Composite Meals Research Articles

Performance and carcass characteristics of grower pigs fed enzyme-supplemented dried cassava peel – maize cob composite meal

Performance and carcass characteristics of grower pigs fed enzyme-supplemented dried cassava peel – maize cob composite meal

Haemato-biochemical indices and immune response of grower pigs fed enzyme supplemented dried cassava peel and maize cob composite meal

This study was carried out to examine the haemato-biochemical and immune response of grower pigs fed enzyme supplemented dried cassava peel and maize cob composite meal (CPMCM). A total of 36 crossbreed male grower pigs (Large white) of about 16 weeks old were randomly distributed into four groups of nine animals per treatment. Each treatment was further divided into three replicates consisting of three pigs in a completely randomized design. Pigs in treatment 1 were fed 0% CPMCM while CPMCM was used to replace maize at 40% (T2), 50% (T3) and 60% in T4. Examination of phyto-constituents in CPMCM showed that it contains alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cyanide, phenols and flavonoids at 20.05 mg/kg-1, 9.06 mg/kg-1, 10.04 mg/kg-1, 15.03 mg/kg-1, 8.92 mg/kg-1 and 14.11 mg/kg-1 respectively. Haematological results revealed that red blood cell, pack cell volume, haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, white blood cell, monocytes and lymphocytes were significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by the treatment except for basophils count (p > 0.05). Total protein, total bilirubin, glucose, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase values were significantly different among the treatment (p < 0.05) except for cholesterol and urea levels. It was concluded that all the blood parameters evaluated were within the established range for healthy pigs and dietary replacement of cassava peel and maize cob composite meal (CPMCM) with maize up to 60% pose no deleterious effect on the health of the animals.

Nutritional, Biochemical, and Functional Properties of Pearl Millet and Moringa oleifera Leaf Powder Composite Meal Powders.

This study sought to improve pearl millet's nutritional, functional, and biochemical properties through malting and fermentation. Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MLP) was used as a fortificant. Mixture design was used to find optimal proportions for each component that yielded a high protein and or low saturated fat content. Twelve mixtures with varying ratios of fermented and malted pearl millet flour ranging between 30-65% and MLP between 5-15% were generated through I-Optimal mixture design. The mixtures were wet-cooked, freeze-dried, and analysed for protein and fat content. The data obtained were fitted to a linear mixture model, and the search for the optimum was conducted using Numerical Optimisation for maximising protein and minimising saturated fat. The linear model was suitable for explaining total protein and saturated fat variation with r2 of 0.50 and 0.51, respectively. Increasing MLP increased protein content. Two final formulations, Optimisation Solution 1 (OS1) and Optimisation Solution 2 (OS2), were generated through the optimisation process. Pearl millet's protein content increased by up to 22%, while saturated fat decreased by up to 13%; ash content increased by 75%. Polyphenol content and oxygen radical absorbance capacity increased by 80% and 25%, respectively. Final and peak viscosity were reduced by 90% and 95%, respectively.

Postprandial glycemic and lipidemic effects of black rice anthocyanin extract fortification in foods of varying macronutrient compositions and matrices

Anthocyanin (ACN) fortification of commonly consumed foods is significant as a dietary strategy against the development of metabolic complications by delivering ACNs at high doses. However, its bioactivity and translated metabolic effects in the presence of varying food matrices and macro-constituents is particularly unclear. This end-to-end study investigates the metabolic effects of black rice ACN extract (BRAE) fortification—from in-vitro enzyme inhibitory activities and digestibility, to downstream in vivo impacts on GI, postprandial glycemia and lipidemia. The in vivo effects were investigated in two separate crossover randomised controlled trials (RCT) of 24 healthy participants each—the first RCT determined the postprandial blood glucose, insulin, and ACN bioavailability to a starch-rich single food over 2 h, while the second RCT determined the postprandial blood glucose, insulin, lipid panel, and lipoprotein particles and subfractions to a starch- and fat-rich composite meal over 4 h. In-vitro findings confirmed the inhibitory activities of major black rice ACNs on carbohydrases (p = 0.0004), lipases (p = 0.0002), and starch digestibility (p < 0.0001). in vivo, a 27-point mean GI reduction of wheat bread was observed with BRAE fortification, despite a non-significant attenuation in postprandial glycemia. Conversely, there were no differences in postprandial glycemia when fortified bread was consumed as a composite meal, but acute lipid profiles were altered: (1) improved plasma HDL-c, ([0.0140 mmol/L, 95% CI: (0.00639, 0.0216)], p = 0.0028), Apo-A1 ([0.0296 mmol/L, 95% CI: (0.00757, 0.0515)], p = 0.0203), and Apo-B ([0.00880 mmol/L, 95% CI: (0.00243, 0.0152)], p = 0.0185), (2) modified LDL and HDL subfractions (p < 0.05), and (3) remodelled lipid distributions in HDL and LDL particles. This end-to-end study indicates the potential of ACN fortification in GI reduction and modulating postprandial lipoprotein profiles to starch- and fat-rich composite meals.

