Composite Modified Carbon Paste Electrode Research Articles

A stable electrochemical sensor for the detection of ascorbic acid based on Fe3O4/ZrO2 nano composite modified carbon paste electrode

A stable electrochemical sensor for the detection of ascorbic acid based on Fe3O4/ZrO2 nano composite modified carbon paste electrode

Electrochemical detection of Methadone by use of poly-l- arginine/carbon nanotubes composite modified carbon paste electrode (P-L-Arg/CNTs/CPE) in human urine

Electrochemical detection of Methadone by use of poly-l- arginine/carbon nanotubes composite modified carbon paste electrode (P-L-Arg/CNTs/CPE) in human urine

Graphite Oxide-Silicone Rubber Composite modified carbon paste electrode as electrochemical sensor for Propranolol determination

Graphite Oxide-Silicone Rubber Composite modified carbon paste electrode as electrochemical sensor for Propranolol determination

Rapid and sensitive electrochemical determination of tartrazine in commercial food samples using IL/AuTiO2/GO composite modified carbon paste electrode

A novel electrochemical sensor based on the modification of carbon paste electrode with an ionic liquid (1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) and AuTiO2/GO composite (IL/AuTiO2/GO/CPE) was developed for rapid and sensitive determination of tartrazine by differential pulse voltammetry. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the peak current was linear to concentration of tartrazine in the ranges of 1–400 µmol L−1 and 400–1000 µmol L−1, with sensitivities of 0.008 µA µmol L−1 and 0.002 µA µmol L−1, respectively, and with a limit of detection of 0.33 µmol L−1 (S/N = 3). To demonstrate the performance of the method, the reproducibility was studied and the obtained values of RSD% were 2.72%. The method was applied to the sensitive determination of tartrazine in isotonic drink, mustard and yellow egg dye samples with recovery rates between 98.55% and 103.62%.

Glucose biosensor based on activated carbon – NiFe2O4 nanoparticles composite modified carbon paste electrode

Carbon-based materials continue to pique the interest of many scientists due to their desirable characteristics such as large surface area, high electrical conductivity, and stability. This study aimed to describe the use of local coconut shell-based activated carbon (AC) to produce carbon paste electrodes used in the development of glucose biosensor. Subsequently, the performance of the carbon paste electrode was enhanced by using NiFe2O4 nanoparticles (NiFe-nps) to improve the electron transfer and redox potential behavior. The results showed that the best carbon paste electrode contains an activated carbon-paraffin oil ratio of 2:0.75b/b, with 8% of NiFe-nps added to the activated carbon. The detection of hydrogen peroxide using an AC-NiFe2O4/CPE electrode showed an oxidation peak at 0.35 V and reduction peak at −0.5 V, with the optimum operational condition using 100 mM phosphate buffer and optimum pH of 7.5. The glucose oxidase enzyme (GOx) was immobilized on the AC-NiFe2O4/CPE electrode for glucose determination, and the modified GOx-AC- NiFe2O4/CPE showed a linear response to detect glucose in both the oxidation (0.12 V) and reduction (-0.4 V) peaks. This analysis was conducted using cyclic voltammetry under optimal conditions. The fabricated glucose biosensor did not reveal any significant difference in detecting glucose in blood samples when compared to the standard method used in the hospital.

Electrochemical Biosensor for the Determination of Sufentanil in Human Plasma and Urine based on TiO2 -Graphene Composite modified carbon paste electrode

Electrochemical Biosensor for the Determination of Sufentanil in Human Plasma and Urine based on TiO2 -Graphene Composite modified carbon paste electrode

A facile electrochemical sensor based on titanium oxide (TiO2)/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nano composite modified carbon paste electrode for sensitive detection of epinephrine (EP) from ternary mixture

Abstract Titanium Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide (TiO2/RGO) nano composite was prepared using hydrothermal method using titanium butoxide and Graphite oxide (GO). GO was synthesised by following modified Hummers method. The prepared materials were characterised by Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetry combined with Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TG-DSC). An electrochemical sensor based on TiO2/RGO nano composite was constructed for sensitive and selective detection of epinephrine (EP). Due to greater surface area, TiO2/RGO nano composite modified carbon paste electrode (TiO2/RGO-MCPE) shows enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of EP by increasing anodic current. The differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) technique shows that EP could be detected independently and simultaneously from a mixture of ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) using TiO2/RGO-MCPE. The developed sensor shows good reproducibility, stability and two linear dynamic ranges 0.005–0.1 mM and 0.1–2 mM respectively.

