Complications In Trauma Patients Research Articles

Interdisciplinary Management of Traumatic Injuries to the Kidneys and Urinary Tract Caused by Blunt Abdominopelvic Trauma.

Purpose: Blunt abdominopelvic trauma frequently results in injuries to the urinary organs, especially in polytrauma. The urotrauma is rarely an acute life-threatening event; however, it may lead to severe complications. Methods: This review addresses the under-representation of urological trauma management in interdisciplinary medical training and its impact on patient outcomes. It compiles evidence-based recommendations and guidelines from multiple specialties, focusing on common challenges in managing these injuries. The resource is tailored for primary care physicians in radiology, trauma surgery, internal medicine, urology, and nephrology. Results: Urinary tract injuries can occur even if the patient's condition initially appears normal. An exclusion diagnosis is obligatory by contrast medium tomography of the entire urinary tract and, if suspected, an additional uroendoscopic examination. Interventional therapy by catheterisation of the urinary tract is often required. Urosurgical treatment is not commonly needed, but when there is a demand, it must be administered via an interdisciplinary approach with visceral and trauma surgery. Over 90% of life-threatening kidney injuries (usually up to grade 4-5 AAST) are presently treated by interventional radiologists. Acute kidney injury (AKI) as a complication in trauma patients may complicate clinical management and often worsens the outcome. The incidence of trauma-associated AKI in patients admitted to an intensive care unit is high. Conclusions: Patients suffering from blunt abdominopelvic trauma should ideally be referred to certified trauma centres with subspecialised or fully specialised care provided by visceral/vascular surgery, trauma surgery, interventional radiology, urology, and nephrology. This recommendation is based on the complex nature of most damage patterns.

B7-1 and PlGF-1 are two possible new biomarkers to identify fracture-associated trauma patients at higher risk of developing complications: a cohort study.

Around 10% of fractures lead to complications. With increasing fracture incidences in recent years, this poses a serious burden on the healthcare system, with increasing costs for treatment. In the present study, we aimed to identify potential 'new' blood markers to predict the development of post-surgical complications in trauma patients following a fracture. A total of 292 trauma patients with a complete three-month follow-up were included in this cohort study. Blood samples were obtained from 244 of these patients. Two complication groups were distinguished based on the Clavien-Dindo (CD) classification: CD grade I and CD grade III groups were compared to the controls (CD 0). The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the complication groups to the control group. Analysis of the patients' data revealed that risk factors are dependent on sex. Both, males and females who developed a CD III complication showed elevated blood levels of B7-1 (p = 0.015 and p = 0.018, respectively) and PlGF-1 (p = 0.009 and p = 0.031, respectively), with B7-1 demonstrating greater sensitivity (B7-1: 0.706 (male) and 0.692 (female), PlGF-1: 0.647 (male) and 0.615 (female)). Further analysis of the questionnaires and medical data revealed the importance of additional risk factors. For males (CD 0: 133; CD I: 12; CD III: 18 patients) alcohol consumption was significantly increased for CD I and CD III compared to control with p = 0.009 and p = 0.007, respectively. For females (CD 0: 107; CD I: 10; CD III: 12 patients) a significantly increased average BMI [kg/m2] from 25.5 to 29.7 with CD III was observed, as well as an elevation from one to three comorbidities (p = 0.003). These two potential new blood markers hold promise for predicting complication development in trauma patients. Nevertheless, further studies are necessary to evaluate the diagnostic utility of B7-1 and PlGF-1 in predicting complications in trauma patients and consider sex differences before their possible use as routine clinical screening tools.

Impact of Concomitant Traumatic Pancreatic and Colon Injuries on Outcomes.