A three-component Breakfast Quality Score (BQS) to evaluate the nutrient density of breakfast meals.

Nutrient profiling methods can be applied to individual foods or to composite meals. This article introduces a new method to assess the nutrient density of breakfast meals. This study aimed to develop a new breakfast quality score (BQS), based on the nutrient standards previously published by the International Breakfast Research Initiative (IBRI) consortium. BQS was composed of three sub-scores derived from the weighted arithmetic mean of corresponding nutrient adequacy: an eLIMf sub-score (energy, saturated fat, free sugars, and sodium), a PF (protein and fiber) sub-score, and a VMn1 - 14 micronutrient sub-score, where n varied from 0 to 14. The effects of assigning different weights to the eLIMf, PF, and VMn were explored in four alternative models. The micronutrients were calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, zinc, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B5, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, and vitamin D. Micronutrient permutations were used to develop alternate VMn1 - 14 sub-scores. The breakfast database used in this study came from all breakfasts declared as consumed by adults (>18 years old) in the French dietary survey INCA3. All models were tested with respect to the Nutrient Rich Food Index (NRF9.3). BQS sensitivity was tested using three prototype French breakfasts, for which improvements were made. The correlations of the models with NRF9.3 improved when the VMn>3 sub-score (n > 3) was included alongside the PF and eLIMf sub-scores. The model with (PF+VMn) and eLIMf each accounting for 50% of the total score showed the highest correlations with NRF9.3 and was the preferred final score (i.e., BQS). BQS was sensitive to the changing quality of three prototype breakfasts defined as tartine, sandwich, and cereal. The proposed BQS was shown to valuably rank the nutritional density of breakfast meals against a set of nutrient recommendations. It includes nutrients to limit along with protein, fiber, and a variable number of micronutrients to encourage. The flexible VMn sub-score allows for the evaluation of breakfast quality even when nutrient composition data are limited.

Meat quality traits of growing rabbits fed graded levels of sweetpotato composite meal from two varieties

Meat quality traits of growing rabbits fed graded levels of sweetpotato composite meal from two varieties

Performance, Carcass Yield and Litter Quality of Broiler Chickens Fed Differently Ensiled Cassava Peels-Based Composite Meal Diets

Cassava peels are produced widely in Nigeria as agro waste. The cassava peel meal, contain very little amount of protein that possibly can be enhanced by blending with higher protein milling by-products and agro wastes before ensiling. Little or no data are available on the use of ensiled cassava peel based composite meal (ECP-BCM) produced by blending and ensiling wet cassava peel meal, palm kernel meal and fresh battery cage layers droppings in poultry nutrition. The effect of blending a 7:2:1 wet cassava peels meal, palm kernel meal and fresh battery cage layers droppings and ensiling for 0, 7 and 14 days on broiler performance carcass yield and litter quality was examined. In the experiment, 50%; of ECP-BCM of 0, 7 and 14 days were substituted for maize in nutritionally-balanced diets fed 0 - 56 day of age. The ECP-BCM diets caused slight reductions in growth at 28 day of age; but by 56 day broilers fed 50% ECP-BCM diets had similar weights to birds fed the control diets. Feed intake increased significantly (p&lt;0.05) with the 50% cassava peel based composite meals. Feed conversion ratios were significantly (p&lt;0.05) poor with cassava peel based composite meals irrespective of the ensiling period. Carcass yield decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05) only in 14 day ECP-BCM group. Litter moisture decreased with the composite meals (ECP-BCM) but values were not significantly (p&lt;0.05) less than control. Blending and ensiling a ratio of 7:2:1 wet cassava peels meal, palm kernel meal and fresh battery cage layers’ droppings enhanced its nutritive value and allowed for successful use of 50% in broiler diets.

