Components Of Reflex Research Articles

Optimization of treatment idiopathic overactive bladder without detrusor overactivity

The objective: was to evaluate the effectiveness of monotherapy with competitive antagonist M-cholinoreceptors with tolterine tartrate and its purpose in combination with cyclic structural analogue of g-aminobutyric acid gabapentin in patients with idiopathic hyperactive bladder (IGAMP) without detrusor hyperactivity (DG).Materials and methods. The study involved 63 patients with IGAMP with urodynamically proven absence of DG (14 men and 49 women). Patients were divided into two groups: group A – 31 patients and group B – 32 patients. According to the design of the study patients of group A were prescribed therapy as a competitive antagonist of M-cholinergic receptors, which are localized in MP, – tolterodine tartrate. Group B patients used combination therapy with tolterodine tartrate and a medicinal form from the group of anticonvulsants – gabapentin. This choice of drugs is determined by the desire to effect a double effect on the lower urinary tract: eliminate both the sensory and the reflex component of the pathogenesis of urgent urination.Results. Analysis of the results of the use of anticholinergic monotherapy in group A made it possible to ascertain that, in general, this type of treatment does not lead to a significant improvement in the symptoms of urgent, frequent urination in patients with IGAMP without DG. But among the patients of group B, by the end of the 8th week of therapy there were 12 (37.50%) patients who achieved a 50% or greater reduction in the incidence of IGAMP symptoms.Conclusions. It was found that monotherapy in these patients is of low efficacy and is realized mainly due to a decrease in the frequency of urination per day (by 37.55%) and the frequency of incontinence episodes (by 52.14%), and to a lesser extent due to a decrease in the intensity of urgency (by 14.8%). Combination therapy allows for more effective elimination of the main objective and subjective symptoms of the disease, which manifests in a decrease in the frequency of pollakiuria by 64.17%, nocturia by 82.18%, urgency at 81.40% and urinary incontinence by 80.66%.

Педагогічні умови формування готовності майбутнього вчителя музичного мистецтва до розвитку комунікативної компетентності учнів

In this article it is discussed the essence of communicative competence of schoolchildren, which manifests itself as the ability to perceive and interpret works of art, as well as dialogical interaction in artistic activity. The authors emphasize that the effectiveness of development communicative competence of students is possible only when students realize the essence of communicative activity, which consists not only in the ability to understand and properly broadcast information, but also involves an active listening of the interlocutor and empathy, reflexive awareness of meaningful content. It is determined the role of musical art in the development of communicative competence in the process of musical activity and the interpretation of musical works. The peculiarity of the development of communicative competence of students at music lessons is also connected with creative aspects of musical activity, namely, with the stimulation of fantasy and imagination of students, improvisation and experimentation. It is proposed the structure of readiness of future teachers of musical art for the development of communicative competence of students, which includes content, procedural and reflexive component. There are determined the primary and subordinate pedagogical conditions which are necessary for effective process of professional training of the future teacher of musical art. It is concretized the pedagogical conditions which ensure the readiness of future teachers for the development of communicative competence of students, in particular, the importance of practical training, dialogic interaction and reflexive teaching methods. It is emphasized that the teacher’s ability to communicate with students through means of musical art, the translation of their own experience ofartistic and pedagogical communication, promotes the development of communicative competence of schoolchildren, their personal growth, the formation of value orientationsand the development of musical and aesthetic culture.

Prognostic role of neurophysiological testing 3–7 days after onset of acute unilateral Bell's palsy

