Complimentary Relationship Research Articles

Role of microbial inoculants for improving productivity and systemic resistance in Abelmoschus esculentus

Okra is an economic vegetable crop and widely dispersed throughout the world's tropical, subtropical zones. It is necessary for human health and an adequate supply of total vitamins, minerals, digestive enzymes and other elements that are typically deficient in developing-country diets. The disease issues in this crop are root-decaying infections. Microbial inoculants are gaining a reputation in agronomic research. Pseudomonas species have the ability to boost plant immunity by inducing resistance against biotic and abiotic stress. Because of its substantial properties in growth and pathogen suppression during its complimentary relationship with host, Pseudomonas is the most preferred bio-inoculant. The association of Pseudomonas with crop stimulates the secretion of phytohormones, secondary metabolites and enzymes responsible for growth and pathogen control. The aim of the study is to figure out the consequences of competing inoculants on the nutritional content and quality of okra plants. So different strains of P. fluorescens (EFP161, EFP121, EFP43, EFP56, and EFP171) were inoculated (200 mL in soil) along with okra seeds in field trails. The experiment was completely randomized block design and run for 60 days of inoculation. After harvesting (60 days), their growth parameters with their biomass and stress resistance indicators like polyphenols (26.5 μg/mL), antioxidant (43.08%) and salicylic acid content (0.11 μg/mL) were estimated in Pseudomonas treated plants. Fruit quality parameters including total soluble solids (4.7%), pH, moisture content (93%), proteins (95 μg/mL) and carbohydrates (39 μg/mL) were tested in order to check their nutritional value. Okra plants showed some complications during field trails like death of the young seedlings, wet soil, rotting of small pods is a fairly common problem. These inoculants exhibited plant growth-stimulating properties by elevating their resistance power to stress and against phytopathogens responsible for plant growth reduction. The inoculation of these strains not only increased the plant growth parameters but also increased the nutritional quality of fruits. This research summarizes the impact of microbial inoculants as agricultural inputs.

Boltzmann-Shannon interaction entropy: A normalized measure for continuous variables with an application as a subsample quality metric.

The recent introduction of geometric partition entropy offered an alternative to differential Shannon entropy for the quantification of uncertainty as estimated from a sample drawn from a one-dimensional bounded continuous probability distribution. In addition to being a fresh perspective for the basis of continuous information theory, this new approach provided several improvements over traditional entropy estimators including its effectiveness on sparse samples and a proper incorporation of the impact from extreme outliers. However, a complimentary relationship exists between the new geometric approach and the basic form of its frequency-based predecessor that is leveraged here to define an entropy measure with no bias toward the sample size. This stable normalized measure is named the Boltzmann-Shannon interaction entropy (BSIE)) as it is defined in terms of a standard divergence between the measure-based and frequency-based distributions that can be associated with the two historical figures. This parameter-free measure can be accurately estimated in a computationally efficient manner, and we illustrate its utility as a quality metric for subsampling in the context of nonlinear polynomial regression.

Evaluating the accuracy of gridded water resources reanalysis and evapotranspiration products for assessing water security in poorly gauged basins

Abstract. Achieving water security in poorly gauged basins is critically hindered by a lack of in situ river discharge data to assess past, current, and future evolution of water resources. To overcome this challenge, there has been a shift toward the use of freely available satellite and reanalysis data products. However, due to inherent bias and uncertainty, these secondary sources require careful evaluation to ascertain their performance before being applied in poorly gauged basins. The objectives of this study were to evaluate river discharge and evapotranspiration estimates from eight gridded water resources reanalysis (WRR), six satellite-based evapotranspiration (ET) products, and ET estimates derived from complimentary relationship (CR–ET) across eight river basins located in Central–West Africa. Results highlight strengths and weaknesses of the different WRR in simulating discharge dynamics and ET across the basins. Likewise, satellite-based products also show some strength and weaknesses in simulating monthly ET. Our results further revealed that the performance of the different models in simulating river discharge and evapotranspiration is strongly influenced by model structure, input data, and spatial resolution. Considering all hydrological model evaluation criteria, FLDAS-Noah, Lisflood, AWRAL, and Terra were among the best performing WRR products while for ET estimates, FLDAS-Noah, Terra, GLEAM3.5a and 3.5b, and PMLV2 outperformed the rest of the products. Given the plethora of WRR and ET products available, it is imperative to evaluate their performance in representative gauged basins to identify products that can be applied in each region. However, the choice of a particular product will depend on the application and user requirements. Taking this together, results from this study suggest that gridded WRR and ET products are a useful source of data for assessing water security in poorly gauged basins.