Chemical, In-vitro Multienzyme Digestibility and Amino Acid of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) Fortified with Soybean (Glycine max) Composite Meal flour

The proximate, minerals, functional properties, in-vitro multi enzyme protein digestibility of fortified sorghum with soybean composite meal flour have been determined using standard analytical methods. The sample contained moisture (3.52%), ash (3.40%), crude fat (27.44%), crude protein (39.33%), crude fibre (5.66%) and carbohydrate (22.65%). The magnesium was the highest mineral with the value of 40.78mg/kg while copper had the lowest value of 0.04 mg/kg. The results of functional properties showed that water absorption capacity (WAC) had the value of 142.62%, oil absorption capacity (OAC) had the value of 114.24%, foaming capacity/stability (6.50%/2.00%)while the least gelation concentration was 2.00%. The multi enzyme protein digestibility was 66%. Glutamic acid was the most concentrated amino acid with the value of 172.5 mg/g crude protein while cysteine was the least concentrated with the value of 20.5 mg/g crude protein. The average total amino acid in the composite sample was 915.5 mg/g crude protein and the total average percent essential amino acid was 44.7% (with histidine), 42.3% (without histidine). The composite sample would provide the required amino acids for the pre-school children (2-5yrs) since the values obtained were higher than 100% required standards recommended for the group.

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF NON-CONVENTIONAL ANIMAL SOURCES FOR THE PARTIAL OR COMPLETE REPLACEMENT OF COSTLY FISH MEAL

Abstract: &#x0D; Background: The worldly fish meal is utilized as a rich source of protein in animal feed formulation. The high price and curtly supply of fish meal encouraged us to find some indigenous informal sources of protein and energy for economical and desirable feed preparation. Materials and Methods: A profiled biochemical analysis of poultry by-products such as chicken offal excluding feathers and skin, head and neck, internal (chicken viscera) and two local trash fishes with high breeding and growth rate were analyzed to find nutritional value and low processing cost. Results: The desirable protein and energy content determined in chicken head and neck that was 48.241%, 4075 Cal/kg and the lowest were found in chicken feet that were 42.659 %, 2148 Cal/kg. In chicken internals and chicken composite meal, the protein and energy content was 46.4532%, 3484 Cal/kg and 44.6397%, 2705 Cal/kg respectively. The protein and energy level of karo dayo (Oreochromis mosumbicus) was 55.85 %, 3236 Cal/kg while kari mundhi (Channa punctatus) possess 52.97%, 2705 Cal/kg. The aflatoxin level was found below the threshold level and these ingredients are safe for feed preparation and utilization. Conclusion: The nutritional value of these chickens by-products and local trash fishes confers as a good source of protein and energy. These could be used as a partial or complete replacement of existing conventional protein and energy sources in fish feed formulation while these ingredients are very low cost and easily available to fish growers.

Effects of fermentation period and soybean flour supplementation on the glycemic indices and starch digestibility of biofortified provitamin A cassava meal

Background and aim: Across the globe, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is rapidly increasing, even in populations with significant undernutrition. In this study, the effect of the fermentation period and soybean flour (SBF) supplementation on the glycemic indices and starch digestibility of biofortified provitamin A cassava meal was investigated. Methods: Biofortified provitamin A cassava (TMS 011368) was processed into cassava meal (garri) under two fermentation periods (24 h and 72 h) and supplemented with SBF at 0 – 80 % to produce different composite meals. These later were evaluated for their predicted glycemic index (pGI) and in vitro starch digestibility. Results: SBF supplementation significantly (p&lt;0.05) decreased the hydrolysis index and pGI from 68.15 – 47.28 % and 73.20 – 44.56 % for composite meals fermented for 24 and 72 h, respectively. pGI, digestible starch, and resistant starch contents were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher in composite meals fermented for 72 h than for 24 h. An increase in SBF supplementation significantly (p &lt; 0.05) decreased the resistant starch, and digestible starch contents of the samples. Conclusion: Composite meals fermented for 24 h and supplemented with 40 – 80 % SBF had a reduced rate of in-vitro starch hydrolysis and glycemic indices, which may therefore be better suited for dietary prevention and management of diabetes mellitus.