Recovery from acute Bell's palsy (BP) is variable and there are few predictors of response. We evaluated the usefulness of a range of neurophysiological parameters to predict outcome in BP. Fifty-nine patients (age: 33.7±15.4 years) with acute unilateral BP were recruited within 3-7 days of onset. They were evaluated with electroneurography, facial nerve excitability, and the blink reflex. House-Brackmann (HB) clinical scores were obtained at the same time and three months later. All patients received prednisolone treatment and regular rehabilitation. At three months, 41 patients (69.5%) had good recovery, while 18 patients (30.5%) had poor recovery according to the HB scale. The facial nerve excitability threshold and threshold difference between sides were significantly lower in patients with good recovery than those with poor recovery (P values=0.022 and 0.006 respectively). Facial nerve degeneration rate (1 - affected/unaffected amplitude of CMAP of muscle ×100%) recorded in frontalis (P=0.002) and orbicularis oris (P=0.038) were also smaller in good recovery than poor recovery patients. There were no differences in latency and amplitude of CMAPs recorded from frontalis or orbicularis oris muscle, nor in latencies of the components of the blink reflex. ROC analysis showed that patients who had a threshold side difference <13mA (35 cases), had a higher chance of good recovery (85.7% versus 14.3% poor recovery). Patients who had a degeneration rate<50% (38 cases) also had a higher chance of good recovery (78.9%) versus 21.1% who had poor recovery, while patients with a degeneration rate>50% (21 cases) had a 47.8% chance of good recovery versus 52.2% poor recovery (P=0.004). Logistic regression analysis showed that the most significant predictive indicator of BP recovery was the facial nerve degeneration rate of frontalis muscle (P=0.011). Facial nerve degeneration rate of frontalis muscle provides the most sensitive prognostic indicator of recovery from acute BP and may provide useful management strategies.

РАЗВИТИЕ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ГОТОВНОСТИ УЧИТЕЛЕЙ ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ К ОСУЩЕСТВЛЕНИЮ ИНКЛЮЗИВНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

Aim. Successful education of children with disabilities depends on teachers’ professionalism. Physical Education teachers demonstrate a lack of psychological readiness to implement inclusive education. Therefore, the aim of this article is the projecting and approbation of the development system of psychological readiness in P.E. teachers for inclusive education including its cognitive, emotional, axiological and reflexive components. Materials and Methods. The study was performed on the basis of the theory of attitudes (L. Lange, R. Cialdini, D.N. Uznadze, S.L. Rubinstein). The diagnostic tools for revealing the level of cognitive, emotional, axiological and reflexive components of the psychological readiness in PE teachers for inclusive education were developed. The study was conducted in 2016–2017. 673 PE teachers of the Chelyabinsk region took part in the study at different stages. The psychological readiness of the majority of respondents (39.6 %) was below the average. The training experience of P. E. teachers in France, presented by the scientific partners of the Higher School of Teaching and Education of University within Picardie Jules Verne under the Academy of Amiens was studied. Results. The development system of psychological readiness in teachers for inclusive education was developed, based on the experience of positive pedagogical practices of P.E. teachers in Russia and France. This system assumes the training of teachers in gradually more complicated stages: a) solving situational problems that represent the problematic aspects of the activity of P.E. teachers working with children with disabilities; b) conducting reflexive sessions, in which teachers become acquainted with the psychology of a special child and identify themselves with him; с) formation of stress resistance in teachers, prevention of their professional burnout. Conclusion. The experimental stage of the study showed that the adoption of such a system contributed to a positive change in the indicators of psychological readiness of teachers for the implementation of inclusive education. The system is recommended for use in wide practice.

ADAPTATION POTENTIAL STRUCTURE IN GIFTED ADOLESCENTS

The article reflects the main approaches to the problem of adaptive potential. It featured the essence and content of the adaptive potential of modern psychology and analyzes the structural components of the adaptation potential, including neuropsychic stability, self-esteem, communicativity, psychic regulation, etc. The paper describes the features of adaptation of gifted adolescents and the structure of the adaptive potential, which is represented as a multi-level system. It is suggested that the structure of the adaptive potential of gifted adolescents includes emotional, reflexive, volitional and behavioral components. The test subjects were gifted adolescents aged 12–15, studying in specialized classes (engineering). The group included 56 people, 26 boys and 20 girls. The article describes the data of factor analysis by the method of principal components with rotation "varimax normalized". The analysis has demonstrated that the structure of the adaptive potential of gifted adolescents includes five factors explaining 57.02 % of the total variability. The results of factor analysis allow the authors to come to the conclusion that the adaptive potential of gifted adolescents includes five components: 1 and 2 components reflect the emotional component, i.e. the ability to understand how to express your feelings and feelings of others; 3 – reflexive component, i.e. ability to internal analysis of their actions and actions; 4 – behavioral component, i.e. propensity to react in a certain way to a particular situation; 5 – strong-willed component, i.e. ability to regulate one’s emotional behavior in unusual situations.