Colon and pancreatic injuries have both long been independently associated with intraabdominal infectious complications in trauma patients. The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of concomitant pancreatic injury on outcomes in patients with traumatic colon injuries. Consecutive patients over a 3-year period who underwent operative management of colon injuries were identified. Patient characteristics, severity of injury and shock, presence and grade of pancreatic injury, and intraoperative packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusions were recorded. Outcomes including intraabdominal abscess formation and suture line failure were collected and compared. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was then performed to determine the impact of concomitant pancreatic injury on intraabdominal abscess formation. 243 patients with traumatic colon injuries were identified. 17 of these also had pancreatic injuries. Patients with combined colon and pancreatic injuries were clinically similar to those with isolated colon injuries with respect to age, gender, penetrating mechanism of injury, admission lactate, ISS, suture line failure, and admission systolic blood pressure. Both intraabdominal abscess rates (88.2% vs 29.6%, P < .001) and intraoperative PRBC transfusions (8 vs 1 units, P = .004) were higher in the combined pancreatic and colon injury group. Multivariable logistic regression identified both intraoperative PRBC transfusions (odds ratio, 1.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.15; P < .001) and concomitant pancreatic injury (odds ratio, 14.8; 95% confidence interval, 3.92-96.87; P < .001) as independent predictors of intraabdominal abscess formation. Both intraoperative PRBC transfusions and presence of concomitant pancreatic injury are independent predictors of intraabdominal abscess formation in patients with traumatic colon injuries.

Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Docosahexaenoic Acid and Eicosapentaenoic Acid, on Post-Surgical Complications in Surgical Trauma Patients: Mechanisms, Nutrition, and Challenges.

This paper aims to provide an in-depth review of the specific outcomes associated with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), focusing on their purported effects on post-surgical complications in trauma patients. A comprehensive investigation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was conducted until February 2023 using the PubMed database. Surgical trauma is characterized by a disruption in immune response post surgery, known to induce systemic inflammation. Omega-3 PUFAs are believed to offer potential improvements in multiple post-surgical complications because of their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Inconsistent findings have emerged in the context of cardiac surgeries, with the route of administration playing a mediating role in these outcomes. The effects of omega-3 PUFAs on post-operative atrial fibrillation have exhibited variability across various studies. Omega-3 PUFAs have demonstrated positive effects in liver surgery outcomes and in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Omega-3 is suggested to offer potential benefits, particularly in the perioperative care of patients undergoing traumatic procedures. Incorporating omega-3 in such cases is hypothesized to contribute to a reduction in certain surgical outcomes, such as hospitalization duration and length of stay in the intensive care unit. Therefore, comprehensive assessments of adverse effects can aid in identifying the presence of subtle or inconspicuous side effects associated with omega-3.

The impact of stapled compared to handsewn repair on anastomotic outcomes in trauma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Approach to enteric anastomotic technique has been a subject of debate, with no clear consensus as to whether handsewn or stapled techniques are superior in trauma settings, which are influenced by unique perturbances to important processes such as immune function, coagulation, wound healing and response to infection. This systematic review and meta-analysis compares the risk of anastomotic complications in trauma patients with gastrointestinal injury requiring restoration of continuity with handsewn versus staples approaches. A comprehensive computer assisted search of electronic databases Medline, Embase and Cochrane Central was performed. Comparative studies evaluating stapled versus handsewn gastrointestinal anastomoses in trauma patients were included in this review. All anastomoses involving small intestine to small intestine, small to large intestine, and large intestine to large intestine were eligible. Anastomosis to the rectum was excluded. Outcomes evaluated were (1) anastomotic leak (AL) (2) a composite anastomotic complication (CAC) end point consisting of AL, enterocutaneous fistula (ECF) and deep abdominal abscess. Eight studies involving 931 patients were included and of these patients, data from 790 patients were available for analysis. There was no significant difference identified for anastomotic leak between the two groups (OR = 0.77; 95% CI 0.24-2.45; P = 0.66). There was no significant improvement in composite anastomotic complication; defined as a composite of anastomotic leak, deep intra-abdominal abscess and intra-abdominal fistula, in the stapled anastomosis group (OR = 1.05; 95% CI 0.53-2.09; P = 0.90). Overall, there was limited evidence to suggest superiority with handsewn or stapled anastomosis for improving AL or CAC, however this was based on studies of moderate to high risk of bias with poor control for confounders. This meta-analysis demonstrates no superiority improvement in anastomotic outcomes with handsewn or stapled repair. These findings may represent no effect in anastomotic outcome by technique for all situations. However, considering the paucity of information on potential confounders, perhaps there is a difference in outcome with overall technique or for specific subgroups that have not been described due to limited sample size and data on confounders. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to recommend an anastomotic technique in trauma.