Nutrient utilization and growth performance of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed varying levels of Composite Meal (CM) in replacement of fishmeal

This study evaluates the nutrient utilization and growth performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed alternative animal protein composite meal for 42 days. The composite meal is composed of feather meal, blood meal, tilapia meal, and maggot meal each in a 25% proportion. Five isonitrogenous diets (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5) containing 40% crude protein were formulated with the composite meal replacing fish meal at 0% control (T1), 25% (T2), 50% (T3), 75% (T4) and 100%(T5) respectively. The weight gain, protein intake, protein efficiency ratio, and specific growth rate in the 75% and 100% inclusion levels were not significantly different from the control diet. Fish survival ranged between 90-95% with the highest weight gain of 10.57g observed in the 100% inclusion level. The Feed conversion ratio varied between (1.17 and 1.37). The results from growth, feed utilization, and survival levels showed an overall good growth of the fish in the experimental diets, and this indicates that the composite meal is a potential replacement for fish meal in the diets of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings.

Fatty acid, lipid profiles, and health lipid quality of selected Nigerian composite meals and soups

The need to provide information on dietary lipid quality that can serve as a baseline for developing food-based dietary guidelines is crucial to managing chronic diseases. This study aimed to determine the fatty acid, lipid profiles, and health lipid quality of selected Nigerian composite meals and soups. The fatty acid, lipid profiles, and health lipid quality of the meals were evaluated. Results showed that saturated fat was predominant in beans & corn (19.6 g/100 g) and egusi soup (24.8 g/100 g). Monounsaturated fat was predominant in bread & beans (17.2 g/100 g), and polyunsaturated fat was predominant in boiled rice & fish stew (19.3 g/100 g). Cholesterol and free fatty acids were predominant in ogbono soup (3.8 and 94.9 mg/100 g) while triglyceride was predominant in akara &agidi (21.4 mg/100 g). Banga, oha, and egusi soups had no atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. These findings are essential in the dietary management of chronic diseases among the Nigerian population.

153. The relationship between digestibility and growth performance in domestic rabbit feed containing graded levels of sweetpotato composite meal from two varieties

153. The relationship between digestibility and growth performance in domestic rabbit feed containing graded levels of sweetpotato composite meal from two varieties

Significance of Postprandial Insulin and Triglycerides to Evaluate the Metabolic Response of Composite Meals Differing in Nutrient Composition – A Randomized Cross-Over Trial

Background and aimsGlucoTRIG, based on postprandial plasma insulin and triglyceride concentrations, has been recently developed as a novel index to determine the postprandial metabolic response to the meals. This study aimed to test GlucoTRIG as a measure for ranking composite meals for their metabolic effects.MethodsIn a randomized cross-over trial, healthy adult volunteers (both males and females; n = 10 for each meal) consumed three is caloric (2000 kj) test meals (meal 1, meal 2, meal 3) of varying macronutrient composition. Postmeal consumption, venous blood samples were collected to determine plasma insulin and plasma triglycerides for estimating the GlucoTRIG value using (Triglycerides180min × Insulin180min) - (Triglycerides0min × Insulin0min).ResultsThe GlucoTRIG values differed significantly (p = 0.0085) across meals. The statistical significance remains even after adjusting for confounding variables such as baseline diet, insulin, and triglycerides. The meal (M3) with a high fiber, low total fat content and containing less refined foods (fruits, beans, vegetables, plain yogurt) exhibited a significantly (p = 0.007) lower GlucoTRIG value (10 ± 7.7) compared to the other two meals, M1 (77 ± 19.8) and M2 (38 ± 12.1) which contained low processed foods, and were relatively high in fat and low in fiber meals. No statistically significant differences were observed between M1 and M2 meal.ConclusionsGlucoTRIG is a physiologically based index that may be useful to rank composite meals for reducing the risk of metabolic diseases. Further research focusing on the application of GlucoTRIG to foods, meals, and diets is warranted.ACTRN12619000973112 (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ANZCTR).