Reflexivity in International Contexts: Implications for U.S. Doctoral Students International Research Preparation

Aim/Purpose: Learning to conduct research, including considerations for concepts such as reflexivity, is a key component of doctoral student preparation in higher education. Yet limited attention is given to doctoral student training for conducting international research, particularly in understanding researcher reflexivity within international contexts. Background: Incorporating reflexive practices in one’s scholarship is of particular importance because international research often includes U.S.-based researchers working with cultural groups and contexts that are very different from them. Thus, we examined the following: how do novice U.S. trained researchers understand the role of their reflexivity in qualitative international research? Methodology: We utilized qualitative inquiry to answer the study’s research question. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 participants representing 11 higher education doctoral programs in the United States. Contribution: This study provides insight on how U.S. doctoral students reflect on their researcher reflexivity as emerging international researchers utilizing three types of reflexivity as outlined by the conceptual perspectives that frame this study: introspection, social critique, and discursive deconstruction Findings: Most participants believed that self-reflection is a critical component of reflexivity in international research. Several participants demonstrated an awareness of the privilege and power they bring to their international research based on their identities as Western-trained researchers. Participants utilized different forms of self-reflection when collecting, analyzing, and interpreting their data in order to ensure that the voices of their participants were appropriately represented in their research Recommendations for Practitioners: Our recommendations for graduate preparation programs include helping doctoral students to understand reflexivity as both a research concept and an applied practice in international context. Recommendation for Researchers: We recommend that novice researchers learn how to incorporate reflexive practices when conducting research because as emerging scholars they can have a better sense of how who they are and how they think about research influences their research activities. Impact on Society: Implications from this study affect Western-based education programs that seek to internationalize curriculum and research priorities. Future Research: In terms of next steps, we recommend research that explores how faculty train doctoral students to participate in the global contexts of educational research.

Sacral Neuromodulation for the Treatment of Urinary Bladder Dysfunction: Mechanism of Action and Future Directions

Symptoms of overactive bladder affect a large portion of the world population, especially the elderly. Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is an effective third-line therapy in patients with overactive bladder. The working mechanism of SNM can be explained by the neural connections of the lower urinary tract. It is proposed that SNM does not work directly on the central components of the micturition reflex, but on cortical and subcortical areas, which in turn inhibits the micturition reflex components in the caudal brainstem. The clinical use and outcomes of SNM are described for several forms of bladder dysfunction. Furthermore, some recent new developments in SNM are discussed, such as expanded indications, more effective use of existing nonrechargeable neuromodulators and the introduction of a rechargeable device.

Benign Neonatal Sleep Myoclonus Evokes Somatosensory Responses.

Benign neonatal sleep myoclonus is a common nonepileptic condition occurring in neurologically normal full-term newborns. During jerks, EEG has always been described as normal. The aim of this study was to describe EEG changes associated with the myoclonic jerks. Polygraphic video-EEG recordings of four full-term neonates presenting benign neonatal sleep myoclonus were studied. Myoclonic jerks were analyzed regarding their topography, frequency, propagation pattern, and reflex component. EEG averaging time-locked to myoclonic jerks and to somatosensory stimuli (realized by tapping on palms and feet) was performed to study eventual EEG correlates of myoclonus and to asses somatosensory evoked responses-for the latter, two control newborns were added. Visual analysis of the EEG disclosed theta band slow waves on central and vertex electrodes concomitant to myoclonic jerks and jerk-locked back-averaging disclosed a sequence of deflections, not preceding, but following the myoclonus. This response predominated on the vertex electrode (CZ) and consisted of five components (N1, P1, N2, P2, and N3), with only the three later components being constantly present (at 110, 200, and 350-500 ms, respectively). Back-averaging locked to the tactile stimuli in four subjects and two control newborns showed similar components and were comparable to those described in the literature as late somatosensory evoked responses in full-term newborns. Myoclonic jerks in benign neonatal sleep myoclonus can evoke visually identifiable EEG potentials on vertex electrodes corresponding to somatosensory responses. This EEG aspect may be misleading and could give rise to an anti-seizure treatment that mostly worsens the condition.