Anatomy in Action

Increasing and maintaining student engagement within anatomy education at a pre-collegiate level is a challenge that educators continue to encounter. Finding an appropriate level of difficulty that prepares students for the rigor of undergraduate anatomy education while balancing the need to inspire student interest in STEM-related fields of study can inadvertently discourage students, particularly when content is relayed in a ‘traditional’ lecture-based curriculum. The University of Colorado’s Pre-Health Scholars Program (CUPS) is an academic enrichment program for high school students from under-represented minority groups who are interested in healthcare and STEM-related professions. To address the challenges in pre-collegiate anatomy education, the CUPS anatomy curriculum has shifted away from instruction that is purely lecture-based, to a project-oriented curriculum utilizing 3D printing. Here, students are encouraged to connect hands-on experiences and collaborate on individualized projects that require mastery of anatomical principles to create. Students are also introduced to anatomic structures in a multi-dimensional fashion that allows them to examine the complimentary relationship between structure and function. This model of curriculum has the potential to improve engagement and create better foundations of anatomical knowledge through thoughtful instructional design.

Development of a simple Budyko-based framework for the simulation and attribution of ET variability in dry regions

Global changes have largely altered the magnitude and distribution of evapotranspiration (ET), which in turn significantly impacts regional water availability and water partitioning, particularly in semi-arid areas, such as the Agricultural-Pastoral Ecotone in Northwest China (APENC). In this study, the Budyko framework was revised and applied at a finer spatio-temporal scale for the simulation and attribution of monthly ET variability in dry regions. As a holistic approach for modeling water partitioning, the revised Budyko framework (RBF) is expected to achieve parsimony of data input and model parameters. Application of the Budyko-based framework in the APENC showed an accurate ET simulation (R2 = 0.96, RMSE = 3.45 mm/mon, NSE = 0.95), which is a better performance compared with two classical models, FAO crop coefficient model and Complimentary Relationship (CR) model with in situ observations. For the attribution of monthly ET variability, vegetation has the highest sensitivity coefficient, while the precipitation shows the largest actual contribution because of its larger variability. Subsequently, the RBF was assessed with two different groups of in situ observations in semi-arid areas with different environment and vegetation conditions, and showed credible results on ET simulation. This shows that the RBF with parsimony of model parameters is highly applicable in data lacking dry regions.

Optical, scintillation and thermoluminescent properties of Eu2O3-doped K2O–La2O3–Ga2O3 glasses

Glasses are promising functional materials as phosphors with an aim to use in radiation measurements because of easy shaping, low fabrication cost and large volume fabrication possibility. In this study, Eu3+-activated gallate glasses having glass compositions of 20K2O–11La2O3–(69−x)Ga2O3–xEu2O3 (x = 0.1–1.0) were synthesized, and their photoluminescence, scintillation and thermoluminescent characteristics were investigated. Clear luminescence peaks at around 574, 591, 614, 653 nm ascribed to the electronic 4f-4f transitions of Eu3+ appeared when the Eu2O3-doped gallate glasses were irradiated by visible light and high energy X-ray. The photoluminescence and scintillation intensities of the 0.5% Eu2O3-doped gallate glass were found to be the highest. Furthermore, a thermoluminescent glow peak appeared at around 90 °C in the glow curve. The 0.1% Eu2O3-doped gallate glass showed the highest glow peak intensity unlike photoluminescence and X-ray induced scintillation spectra, suggesting that the Eu2O3-doped gallate glasses showed a complimentary relationship between scintillation and thermoluminescent intensities.