The effect of dietary replacement of maize with spent sorghum residue-cassava peel composite meal on growth performance and feed cost analysis in the diet of growing rabbits

Wastes of spent sorghum residues and cassava peels are noticed in burukutu joints and garri/cassava chips processing areas respectively, whereas, reports have it that they have individually been used comparatively to replace maize. Since cassava is relatively low in crude protein, it becomes necessary to combine it with a feedstuff with relatively high crude protein content in order to bring the final product to a protein level as close as possible to that of maize which it seeks to replace in terms of crude protein and metabolizable energy. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Spent Sorghum Residue and Sundried Cassava Peels as a Composite Meal on Growth Performance and Feed Cost Analysis in the Diet of Growing Rabbits. A total of thirty crossbred weaned rabbits of mixed sexes, aged 4-6 weeks were used for the feeding trial which lasted for twelve weeks (84 days). The experimental animals were randomly allotted to five treatments and each treatment group was replicated six (6) times with one (1) rabbit per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). Five experimental diets were formulated using spent sorghum residue-cassava peel (SSR-CP) composite meal at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% to replace maize in diets T - T respectively. The mixture of SSR-CP was in the ratio of 1:8 to give crude protein 1 5, of approximately 9% (similar to that of maize). The response criteria at the end of the trial showed that, there were no significant (P&gt;0.05) differences in average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio except protein efficiency ratio. The result on feed cost analysis showed that cost per kg diet decreased progressively from T (80.94) to 1 T (53.09) as the levels of SSR-CP composite meals increased in the diets. The result has 5 shown that maize could be replaced by SSR-CP meal up to 100% without any adverse effect on their performance and better economics of production.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Des déchets de résidus de sorgho usés et d'épluchures de manioc sont observés respectivement dans les zones de transformation des joints de burukutu et des garri/copeaux de manioc, alors que des rapports indiquent qu'ils ont été utilisés individuellement pour remplacer le maïs. Le manioc étant relativement pauvre en protéines brutes, il devient nécessaire de l'associer à un aliment à teneur relativement élevée en protéines brutes afin d'amener le produit final à un taux de protéines aussi proche que possible de celui du maïs qu'il cherche à remplacer en termes de de protéines brutes et d'énergie métabolisable. Par conséquent, cette étude a été réalisée pour évaluer l'effet des résidus de sorgho usé et despelures de manioc séchées au soleil en tant que repas composite sur la performance de croissance et l'analyse du coût de l'alimentation dans le régime alimentaire des lapins en croissance. Un total de trente lapins croisés sevrés de sexes mixtes, âgés de 4 à 6 semaines ont été utilisés pour l'essai d'alimentation qui a duré douze semaines (84 jours). Les animaux expérimentaux ont été répartis au hasard dans cinq traitements et chaque groupe de traitement a été répété six (6) fois avec un (1) lapin par répétition dans une conception entièrement randomisée (CER). Cinq régimes expérimentaux ont été formulés à l'aide d'un repas composé de résidus de sorgho épuisés et d'écorces de manioc (RSE-EM) à 0, 25, 50, 75 et 100 % pour remplacer le maïs dans les régimes T – T , respectivement. Le mélange de 1 5 RSE-EM était dans le rapport de 1:8 pour donner une protéine brute d'environ 9 % (similaire à celle du maïs). Les critères de réponse à la fin de l'essai ont montré qu'il n'y avait pas de différences significatives (P&gt; 0,05) dans l'apport alimentaire quotidien moyen, le gain de poids quotidien moyen, le taux de conversion alimentaire, à l'exception du taux d'efficacité protéique. Le résultat de l'analyse du coût des aliments a montré que le coût par kg de régime diminuait progressivement de T (80,94) à T (53,09) à mesure que les niveaux de repas 1 5 composites RSE-EM augmentaient dans les régimes. Le résultat a montré que le maïs pouvait être remplacé par le tourteau RSE-EM jusqu'à 100% sans aucun effet négatif sur leurs performances et une meilleure économie de production.