The Concept of Using Reflexivity Theory to Examine the Perception of Sustainable Efforts Towards Event Greening

Event management is all about the experience. People who attend events do so because they view an event as something unique and enjoyable. This study is focused on event greening which begins with education of the attendees on what are the characteristics of a “green event.” Due to the phenomenological nature of events, the researchers used both quantitative and qualitative measures to examine the perception of event attendees on sustainable efforts of event greening. The qualitative part of the study employs the reflexivity theory. The result of reflexivity in social science research has become a tool used to answer wider political debates or ethical issues in relation to the research interaction in particular within an interview society. It is unlikely that the popularity of the research interview will decrease, particularly as negotiations over access and ethical practices make more intimate or prolonged forms of research extremely difficult to undertake. Social research has highlighted the importance of the knowledge construction in relation to the research efforts itself which gives emphasis on the increasing importance of reflexivity. A discussion of participant reflexivity has been debated as researcherorientated. This notions of reflexivity can often influence the outcome of the interview sessions. Reflection is an important component of reflexivity, it is understood as a tool one may use to as a consideration to relate their actions to the social world. However, a fundamental re-questioning is also required in using reflexivity to get the essence of one’s knowledge within a given context. The skill of questioning to inform or shape current or subsequent practice is needed to achieve this objective. Most importantly, the researcher must not be exclusively able to engage in reflexive practices to obtain the information needed for the qualitative analysis. On the other hand, larger debates regarding the future of the social sciences has featured reflexivity being used more frequently. Therefore, the researchers will attempt to relate the reflexivity theory in the context of event management. These researchers will determine the attendees’ perception on sustainable efforts towards event greening and how the elements of reflexivity influences their perception when attending a green event.

THE CONTENT AND STRUCTURE OF PROJECTING COMPETENCES OF FUTURE ENGINEERING TEACHERS IN THE SPHERE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES IN USING COMPUTER ONTOLOGY SYSTEMS

The article discovers the content of competences in using computer ontology systems by future engineering teachers in the field of computer technologies and defines the notion of computer ontology systems. It is revealed that the use of computer ontology systems by future engineering teachers will enable them to expand their competences through the formation of a system of representations, value orientations, skills and skills in the construction and further filling of computer ontologies. The essence of the concept design competence of an engineering in the context of the use of computer ontology systems is specified. The educational and qualification characteristic of the engineering teacher in the field of computer technologies is analyzed. Among the mentioned skills and typical tasks of a teacher’s future activity. the ones in which the use of computer ontology systems will contribute to the development of competences are highlighted. The article singles out the elements of the competence as preconditions of successful activity of future engineering teachers in the field of computer technologies: motivational, orientational, operational, volitional and evaluative. The components of the formation of the competences of future engineering teachers in the field of computer technologies in using computer ontologies systems are distinguished and substantiated. The motivational and goal-oriented component provides an individual’s aspiration for self-development and their motivation for self-education. The cognitive and intellectual component provides mastering the system of general pedagogical and engineering knowledge necessary for the effective implementation of professional self-development in the field of knowledge engineering and ontological engineering by future engineering teachers. The professional activity approach includes the structure and content of professional activity: its purpose, means, and results. The effective and reflexive component includes the analysis and evaluation of its results. The criteria for assessing the teaching system effectiveness must correspond to the prescribed goals and objectives. According to the components of competences the criteria (operational, evaluative and analytical) have been defined and indices of their formation in using computer ontology systems in the professional activity of future engineering teachers in the field of computer technologies have been determined.

Bio-Inspired Adaptive Control for Active Knee Exoprosthetics.

On the quest to bring function of prosthetic legs closer to their biological counterparts, the intuitive interplay of their control with the user's impedance modulation is key. We present two control features to enable more physiological and more user-adaptive control of prosthetic legs: a neuromusculoskeletal impedance model ( ) including a reflexive component, and a human model reference adaptive controller ( ), which can be combined with the former. In stance-phase simulations, the allowed to control a prosthetic leg with physiological knee joint angle and moment. When perturbations were applied, the reduced the resulting root mean square error (RMSE) between simulated and physiological reference angle by 96%. In a pilot experiment with two unimpaired and one amputee subject, gait with the deviated more from a physiological reference than with a conventional visco-elastic impedance controller. Subjects, however, preferred the . When adding the to either of the two impedance controllers, the RMSE between the actual and the physiological reference angle was reduced by up to 54%. Subjects confirmed this finding and reported an easier stance-to-swing transition. Simulation and pilot experiment suggest that a reflex-based impedance controller combined with an adaptive controller may improve user-cooperative behavior of active knee exoprostheses.