Ultrasensitive and Simultaneous Electrochemical Determination of Pb2+ and Cd2+ Based on Biomass Derived Lotus Root-Like Hierarchical Porous Carbon/Bismuth Composite

A green and effective strategy to prepare a novel lotus root-like three-dimensional (3D) bismuth/biomass derived activated carbon (Bi@BAC) composite was developed for simultaneous electrochemical sensing of Pb2+ and Cd2+. The BAC supports herein were prepared from naturally-abundant Platanus seeds chemically activation by KOH, with dense and uniform bismuth micro/nano-sized particles successfully anchored on the carbon substrate through microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatment and subsequent carbothermal reduction process. Simultaneous electrochemical detection of Pb2+ and Cd2+ using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) was performed with the novel composite modified carbon paste electrode (CPE). Under optimized experimental conditions, the Bi@BAC/CPE demonstrated good linear response for both two target metal ions in the concentration range of 0.5 to 50 μg L−1, with limits of detection (LOD, S/N = 3) of 0.13 and 0.08 μg L−1 for Pb2+ and Cd2+, respectively. Moreover, the modified electrode displayed high resistance to interference, long-term stability and good reproducibility. The Bi@BAC/CPE also demonstrated satisfactory recovery level for the detection of target metal ions in real water samples.

A novel biosensor based on graphene oxide-nanoclay hybrid electrode for the detection of Theophylline for healthcare applications

A simple susceptible voltammetric oxidation process has been developed for the determination of 1,3-dimethylxanthine at graphene oxide (GO) and nanoclay (NC) composite modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) followed by characterization with atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. The composite paste sensor showed a remarkable increase in the oxidation peak current in a phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at pH 5.0. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) methods were used to investigate the effect of accumulation time, scan rate, pH, concentration, excipients, and metal ions on the voltammetric behavior of the drug. The electrocatalytic properties of GO and NC particles demonstrate an increase in the peak current with less negative shifts in the potential. The relationship between scan rate and peak potential direct to calculate a number of electrons and protons contributed in the electro-oxidation procedure. The lowest detection limit was obtained based on the linear response of analyte concentration on peak current. To test the applicability of the proposed electrode it was subjected to pharmaceutical and urine samples analysis.

Electrocatalytic behavior of copper ferrite decorated carbon nanofibers towards oxidative determination of antipsychotic drug Pimozide

Pimozide (PMZ) is highly potent antipsychotic drug used worldwide against Tourette syndrome (TS) and schizophrenia. However, it has several chronic side effects on human body when consumed in excess. In this work, a carbon nanofiber/copper ferrite nanoparticles composite modified carbon paste electrode (CNF-CuFe2O4/CPE) based electrochemical sensor was developed to determine PMZ. The CNF-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite synthesized by a simple yet facile hydrothermal method. The formation and surface characteristics of nanocomposite were studied by using X-ray diffraction and electron microscopic techniques. When employed as a voltammetric sensor, the CNF-CuFe2O4/CPE showed excellent electrocatalytic activity towards electro-oxidation of PMZ in B.R. buffer solution of pH 2.0 as a supporting electrolyte. The oxidation peak current of PMZ was found to have a linear relationship with its concentration in the range of 9 × 10−9 to 5 × 10−4 M. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were calculated to be 2.3 × 10−10 M and 7.69 × 10−10 M using differential pulse voltammetric method. The practical applicability of constructed CNF-CuFe2O4/CPE sensor was examined in pharmaceutical formulations, human blood serum and urine samples for selective and precise analysis of PMZ. The results obtained demonstrate that the electrochemical response of PMZ is excellent on the surface of CNF-CuFe2O4/CPE which indicates that it holds a high efficiency as a voltammetric sensor for the trace analysis of PMZ.