Christianity, Neurotheology & Cancer- Oncologic Christian Neuro Theology: New Era, Needs more attention

Many Christians are battling Cancer and there is a chaotic vortex of emotions that need resolving. They think they are alone. Religion and spirituality are fundamental to the human condition and play a role in our mental health and wellbeing. Initially, religion and science thrived in a complimentary relationship, only to be polarized with the aggressive secularization of science. We know that with the introduction of Neurotheology as a unique filed of scholarship and investigations that seek to understand the relationship specifically between the brain and theology, the cancer patients will feel more the Grace of God. More investigations and healthcare professionals need to be involved in this area.

Sustainability practices and the cost of debt: Evidence from ASEAN countries

Our study aims to examine the effect of sustainability practices, measured by sustainability performance and disclosure, on the cost of debt of ASEAN firms (in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand). There is a significant research gap where there is a scarcity of literature examining the impact of sustainability practices on the cost of debt, especially in Southeast Asia, and much of the existing literature still has conflicting results. We employed panel data analysis using generalized least square random effects regression, based on a sample of 1,443 observations of from 2004 to 2019. The analysis reveals mixed results that a ASEAN firm’s sustainability practices lowers its cost of debt. Albeit debtholders incorporate sustainability practices information (measured by disclosure) of ASEAN firms in their credit evaluation, debtholders do not find sustainability practices (measured by performance) to be significant. This is possibly due to some crucial information that are apparent in sustainability disclosure but not in sustainability performance scores. Moreover, the interaction between sustainability performance and sustainability disclosure shows complimentary relationship between the two. Lastly, by incorporating country sustainability characteristics, industry sensitivity, and corporate governance as moderating variables, we find the possibility of a prevailing substitute relationship between firm-level and country-level sustainability practices and immense expectations imposed by stakeholders to firms with environmentally harmful practices.

Inventory pooling technique from the car rental industry: now and in the autonomous future

This investigation studies the current car rental industry's inventory pooling technique to understand its potential impact on the industry's future survival and success possibility once autonomous vehicles (AVs) requiring no human input. The research utilises live pricing data from the US car rental and ridesharing industry to detect: 1) how players from the car rental industry apply pricing strategy to reduce inventory shuttling activities and balance the demand with supply; 2) whether the current pooling model can be transferred into the future assuming the business model and pricing strategy of the future robotaxi market is similar to those of today's ridesharing industry. Data reveals that between locations within a pool, pricing fluctuations correlate to weekends or weekdays demand pending on its discrete or complimentary relationship. Hypotheses are developed; consequently, determinants impacting inventory pooling are utilised to analyse their compatibility in the future robotaxi market.

Investigating the Association between Motor Function, Neuroinflammation, and Recording Metrics in the Performance of Intracortical Microelectrode Implanted in Motor Cortex.

Long-term reliability of intracortical microelectrodes remains a challenge for increased acceptance and deployment. There are conflicting reports comparing measurements associated with recording quality with postmortem histology, in attempts to better understand failure of intracortical microelectrodes (IMEs). Our group has recently introduced the assessment of motor behavior tasks as another metric to evaluate the effects of IME implantation. We hypothesized that adding the third dimension to our analysis, functional behavior testing, could provide substantial insight on the health of the tissue, success of surgery/implantation, and the long-term performance of the implanted device. Here we present our novel analysis scheme including: (1) the use of numerical formal concept analysis (nFCA) and (2) a regression analysis utilizing modern model/variable selection. The analyses found complimentary relationships between the variables. The histological variables for glial cell activation had associations between each other, as well as the neuronal density around the electrode interface. The neuronal density had associations to the electrophysiological recordings and some of the motor behavior metrics analyzed. The novel analyses presented herein describe a valuable tool that can be utilized to assess and understand relationships between diverse variables being investigated. These models can be applied to a wide range of ongoing investigations utilizing various devices and therapeutics.

