predict the soil parameters at unsampled locations. Based on geostatistical, deterministic and interpolation with barriers methods 13 interpolation models were generated and compared to validate the precision. Interpolation reveals the deficiency of soil available nitrogen and phosphorus whereas available potassium was in sufficient range. Radial basis function, inverse distance weighting, probability kriging, empirical Bayesian kriging and local polynomial interpolations were validated by linear correlation method that reveals the precisions of models with R 2 values of 0.74, 0.82, 0.98, 0.89 and 0.79 (soil pH, EC, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium respectively).

ANALISIS KIMIA TANAH DAN REKOMENDASI PENINGKATAN KESUBURAN TANAH DI KEBUN PRAKTEK FAKULTAS PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS NUSA NIPA

Research on Analysis of Soil Chemical Content in the Practical Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nusa Nipa, East Alok District, Sikka Regency has been carried out from October to December 2021. This study aims to determine the chemical content of the soil in the Practical Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nusa Nipa, East Alok District, Sikka Regency. . The research method used is observation, laboratory testing, and literature study. Analysis of soil chemical content using a dry soil test device with a diagonal composite soil sampling method. The results showed that the soil in the practice garden had low organic C content (1.00-2.00%), neutral pH (6.5-7.5), high phosphorus content (26-35), and also Potassium content is in the moderate to low range.

Evaluation of Pollution Status and Detection of the Reason for the Death of Fish in Chamo Lake, Ethiopia.

Chamo Lake is the third largest rift valley lake and one of the major economic sources for the communities in the Southern region, Ethiopia. The lake's quality is deteriorating due to the untreated wastewater, and sediment inflow resulting in the death of fish was observed during the dry season. The research aims to determine the water quality status using water quality indices, in addition to identifying the reason for the death of fish in the dry season in Chamo Lake. The water samples were drawn from 5 sampling points by composite sampling method during the dry and wet seasons of the year, and we analyzed 22 water quality parameters. Ammonia (14–23.6 mg/l), phosphates (0.30–1.10 mg/l), BOD (25.32–60 mg/l), COD (40–160 mg/l), and chlorophyll (19.64–31.87 μg/L) concentrations were above the permissible limits, and DO (5.20–6.70 mg/l) was below the acceptable limit in the lake as per EPA standards concerning temperature. The values of both the water quality indices of CCMEWQI (13.90–18.40) and NSFWQI (38.59–49.63) indicated that the water quality was “poor” and “bad,” respectively. The death of fish might be due to high concentrations of ammonia and nutrients in the dry season.

Finite element model updating for the Tsing Ma Bridge tower based on surrogate models

This paper investigates the efficiency of three surrogate model-based dynamic finite element model updating methods, the response surface, the support vector regression, and the radial basis function neural network, using the engineering background of the Tsing Ma Bridge tower. The influences of two different sampling methods (central composite design sampling and Box–Behnken design sampling) on the model updating results are also assessed. It was deduced that the impact of the surrogate model type on the updating results is not significant. More precisely, the models updated using the response surface method and the support vector regression method are similar in terms of reproducing the dynamic characteristics of the physical truth. However, the effects of the employed sampling method on the model updating results are significant as the model updating quality using the central composite design sampling method is higher than that using the Box–Behnken design sampling method in some considered cases.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND HEAVY METAL DETERMINATION OF SELECTED INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS OF IBADAN CITY, NIGERIA

The rise of heavy metal presence in environmental waters has made it necessary to continuously examine industrial effluents to maintain the quality of the environment. The focus of this study is centered on determining the heavy metal concentrations and some physicochemical parameters in twelve industrial effluents samples collected from various locations across Ibadan city. A composite sampling method was utilized to obtain representative effluent samples of the 12 Industries (categorized into food, beverage, tobacco, plastic, Pharmaceutical, chemical, and allied industries) and borehole samples from around the city were used as control. The effluent samples were digested by nitric acid (HNO3) and analyzed for cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and lead (Pb) using the atomic absorption spectrophotometric method (AAS). Some physicochemical parameters such as pH (Jenway 3510 pH meter), total dissolved solids (Hanna TDS meter), total suspended solids, and phosphate were determined. The heavy metal mean values were compared with Federal Environment Protection Agency (FEPA) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standard values shown in table 1. The mean concentrations of heavy metal in the industrial effluent samples were Cu (0.32 mg/L), Pb (0.037 mg/L), Ni (0.50 mg/L), Co (0.037 mg/L), Cd (0.016 mg/L), Fe (54.0 mg/L) and Cr (0.44 mg/L). It was found that Chemical and allied industries have the highest concentration for metals such as Fe (128 mg/L), Ni (1.1 mg/L), and Cu (0.27 mg/L) while Cr (0.0067 mg/L) and Co (0.08 mg/L) were obtained in the Food/Beverage and pharmaceutical industries respectively. Conclusively, the industries around the Ibadan city stand as potential contributors to pollution, hence a periodical and continuous assessment effort are recommended.

Incremental Sampling Methodology for improved characterization of Agent Orange dioxin in Vietnam soil and sediment

The Danang airport in Vietnam was used heavily by US forces in the 1960s and 1970s. In 2018, the remediation of dioxin contamination at the airport resulting from Agent Orange use and management was completed by the US government. Generation of reliable, defensible, and cost-effective confirmation sampling data over large areas and for large volumes was a significant challenge. Traditional discrete and composite sampling methods were utilized to assess dioxin concentrations and the extent of contamination present at the airport prior to remediation. Confirmation sampling was performed after excavation of contaminated soil and sediment across the entire 28-ha site to demonstrate that remaining concentrations met the Vietnamese standards for the airport site. The volume of excavated soil and sediment was 162,567 m3. Incremental Sampling Methodology (ISM) was used for confirmation sampling to provide a defensible estimate of the mean concentration of dioxin remaining after excavation. The use of ISM revealed that traditional methods underestimated the volume of material requiring treatment. ISM also decreased sampling variability dramatically and provided more reliable estimates of true mean concentrations in an area when compared with traditional methods. The use of ISM: 1) better captured distributional heterogeneity and decreased variability between samples from the same DU by 64%; 2) resulted in low variability between duplicate analyses of the same sample (12%), indicating a reduction in compositional heterogeneity; 3) did not underestimate contaminant levels; and, 4) increased the frequency that excavation boundaries met project goals by 61%, when compared with traditional sampling.