Contralateral R1 and R2 components of the laryngeal adductor reflex in humans under general anesthesia

To demonstrate that under total intravenous general anesthesia (TIVA), the contralateral R1 (cRI) and contralateral R2 (cR2) components of the laryngeal adductor reflex (LAR) can be reliably elicited; to determine effects of topical anesthesia and inhalational anesthesia on the LAR; and to discuss how this technique may be utilized to continuously monitor the vagus nerve reflex arc. Case series. Vocal fold mucosa was electrically stimulated via endotracheal tube surface-based electrodes to elicit a LAR. Responses were recorded using the endotracheal tube electrode contralateral to the simulating electrode for each side. Twenty-one patients (31 nerves at risk), aged between 28 to 84 years, who underwent thyroid and cervical spine surgeries (4 males, 17 females) were included. cR1 responses were reliably elicited in all patients, and cR2 responses were obtained in 14 patients (66.6%). Mean cR1 latencies ± standard deviation were 22.5 ± 2.5 milliseconds (ms) (left) and 23.4 ± 3.3 ms (right). Mean cR1 amplitudes were 237.9 ± 153.9 microvolts (uV) (left) and 265.0 ± 226.5 uV (right). Mean R2 latencies were 59.8 ± 4.9 ms (left) and 61.8 ± 7.9 ms (right). Intraoperative reversible cR1 amplitude decreases correlated temporally with surgical maneuvers stretching or compressing the RLN or internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (iSLN). Inhalational anesthetic agents abolished cR2 and minimized cR1 at mean alveolar concentrations > 0.5. Topical lidocaine significantly reduced LAR amplitude. LAR cR1 and cR2 responses are present in humans under TIVA and may afford some airway protection against aspiration under anesthesia. They are inhibited by inhalational anesthetics and topical lidocaine. Continuous intraoperative iSLN and RLN monitoring are possible using surface-based endotracheal tube electrodes alone to stimulate and record cR1 responses. 4. Laryngoscope, 127:E443-E448, 2017.

Orienting towards social features in naturalistic scenes is reflexive.

Saliency-based models of visual attention postulate that, when a scene is freely viewed, attention is predominantly allocated to those elements that stand out in terms of their physical properties. However, eye-tracking studies have shown that saliency models fail to predict gaze behavior accurately when social information is included in an image. Notably, gaze pattern analyses revealed that depictions of human beings are heavily prioritized independent of their low-level physical saliency. What remains unknown, however, is whether the prioritization of such social features is a reflexive or a voluntary process. To investigate the early stages of social attention in more detail, participants viewed photographs of naturalistic scenes with and without social features (i.e., human heads or bodies) for 200 ms while their eye movements were being recorded. We observed significantly more first eye movements to regions containing social features than would be expected from a chance level distribution of saccades. Additionally, a generalized linear mixed model analysis revealed that the social content of a region better predicted first saccade direction than its saliency suggesting that social features partially override the impact of low-level physical saliency on gaze patterns. Given the brief image presentation time that precluded visual exploration, our results provide compelling evidence for a reflexive component in social attention. Moreover, the present study emphasizes the importance of considering social influences for a more coherent understanding of human attentional selection.

Estimation of Time-Varying, Intrinsic and Reflex Dynamic Joint Stiffness during Movement. Application to the Ankle Joint.