The concepts and issues of professionalism and public participation in the national education policy decision-making

최근 국가교육정책 분야에서, 엘리티시즘과 비민주성과 같은 전문가주의의 폐해를 극복하기 위한 대안으로 시민참여주의가 급부상하고 있다. 하지만 이와 같이 전문가주의 대 시민참여주의란 이항대립적 관계 설정을 섣불리 하기에 앞서, 본 연구는, 논쟁의 핵심에 있는 전문가주의와 시민참여주의의 개념과 쟁점을 명확히 하는 것을 연구의 목적으로 삼는다. 이를 위해 실재론적 연구방법론(realist methodology)에 기초하여 문헌연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구는 전문가주의를 진화하는 개념으로 분석하였으며 20세기 전문가주의와 21세기 전문가주의 개념을 비교하여 제시하였다. 국가교육정책 분야에서 전문가주의와 관련된 쟁점으로는 교육전문가가 누구인지 불분명하고, 교육전문가가 전문가 구실을 하기 힘듦을 논의하였다. 한편 시민참여주의 개념 논의에서는 시민참여주의의 법적 근거, 학술적 개념, 시민참여의 질, 대표성과 숙의성을 함께 충족시킨 숙의적 공공협의 모형의 예시, 시민참여의 요건을 살펴보았다. 시민참여주의와 관련된 쟁점으로는 시민참여라는 대의에 가려서 시민의 개별적 특성이 간과되고, 시민참여의 목적이 불분명함을 드러내었다. 이러한 분석을 바탕으로 본 연구는 전문가주의와 시민참여주의를 상보적 관계로 보고, 어떻게 국가교육정책 결정 과정에서 전문가주의와 시민참여주의를 함께 충족시킬 수 있을지에 대한 방향과 실재론적 방법론을 제안하였다.In the national education policy decision-making, public participation is becoming a burgeoning alternative to professionalism, which is often criticised for its elitist and undemocratic features. However, it is necessary to clarify the concepts and relevant issues first before hastily establishing the binary relationship between professionalism and public participation. This paper, relying on realist methodology, conducted literature review. It was found that the concept of professionalism kept evolving. More specifically, this study compared the concept of professionalism in the 20th century with that in the 21th century. The two issues related to professionalism were: 1) it was unclear who were educationalists; and 2) It was difficult for educationalists to act as professionals. Concerning the concept of public participation, this study investigated its legal basis, academic conceptualisation, its quality, its prerequisites and the model of deliberative public consultation. The issues of public participation were: 1) the individual characteristics of citizens were obscured by a good cause of the public participation; 2) the aim of public participation was ambiguous. Based on this analysis, this article argued for the complimentary relationship between professionalism and public participation. To achieve this, this research suggested the direction and the realist methodology appropriate to the national education policy decision-making in South Korea.

Regional financial integration and its impact on banking development: Evidence from Southern African Development Community countries

AbstractThe study investigated the impact of regional financial integration on banking sector development with specific focus on the impact of the Southern African Development Community protocols on trade and finance and investment. A total of 14 countries made up the study sample, and the panel cointegration fully modified ordinary least squares model (FMOLS) alongside the generalized method of moments (GMM) were used to estimate the nature of the impact. Study findings showed that regional integration through the protocol on trade had a positive and significant impact on size and efficiency of the banking sector using the FMOLS estimator. GMM estimations for the same variables were largely insignificant. Study findings also pointed to an improvement in global financial integration indicators as a result of the trade protocol, which in turn also contributed to an increase in the level of monetization of regional financial markets. The finance and investment protocol had a positive and significant impact on private sector credit for both estimators and largely insignificant relationship with broad money. The study also observed the complimentary relationship between institutional quality and social capital in the financial development process indicating the importance of policies that strengthen sound legal systems, protect property rights, and enhance the rule of law.