Simultaneous determination of acetaminophen, pramipexole and carbamazepine by ZSM-5 nanozeolite and TiO2 nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode

In this present paper, a simple voltammetric method has been reported for the simultaneous determination of acetaminophen (AC), pramipexole (PRX) and carbamazepine (CBZ) using ZSM-5 nanozeolite-TiO2 nanoparticles composite modified carbon paste electrode (ZSM-5/TiO2/CPE). X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm were used to characterize the structure of synthesized ZSM-5 nanozeolite. Also, cyclic voltammetry (CV), choronoamperometry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used to investigate the performance of the modified electrode. The oxidation peak currents of AC, PRX and CBZ at the surface of ZSM-5/TiO2/CPE were increased dramatically against CPE and their overpotentials decreased. Also, DPV method was used for the simultaneous determination of three drugs in ternary mixture. The effects of modifier amount, pH and scan rate were investigated on the electrochemical response of AC, PRX and CBZ oxidation. The diffusion coefficient, D, and the catalytic rate constant, kcat, were estimated for the oxidation of AC, PRX and CBZ at the surface of modified electrode. Under the optimized experimental conditions, AC, PRX and CBZ give linear response over the range of 2.5–110, 0.6–105 and 6.0–97 μM, respectively. The detection limits were found to be 0.58, 0.38 and 1.04 μM (S/N = 3) for AC, PRX and CBZ, respectively. The fabricated electrode showed good stability, reproducibility and repeatability as well as high recovery. The practical application of the modified electrode was demonstrated by measuring the concentration of spiked AC, PRX and CBZ in human plasma as real sample. The proposed method is simple, rapid and inexpensive and can be utilized as a valuable analytical tool in quality control of the pharmaceutical industry.

Rapid and sensitive electrochemical monitoring of paracetamol and its simultaneous resolution in presence of epinephrine and tyrosine at GO/poly(Val) composite modified carbon paste electrode

Over the past few years physicists, chemists and material scientists showed a special interest on graphene and graphene oxide (GO) relative research. Recently, there is a sudden upsurge in the development of GO based sensors, which was due to their eminent properties like fast electronic transfer rate, large surface area, high stability and excellent conductivity nature, enabled them for the sensitive determination of different analytes. In our present investigation, L-Valine was electropolymerized onto the clear surface of carbon paste electrode (poly(Val)/CPE) with the help of cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. Later GO was immobilised onto the surface of poly(Val)/CPE, which showed enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards the determination paracetamol (PC) in comparison with bare CPE, GO/CPE and poly(Val)/CPE respectively in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of pH 7.0. The surface morphology of different modified electrodes was studied with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values for PC were determined with the help of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and were found to be as 0.29 μM and 0.96 μM respectively. The effect of pH, scan rate and concentration of PC was studied in detail. The electron transfer efficiency of different fabricated electrodes was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The simultaneous resolution of PC, epinephrine (EP) and tyrosine (TY) was achieved with the help of DPV technique at GO/poly(Val)/CPE. The obtained results suggest that the fabricated composite chemical sensor GO/poly(Val)/CPE has satisfactory electroanalytical performance. The proposed investigation method was successfully applied towards the determination of PC in pharmaceutical and human serum samples.

Fabrication of MWCNTs and Ru Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles Composite Carbon Sensor for Biomedical Application

Carbon-based resources introduced as sensing tools enormously in recent years for biomedical and biological applications. In the current research, a novel carbon-based material is proposed to study electrochemical nature of clozapine (CLZ), an antipsychotic drug. The proposed carbon matrix composed of synthesized Ru doped TiO2 (RuTiO2) nanoparticles and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The surface characteristics of synthesized RuTiO2 were studied by utilizing Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) followed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) study. The electrooxidation of CLZ was studied at RuTiO2, MWCNTs, and RuTiO2/MWCNTs composite modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetric (SWV) techniques. The influence of various physicochemical parameters on the signal enhancement of CLZ was studied. The concentration of CLZ was determined by the electrode in a wide concentration range of about 0.01 μM to 0.07 μM with LOD value of 0.057 nM. The practical electroanalytical application was conducted by carrying out quantification of CLZ in the analysis of clinical dosages and as well as in human urine samples.

Fabrication of a novel, sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor for antibiotic cefotaxime based on sodium montmorillonite nonoclay/electroreduced graphene oxide composite modified carbon paste electrode

A novel, simple, sensitive and selective sensor based on carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified by Sodium Montmorillonite nanoclay (NaMM)/Electroreduced Graphene Oxide (ERGO) Composite was developed for the electrochemical determination of Cefotaxime (CEF). The electrooxidation of CEF was studied on modified carbon paste electrode using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry as diagnostic techniques. It was found that the oxidation peak current of CEF on the modified carbon paste electrode was greatly improved compared to that obtained on the unmodified carbon paste electrode. The electronic transfer property of the NaMM/ERGO/CPE was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Also, morphology of NaMM and ERGO were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Under optimized conditions, the modified electrode exhibited a linear response over two linear concentration ranges from 0.5 to 40nM and 40 to 2400nM CEF, with a detection limit of 0.1nM. The proposed sensor was successfully applied for monitoring of CEF in serum and urine samples and satisfactory results were obtained.