Dynamic joint stiffness determines the relation between joint position and torque, and plays a vital role in the control of posture and movement. Dynamic joint stiffness can be quantified during quasi-stationary conditions using disturbance experiments, where small position perturbations are applied to the joint and the torque response is recorded. Dynamic joint stiffness is composed of intrinsic and reflex mechanisms that act and change together, so that nonlinear, mathematical models and specialized system identification techniques are necessary to estimate their relative contributions to overall joint stiffness. Quasi-stationary experiments have demonstrated that dynamic joint stiffness is heavily modulated by joint position and voluntary torque. Consequently, during movement, when joint position and torque change rapidly, dynamic joint stiffness will be Time-Varying (TV). This paper introduces a new method to quantify the TV intrinsic and reflex components of dynamic joint stiffness during movement. The algorithm combines ensemble and deterministic approaches for estimation of TV systems; and uses a TV, parallel-cascade, nonlinear system identification technique to separate overall dynamic joint stiffness into intrinsic and reflex components from position and torque records. Simulation studies of a stiffness model, whose parameters varied with time as is expected during walking, demonstrated that the new algorithm accurately tracked the changes in dynamic joint stiffness using as little as 40 gait cycles. The method was also used to estimate the intrinsic and reflex dynamic ankle stiffness from an experiment with a healthy subject during which ankle movements were imposed while the subject maintained a constant muscle contraction. The method identified TV stiffness model parameters that predicted the measured torque very well, accounting for more than 95% of its variance. Moreover, both intrinsic and reflex dynamic stiffness were heavily modulated through the movement in a manner that could not be predicted from quasi-stationary experiments. The new method provides the tool needed to explore the role of dynamic stiffness in the control of movement.

Готовність майбутніх соціальних педагогів до формування волонтерської культури фахівця: критерії і показники оцінювання

У статті обгрунтовано критерії і показники готовності майбутніх соціальних педагогів до формування волонтерської культури фахівця. Подається визначення “волонтерська культура” особистості, проаналізовано зміст та особливості гносеологічного, конструктивно-проективного, організаційного, комунікативного, перцептивно-рефлексивного компонентів професійних здібностей волонтера.

Abstract 13: Documentation Of Improved Ocular Surface Health After Corneal Neurotisation And Reinnervation Using Magnetoencephalography And Histology

PURPOSE: Corneal sensation is a component of reflexes that protect the eye from injury and corneal nerves contain neuromediators that are necessary for corneal epithelial maintenance and healing. Patients with absent corneal innervation develop neurotrophic keratopathy, which is characterized by persistent corneal ulcerations, scarring and vision loss. Corneal neurotisation improves corneal sensation, but it remains unknown whether neurotisation improves ocular surface health. Other than functional sensory data, there remains a paucity of evidence documenting corneal reinnervation after neurotisation. Here we describe our experience with corneal neurotisation, including data documenting ocular surface health, magnetoencephalography and histology of corneal explants after corneal transplantation. METHODS: Fifteen patients receiving corneal neurotisation were followed prospectively, documenting corneal sensation, ocular surface health, and visual acuity. Corneal sensation was determined using Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometry and visual acuity assessed using best spectacle corrected visual acuity (BSCVA). Magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings were conducted in an adult patient prior to corneal neurotisation and 8 months afterward. Tactile stimuli were applied to the left and right forehead using an inflating plastic membrane tapped to the skin surface (approx. 200 stimuli at 0.8 pulses/second). The left and right corneas were also stimulated using air-puffs adjusted to the patient’s blink reflex threshold (0.6 pulses/second for 6 minutes). Source localization was carried out on the stimulus-locked averaged evoked responses (1 to 30 Hz) at 50 millisecond latency using an event-related beam-forming algorithm and superimposed on the patient’s structural (T1) MRI. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis was performed on corneal specimens from three patients undergoing corneal transplantation after neurotisation. Nerves were identified with neurofilament antibody clone 2F11 (Dako, Canada) using the DAKO Omnis platform. Neurotised corneas were compared to corneal samples obtained from six normal controls. In one patient, additional comparison was made to corneal tissue explanted from a corneal transplant prior to neurotisation. RESULTS: Median central corneal sensation improved from 0 mm pre-operatively (range, 0 to 10) to 60 mm (range, 0 to 60) post-operatively (p < .001). After neurotisation, patients experienced fewer episodes of persistent epithelial defects and there was no further vision loss in any patient undergoing corneal neurotisation with a median follow-up of 16.4 months (range, 1.5 - 43 months). Corneal transplantation to correct pre-existing corneal scarring was uncomplicated in three patients at a median of 30 months (range, 24 - 33), with improvement in visual acuity six months post-operatively. Histological examination of explanted corneal tissue confirmed the presence of neurofilament+ axon profiles in the cornea after neurotisation. Analysis of MEG data identified a clear absence of evoked response in the anaesthetic (right) cornea prior to neurotisation. Following neurotisation, an evoked response was detected in same (right) cornea, which was localized to the ipsilateral motor cortex, suggesting that the origin of the (right) corneal sensation after neurotisation was derived from the contralateral (left) forehead. CONCLUSION: Corneal neurotisation reinnervates the cornea using axons from the contralateral face, resulting in improved ocular surface health in addition to sensation. Corneal neurotisation permits successful corneal transplantation, giving visually impaired patients a new opportunity to regain their sight.