Detection of the technical and tactical motion of the scorable movements in taekwondo

The objective of the study is to discover and analyze the patterns of the technical and tactical moves that score in combat in taekwondo. We analyzed 209 moves that could be scored (male category, <68 kg, international scene) employing different complementary analytical techniques: analyzing traditional statistics, detection of T-Patterns, consecutive delays and polar coordinates. The existing studies in taekwondo only use technical analysis. The complimentary relationship of technical analysis is a rare experience due to the strength that it entails, with just as much human resources as material resources. This situational analysis provides the technical and tactical aspects of the scorable actions in taekwondo, discovering which standard drivers permit a competitor to score. In the actions targeted towards the face, it is more common to score as a fault, doing the opposite of the actions towards the breastplate. The techniques that are used the most to score are bandal chagui, miro chagui and dolio chagui. Among the technical and tactical moves that score, we highlight the direct attack moves (a kick to the breastplate with the back leg extended bandal chagui), in counterattack and for technical correction. We suggest reinforcing these actions in the trainings.

Neurotheology—The Triad of Religion, Spirituality, and Neuroscience

Religion and spirituality are fundamental to the human condition and play a role in our mental health and wellbeing. Initially, religion and science thrived in a complimentary relationship, only to be polarized with the aggressive secularization of science. Neurotheology is an exciting new approach that may help bridge our understandings of religion, health and the overall human condition. However, we need to recognize the limitations of this approach and, hence, cautiously interpret any findings.

Asymptotic charges in massless QED revisited: a view from spatial infinity

Hamada and Shiu have recently shown that tree level amplitudes in QED satisfy an infinite hierarchy of soft photon theorems, the first two of which are Weinberg and Low’s theorems respectively. In this paper we propose that in tree level massless QED, this entire hierarchy is equivalent to a hierarchy of (asymptotic) conservation laws. We prove the equivalence explicitly for the case of sub-subleading soft photon theorem and give substantial evidence that the equivalence continues to hold for the entire hierarchy. Our work also brings out the (complimentary) relationship between the asymptotic charges associated to soft theorems and the well known Newman-Penrose charges.

Analysis of styrene maleic acid alternating copolymer supramolecular assemblies in solution by small angle X-ray scattering

Over the past decade, Styrene Maleic Acid alternating copolymers (SMA) have gained interest as an alternative to detergent solubilization for the isolation of integral membrane proteins. The formation of SMA lipid particles (SMALPs) presents a novel opportunity to isolate the proximal membrane environment, encompassing and throughout membrane proteins in vitro. Neither the organization or structure of SMAs in an aqueous buffer nor the mechanism by which SMA transforms the membrane bilayer into a SMALP is known. This study investigates the shape and size of diverse SMA polymer complexes/aggregates in solution at various pH, ionic strength, SMA concentration and temperature, analyzed by small angle X-ray scattering. It is clear that SMAs of differing physicochemical properties (styrene to maleic acid ratio, length of copolymer fragments and functionalization) display highly variable sizes/shapes in solution over a range of environmental conditions. The SMA supramolecular aggregates exhibit similar prolate ellipsoidal geometry of varying size, dependent on the degree of hydrophobicity of the SMA copolymer. At elevated temperature, particles composed of SMAs enriched in styrene increase in both radius of gyration and maximum particle diameter. Interestingly, we observe a correlation between the SMALP dimensions and that of native membranes. Future work will investigate if there may be a complimentary relationship between SMA aggregate dimensions and bilayer thickness (and/or protein transmembrane domain thickness), similar to what has been observed for tandem facial amphiphiles.