Nutrition Evaluation of Oilseed Meals

The present investigation was carried out to nutritionally evaluate the selected oil seed meals (by-products of oil extraction), including sesame meal, flaxseed meal, and groundnut meal so that it can further be used in value addition in different food products. After the extraction of oil from oilseeds, the residue is obtained. Those residues are known as oilseed meal/oilseed cake which are used as fodder or are discarded as waste. From one ton of oilseed approx. 500 to 650 kilos of the meal is obtained depending on the type of oilseed and as by practice half of the oilseed cake received from the production is being dissipated. Oilseed meals are nutritionally rich and are a major source of protein, fatty acids, polyphenols, and dietary fibre. Composite meal was prepared by mixing sesame, flaxseed &amp; groundnut meal in equal amount for nutritional evaluation. Crude protein, fat, ash, fiber, antioxidant activity, total phenol, phytic acid and protein digestibility of sesame, flaxseed, groundnut and composite meal ranged from 37.16-40.12 per cent, 10.95-32.03 per cent, 3.10-8.72 per cent, 5.66-9.58 per cent, 9.18-11.06 mg TE 100-1 gm, 583.64-1070.60 mg GAE 100-1 gm, 276.60- 314.00 mg 100-1 gm, and 75.11-81.09 per cent, respectively. Value added product should be developed from sesame meal, flaxseed meal, and groundnut meal which can be used individually or in combination for enrichment of daily diet at low cost. It can be helpful for improving nutritional status of community and may contribute to eradicate the problem of malnutrition.

Effect of ingesting a meal and orthostasis on the regulation of splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics and the responsiveness of cardiovascular α1-adrenoceptors.

Postprandial orthostasis activates mechanisms of cardiovascular homeostasis to maintain normal blood pressure (BP) and adequate blood flow to vital organs. The underlying mechanisms of cardiovascular homeostasis in postprandial orthostasis still require elucidation. Fourteen healthy volunteers were recruited to investigate the effect of an orthostatic challenge (60°-head-up-tilt for 20 min) on splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics before and after ingesting an 800-kcal composite meal. The splanchnic circulation was assessed by ultrasonography of the superior mesenteric and hepatic arteries and portal vein. Systemic hemodynamics were assessed noninvasively by continuous monitoring of BP, heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), and the pressor response to an intravenous infusion on increasing doses of phenylephrine, an α1-adrenoceptor agonist. Neurohumoral regulation was assessed by spectral analysis of HR and BP, plasma catecholamine and aldosterone levels and plasma renin activity. Postprandial mesenteric hyperemia was associated with an increase in CO, a decrease in SVR and cardiac vagal tone, and reduction in baroreflex sensitivity with no change in sympathetic tone. Arterial α1-adrenoceptor responsiveness was preserved and reduced in hepatic sinusoids. Postprandial orthostasis was associated with a shift of 500 mL of blood from mesenteric to systemic circulation with preserved sympathetic-mediated vasoconstriction. Meal ingestion provokes cardiovascular hyperdynamism, cardiac vagolysis, and resetting of the baroreflex without activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Meal ingestion also alters α1-adrenoceptor responsiveness in the hepatic sinusoids and participates in the redistribution of blood volume from the mesenteric to the systemic circulation to maintain a normal BP during orthostasis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A unique integrated investigation on the effect of meal on neurohumoral mechanisms and blood flow redistribution of the mesenteric circulation during orthostasis was investigated. Food ingestion results in cardiovascular hyperdynamism, reduction in cardiac vagal tone, and baroreflex sensitivity and causes a decrease in α1-adrenoceptor responsiveness only in the venous intrahepatic sinusoids. About 500-mL blood shifts from the mesenteric to the systemic circulation during orthostasis. Accordingly, the orthostatic homeostatic mechanisms are better understood.

Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Cooked Rice Dyed with Sorghum-Leaf Bio-Colorants.

White rice is an important staple food globally. It is a rich source of energy but is low in dietary phenolic antioxidants. This current research aimed at providing scientific evidence for an alternative rice dish that has increased phenolic-antioxidant health-promoting potential by combining white rice with red cowpea beans and cooking with dye sorghum leaves hydrothermal extract, as a source of natural colorant. Boiled white rice and the rice–cowpea–sorghum extract dish were freeze-dried, and the free and bound phenolic compounds of raw and cooked samples were extracted. Phenolic composition, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activities (measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity methods) of the raw and cooked samples were determined. Combining white rice with cowpea seeds and sorghum leaves extract significantly (p < 0.0001) increased the TPC and antioxidant activities of the rice due to the higher TPC and antioxidant activities of cowpea and sorghum leaves. Although boiling caused substantial losses of flavonoids and anthocyanins in the rice–cowpea–sorghum extract composite meal, the resulting dish had higher TPC and antioxidant activities than boiled white rice. Compositing white rice with phenolic-rich pulses can be an innovative approach to providing alternative healthy rice dishes to consumers.