Physiological study of the anorectal reflex in patients with functional anorectal and defecation disorders.

Fecal incontinence (FI) and constipation can arise from a variety of alterations of anorectal function. This study aimed to investigate the components of the anorecal reflex in patients with these symptoms and to determine the functional significance of various physiological parameters. Altogether 21 healthy volunteers (controls) and 78 FI-predominant and 74 constipation-predominant patients were recruited and administered Wexner incontinence and constipation questionnaires. All participants underwent standardized anorectal physiology assessments. Patients with passive FI had lower resting sphincter pressures than controls (38 cmH2 O vs 87 cmH2 O, P < 0.05), while those with urge FI had lower squeeze pressures than controls (37 cmH2 O vs 119 cmH2 O, P < 0.05). Patients with urge FI had lower maximal tolerable volumes (100 mL vs 166 mL, P < 0.05). Patients with slow-transit constipation had elevated rectal electrosensitivity thresholds compared with controls (31.4 mA vs 20.2 mA, P < 0.05), and rectal mucosal blood flow than patients with evacuation difficulty and controls (107 vs 162 flux units (FU) [evacuation difficulty] vs 169 FU [controls], P < 0.05). Only patients with passive FI were associated with reflex abnormalities (prolonged recovery phase (1.2 ms vs 0.5 ms, P < 0.05) and total duration of reflex (6.3 ms vs 4.3 ms, P < 0.05). Anorectal motor, sensory and reflex abnormalities are seen in distinct patterns in patients with FI and constipation. This would suggest distinct physiological differences that may predict the potential for different neuromodulation treatment and behavioral modalities in these conditions.

ТHEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF MANAGEMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATIONAL PROFESSIONALISM OF HIGH SCHOOL TEACHER IN ACTIVITY OF CLASSIC UNIVERSITY

The problem of teacher development in higher education has been analyzed on the base of interdisciplinary problem of teaching professionalism;theoretical and methodological basis of pedagogical teacher professionalism institution of higher education has been defined; the concept of «professional pedagogical high school teacher» has been characterised and formulated its definition. Teaching professionalism of high school teacher has been defined as a system of integral characteristic of the individual, that is a holistic relationship-based motivational, cognitive-praxeological, reflexive, emotional and vocational identical components that determine the unique individuality of each professional teacher and ensure its efficiency and optimality scientific and educational activities. It has been theoretically proved the structure of pedagogical teacher’s professionalism including its components (motivational-target, cognitive-praxeological, reflective and emotional; vocational identical), which interact to form a coherent whole. On the basis of foreign and home experience of higher education and the experience of scientific and pedagogical and managerial activities in higher education has been developed the scientific and methodical system of teaching professionalism of the teacher of high schoo , which requires a theoretical and methodological subsystem (goal, objectives, principles, components) and methodically-activities subsystem containing the functional components (multi-level scientific and methodical service of higher education institutions, monitoring and research of the dynamics of the teacher teaching professionalism, scientific and methodological support of definite process; individual program of vocational and personal development and self-development of teacher).

Test Diagnosing Of Learning Activity

The technology of criteria-oriented testing enhanced by the reflexive components is suggested in this article. Tests made according to this technology are called academic activity tests. The student chooses or formulates not the answer to the problem but an action that is productive in his opinion. So, this type of tests helps not only check the accuracy of the achieved results, but traces the course of its getting. The main characteristics of such tests that make it possible to estimate it diagnostic potential are presented. Among these are variability of the test and the length of the minimum and maximum trajectory of the result achievement. The test of this kind with the discussion of its diagnostic possibilities is given as an example

GW27-e1105 Endothelin-1 in Left Stellate Ganglion Promotes Post-infarction Ventricular Arrhythmias by Increasing Cardiac Sympathetic Activity

Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN) and Left stellate ganglion (LSG) are important central and peripheral components of cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex (CSAR) respectively. Studies have shown that endothelin-1 (ET-1) in PVN could increase sympathetic activity and elevated plasma level of ET-1 was