The interaction of public and private international law in regulation of markets

PurposeThis paper aims to explore the role of public and private international law and how they are used differently in regulation of global markets. Data were sourced from both primary and secondary materials – journal papers, court decisions, textbooks and international legal instruments to gain insights into the role of law and the varied contexts in which it is used in regulation of markets. In an ordinary sense of the word, law sets operational limits to protect normative values and practices in a state – trade, peace, security, just to mention but a few. However, law cannot be confined to deterring undesired behaviours or to settling disputes, but more importantly, a good law should prevent disputes from happening. Law dictates the way of life of a society and its efficacy often depends on how well it is used to order the proper functioning of the system. International law is the set of rules which govern and foster effective relations of states. The paper explores the chasm between public and private international law, with a view to demonstrate how they are used differently in regulation of markets. Public and private international law encompass norms evolved by multilateral treaties, customs, judicial decisions, model laws and soft law instruments by different oversight bodies governing states and other stakeholders in their relationship with each other. These norms/rules create a platform for interstate cooperation on varied regulatory issues of shared interests. While treaties create a uniform framework of rules in all signatory states, their implementation often depends on individual states willingness to transpose them into national law. Owing to the inherent challenges of public international law (interstate practice), it has become imperative for markets to use rules of private international law. While public regulates the relationship of states and their emanation, private international law helps to bridge gaps in the mainstream international legal systems of states and in so doing enhances their co-existence on overlapping regulatory issues. The engendered trans-national norms will over time generate a positive impact on local sustainability and co-existence of different regulatory domains.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses cases studies and experiences of countries to demonstrate the complimentary relationship of public and private international law and how they work in tandem in international legal practice. The paper has also used the varied experiences of states to demonstrate how public and private international law interact in regulation of global markets. Data were sourced from both primary and secondary sources – journal papers, court decisions, textbooks and international legal instruments – to gain insights into the law and the varied contexts in regulation of markets. The case law and experience of states alluded to undertaking this research reflect the complimentary relationship of states for markets to operate effectively.FindingsThe findings of the paper comport with the hypothesis that markets cannot effectively work unless they are pursued within the framework of rules of public and private international law. The paper has alluded to the experience in national jurisdictions and global to highlight the chasm between different regulatory domains for markets to operate effectively. The paper articulates important practical issues relating to public and private international law in regulations of markets.Research limitations/implicationsThe practical implication of the paper is that it underscores significant legal issues relating to regulation of markets drawing examples within national jurisdictions and globally.Social implicationsThe paper has social implications because markets affect people, jobs and social life in varied ways. It addresses pertinent issues related to the complementarity of public and private international law and how they are manifested in national jurisdictions.Originality/valueThe paper is original because it nuances the interrelationship of public and private international law, teasing out their interaction in regulation of global markets in a distinctive way.

Price forecasting in the precious metal market: A multivariate EMD denoising approach

The precious metal markets are subject to the influence of complicated factor characterized by the interrelationship and nonlinearity with the short burst of noise data components. In this paper we propose a new Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition (MEMD) denoising model to identify the noise factors in the multiscale domain and forecast the precious metal price movement. Since the MEMD model is introduced to analyze and project the inter-relationship between different precious metal prices in the multiscale domain, the transient noise factor is identified, analyzed and suppressed. The movement of the reconstructed precious metal price is modeled using the ARMA model with higher accuracy. Empirical studies using the typical precious metal price data show that the proposed model achieves the statistically significant forecasting performance improvement, which provides the ex-post evidence on the noise factors identified. Further comparative studies of both MEMD and wavelet analysis based models show the complimentary relationship between these two popular multi scale models. We also found that Gold and Silver markets are subject to the similar influence of disruptive noises while Palladium and Platinum markets are subject to the influence of other influencing factors. The disruptive influencing factor is expected to be Euro/Dollar exchange rate.