Postprandial effects of macronutrient composition meals on the metabolic responses and arterial stiffness indices of lean and obese male adults: a protocol of a pilot study

BackgroundPrior studies have shown that meal composition may affect the metabolic responses and arterial stiffness indices, and these responses may be different in lean and obese adults. The primary objective of this study is to determine the feasibility of conducting a trial to compare the effect of three test meals in lean and obese men. Due to the lack of a comprehensive study that concurrently compares metabolic responses and vascular stiffness indices after receiving three different meals in lean and obese men, this pilot study will be conducted with a three-phase parallel design, aiming to investigate the effects of meal composition on the metabolic parameters and arterial stiffness indices of lean and obese adults.MethodsThis pilot, a parallel clinical trial will be performed on 24 male adults aged 18–35 years since January 2021 and will continue until March 2021 who are disease-free and selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The subjects will complete three interventions at a 1-week interval, including high carbohydrate (70% carbohydrates, 10% protein, 20% fat), high protein (30% protein, 50% carbohydrates, 20% fat), and high-fat meal (50% fat, 40% carbohydrates, 10% protein). Postprandial effects will be assessed within 360 min after each meal, including the energy expenditure component (resting energy expenditure, thermic effects of feeding, respiratory quotient, and substrate oxidation) and arterial stiffness indices (augmentation index and pulse wave velocity). In addition, blood sampling will be performed to measure glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, and lipid profile.DiscussionThe differences in the postprandial responses can affect the metabolic and vascular parameters due to different meal compositions, thereby providing beneficial data for the establishment of new strategies in terms of nutritional education and metabolic/vascular improvement. Also, the results from this pilot study will inform intervention refinement and efficacy testing of the intervention in a larger randomized controlled trial.Trial registrationIranian Registry of Clinical Trials; code: IRCT20190818044552N1; registered on August 26, 2019

Chemical composition of Manihot esculentum crantz (var. umucass 36)

Cassava (Manihot esculentum) is one of the most drought tolerant crops, adapted to varying agro-ecological zones and has a high potential for livestock and poultry production in Nigeria. Thus, proximate, macro and micro minerals, anti-nutrients, gross energy and amino acid profile of cassava (Manihot esculentum crantz var. UMUCASS 36) were carried out jusing freshly harvested cassava. The cassava root was washed, peeled and chopped into small pieces. This was oven dried and milled to form cassava root meal (CRM). The harvested leaf and petiole was chopped, oven dried and milled as cassava foliage meal (CFM). The tender, green apical part of the stem was equally harvested, chopped, oven dried and milled as cassava tender stem meal (CTSM) while the cassava composite meal(CCM) was a mixture of the root meal, foliage meal and the tender stem meal at the ratio of 10:4:1 respectively. The proximate, gross energy, macro (Na, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micro (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) minerals, anti nutritional factors (hydrocyanic acid, tannin and trypsin inhibitor) and the amino acids were determined in line with the internationally accepted standard. There were significant (P&lt;0.05) differences among various parts of the UMUCASS 36 cassava for all the parameters considered. The crude protein was least in cassava root meal (2.29%) and best in cassava foliage meal (21.79%). CCM had the highest (P&lt;0.05) gross energy of 3.77kcal/g. CFM had the best contents of sodium (0.27%), potassium (0.88%) and phosphorous (0.38%).CRM had the highest value of calcium (0.29%), CTSM (potassium, 0.88%) and CCM (magnesium, 0.34%). In micro mineral contents, significant(P&lt;0.05) differences existed across the parts examined. CFM was superior in both iron and zinc contents while CTSM had best values of copper and manganese. Hydrocyanic acid value ranged from 1.26mg/kg in CFM to 6.57mg/kg in CCM while trypsin inhibitor had highest value of 9.62TIU/mg in CRM and CFM had tannin value to be 0.086% being the highest. All the anti-nutritional factors measured were at tolerable levels to broiler chicken. Percentages of amino acids like arginine, cysteine, histidine, phenylalanine and valine in leaf meal were high with these values 6.46, 3.09, 1.34, 3.14, and 8.27% respectively. The nutritive contents of UMUCASS 36 revealed that the root meal with gross energy of 3.66Kcal/g is a potential energy source and therefore can be used as an energy source in poultry ration. The high content of crude protein and its attendant amino acids in the UMUCASS 36 foliage meal placed it at a better level for consideration as replacement for the expensive soybean.