Gold Nano Particle and Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for the Ultra Trace Detection of Arsenic (III)

AbstractGold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composite modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) was prepared by electrodepositing AuNPs over the reduced graphene oxide (RGO) modified carbon paste electrode. The composite material was characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The nano composite modified electrode was applied for the determination of total As and for the inorganic speciation of As(III) and As(V) in environmental samples. The linear dynamic range was obtained for the determination of As(III) in the present method from 1μgL−1 to 20 μgL−1 and the limit of detection(LOD) in the standard solution was found to be 0.13 μgL−1 for the 300 sec deposition time in 10 mL supporting electrolyte solution. This method was applied for the determination of As (III) in water and soil samples. The results were agreed well with the result obtained from the hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry.

Sensitive, simultaneous determination of chrysin and baicalein based on Ta2O5-chitosan composite modified carbon paste electrode

Chrysin and baicalein are the major flavonoids found in oroxylum indicum, an essential herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Owing to their similar characteristics and physiochemical property, it is a great challenge to detect both of them simultaneously. In this work, tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) particles and chitosan modified carbon paste electrode (Ta2O5-CTS-CPE) was prepared and characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectrum(EIS). Under the optimum conditions, the prepared Ta2O5-CTS-CPE exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of chrysin and baicalein, and it could serve as the sensor for highly sensitive and simultaneous determination both of them. The linear range is 0.08–4.0μM for both of them, and the detection limits were determined to be 0.03 and 0.05μM (S/N=3) for chrysin and baicalein, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed electrochemical sensor displayed high sensitivity, excellent stability and got satisfactory results in oroxylum indicum samples analysis.

Highly sensitive and selective determination of methylergometrine maleate using carbon nanofibers/silver nanoparticles composite modified carbon paste electrode

A highly sensitive and selective voltammetric method for determination of Methylergometrine maleate (MM) in pharmaceutical formulations, urine and blood serum samples has been developed based on enhanced electrochemical response of MM at carbon nanofibers and silver nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode (CNF-AgNP-CPE). The electrode material was characterized by various techniques viz., X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The electrocatalytic response of MM at CNF-AgNP-CPE was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Under optimized conditions, the proposed sensor exhibits excellent electrochemical response towards MM. The DPV study shows greatly enhanced electrochemical signal for MM at CNF-AgNP-CPE lending high sensitivity to the proposed sensor for MM detection. The peak (Ip) current for MM is found to be rectilinear in the range 4.0×10−8–2.0×10−5M with a detection limit of 7.1×10−9M using DPV. The feasibility of the proposed sensor in analytical applications was investigated by conducting experiments on commercial pharmaceutical formulations, human urine and blood serum samples, which yielded satisfactory recoveries of MM. The proposed electrochemical sensor offers high sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility and practical utility. We recommend it as an authentic and productive electrochemical sensor for successful determination of MM.

Selective simultaneous determination of levodopa and acetaminophen in the presence of ascorbic acid using a novel TiO2hollow sphere/multi-walled carbon nanotube/poly-aspartic acid composite modified carbon paste electrode

A novel modified carbon paste electrode was developed and used as the electrochemical sensor for selective simultaneous determination of levodopa and acetaminophen in the presence of ascorbic acid.

An electrospun alumina–borate oxide nanofiber and reduced graphene oxide composite modified carbon paste electrode as the electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of dopamine and noscapine

We fabricate a novel sensitive voltammetric sensor based on porous alumina-borate oxide fibers and reduced graphene oxide modified carbon paste electrode for simultaneous determination of dopamine and noscapine.

Bismuth-Carbon Nanotube Composite Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for the Determination of Heavy Metal Ions

A new, easy-to-handle, and inexpensive bismuth-carbon nanotube composite modified carbon paste electrode or Bi-CNT/CPE was developed for the simultaneous determination of cadmium(II) and lead(II) ions in an acetate buffer solution (pH 4.5) by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Synthesized through polyol process, Bi-CNT composite served as a source of ready-to-use bismuth and also held unique chemical and physical properties of CNTs. Compared to the previously fabricated Bi-CNT modified glassy carbon electrode (Bi-CNT/GCE), Bi-CNT/CPE exhibited superior electrochemical performance, leading to further optimization of this novel Bi-CNT/CPE for metal-ion detection.