아시아 Fluxnet 자료를 활용한 보완관계 기반 증발산량 추정

증발산량은 수자원 부존량 평가, 물수지 분석, 지구의 물 순환 및 에너지 순환을 이해하기 위해서 알아야 할 중요한 수문량이다. 실제 증발산량이 습윤조건의 증발산량의 2배에서 잠재 증발산량을 제한 것과 같다는 보완관계(Complimentary relationship)를 기반으로 기상관측망 지점에서 일반적으로 관측되는 기상 자료를 이용해 증발산량을 산정하는 방법이 다양하게 개발되어 왔다. 이 중 Granger and Gary (GG)방법은 보완관계를 기반으로 경험적인 매개변수를 도입하여, 지역의 기온 등의 자료만 활용하여 증발산량을 산정할 수 있도록 하는 경험식이다. 본 연구에서는 FLUXNET2015 자료 중 아시아 지역 내의 10개 지점에서 에디공분산법을 활용해서 관측된 증발산량 자료를 GG방법을 활용하여 산정한 증발산량과 비교하였다. 내륙지역의 경우 해안지역에 비해 상대적으로 정확하게 증발산량이 추정되었고, 이에 해안지역의 경우에만 담금질 기법(Simulated Annealing, SA)을 활용하여 GG방법의 매개변수를 수정하였다. 수정된 GG방법을 활용하여 증발산량 추정 결과의 Root mean square error, Coefficient of determination(<TEX>$R^2$</TEX>), Mean absolute BIAS를 개선할 수 있었다. Evapotranspiration is a significant hydrologic quantity for understanding the amount of available water resource evaluation, water balance analysis, water circulation and energy circulation. Various methods have been developed for estimating the evapotranspiration using data observed at meteorological observatories. Especially, the focus of methods has been on the complementary relationship that the actual evapotranspiration is equal to the difference between the twice of evapotranspiration in the wet condition and the potential evapotranspiration. The Granger and Gary (GG) method is an empirical formula that can be used to estimate the evapotranspiration using only empirical parameters based on the complementary relationship and using only the net radiation and temperature of the region. In this study, we compared the evapotranspiration data observed at 10 sites in Asia within the dataset of FLUXNET2015, with the evapotranspiration calculated by GG method. The evapotranspiration in inland area was estimated more accurately than that of coastal area. Simulated Annealing (SA) was used for the coastal area to modify the parameters. Using the modified GG method, we could improve the statistics such as root mean square error, the coefficient of determination (<TEX>$R^2$</TEX>), and the mean absolute <TEX>${\mid}BIAS{\mid}$</TEX> of the evapotranspiration estimation in coastal area.

Not Teaching ADR in Law Schools? Implications for Law Students, Clients and the ADR Field

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is not taught in all Australian law schools. If it is taught, it is more likely to be taught as an elective rather than a mandatory core subject. The National Alternative Dispute Resolution Advisory Council (NADRAC) in 2011 and 2012 conducted a survey of Australian Law Schools and estimated that at present less than half of all graduates from Australian Law Schools receive training and education in ADR. Yet, lawyers in Australia are required under ethical and legislative regimes to advise clients about ADR. Clients expect lawyers to know how to negotiate and to be skilled in various forms of dispute resolution, not just litigation. Lawyers are frequently engaged in ADR as representatives and they are now more likely to be involved in ADR than litigation. Given this reality, why is it that many Australian law schools still do not teach ADR as part of a mandatory core curriculum?There are many reasons for this failure and some are systemic. For example, there have long been tensions between those in legal academia and the practising profession about how the law curriculum can be most effectively developed. Despite many changes over the past two decades, the lack of strong, relevant and complimentary relationships between the practising and academic branches of the legal profession has continued to restrain the practice of law and the development of legal theory particularly in the ADR field. In addition, there are funding and staff resourcing issues that hinder the development of ADR teaching within Universities. Other factors could be defined as ‘cultural.’ ADR can be seen as a ‘soft’ option or not a real law subject or harried academics may simply not want to cede space within a crowded curriculum to another ‘newcomer.’The implications of not teaching ADR are significant. Producing law graduates who cannot meet the expectations of their clients and who are unable to contribute to the wider dispute resolution system is at best irresponsible and at worst is preparing law graduates to fail. The modern lawyer faces many challenges and significant competition from non law areas as well as a decline in ‘bread and butter’ legal work through the off shoring of legal services and trends to limit or replicate (using enhanced technologies) more traditional areas of work. Students who are limited to a restricted world view through an adversarial paradigm will be disadvantaged by their limited education as the justice system continues to change and rapidly evolve. Having untrained and poorly educated lawyers may have a negative impact on ADR uptake and use and lead to the establishment of ‘litigotiation’ approaches that mimic adversarial methods. In addition, ad hoc or no University law ADR teaching arrangements can have a broader impact on the ADR field by limiting the development of academic interest and contributions in this area.