Trauma diagnostic-related target proteins and their detection techniques.

Trauma is a significant health issue that not only leads to immediate death in many cases but also causes severe complications, such as sepsis, thrombosis, haemorrhage, acute respiratory distress syndrome and traumatic brain injury, among trauma patients. Target protein identification technology is a vital technique in the field of biomedical research, enabling the study of biomolecular interactions, drug discovery and disease treatment. It plays a crucial role in identifying key protein targets associated with specific diseases or biological processes, facilitating further research, drug design and the development of treatment strategies. The application of target protein technology in biomarker detection enables the timely identification of newly emerging infections and complications in trauma patients, facilitating expeditious medical interventions and leading to reduced post-trauma mortality rates and improved patient prognoses. This review provides an overview of the current applications of target protein identification technology in trauma-related complications and provides a brief overview of the current target protein identification technology, with the aim of reducing post-trauma mortality, improving diagnostic efficiency and prognostic outcomes for patients.

SIRT1 downregulation in pneumonia is associated with an immature neutrophil response and increased disease severity.

Pneumonia remains a common complication in trauma patients. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is an anti-inflammatory NAD + -dependent deacetylase that has been shown to reduce the severity of ARDS in polymicrobial sepsis. The impact of SIRT1 in acute pneumonia, however, remains unknown. We hypothesized that SIRT1 deletion in pneumonia would worsen the inflammatory response and clinical severity, and that increased SIRT1 expression would be protective. Ten- to 14-week-old male and female SIRT1 knockout (S1KO) mice, SIRT1 overexpressor (S1OE) mice, and their wildtype (WT) littermates underwent intra-tracheal inoculation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Rectal temperature was recorded, SIRT1 lung protein was quantified by western blotting, Sirt1 mRNA was measured by qPCR, and lung leukocyte subpopulations were analyzed by flow cytometry. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using Prism software. Pneumonia created a functional SIRT1 knockdown in the lungs of WT mice by 4 hours, resulting in comparable SIRT1 levels and temperatures to the S1KO mice by 12 hours. Pneumonia also partially reduced SIRT1expression in S1OE mice, but S1OE mice still had improved thermoregulation 12 hours after pneumonia. In all groups, Sirt1 mRNA expression was not affected by infection. Sirtuin 1 deletion was associated with decreased neutrophil infiltration in the lung, as well as a shift toward a more immature neutrophil phenotype. SIRT1 deletion was also associated with decreased myeloperoxidase-positive neutrophils in the lungs following pneumonia, indicating decreased neutrophil activity. S1OE mice had no change in lung leukocyte subpopulations when compared to WT. Pneumonia creates a functional SIRT1 knockdown in mice. SIRT1 deletion altered the early inflammatory cell response to pneumonia, resulting in a neutrophil response that would be less favorable for bacterial clearance. Despite overexpression of SIRT1, S1OE mice also developed low SIRT1 levels and exhibited only minimal improvement. This suggests increasing SIRT1 transcription is not sufficient to overcome pneumonia-induced downregulation and has implications for future treatment options. Targeting SIRT1 through increasing protein stability may promote a more efficient inflammatory cell response to pneumonia, thereby preventing subsequent lung injury.

Prediction of respiratory complications by quantifying lung contusion volume using chest computed tomography in patients with chest trauma

Pulmonary contusion is an important risk factor for respiratory complications in trauma patients. Hence, we aimed to determine the relationship between the ratio of pulmonary contusion volume to the total lung volume and patient outcomes and the predictability of respiratory complications. We retrospectively included 73 patients with a pulmonary contusion on chest computed tomography (CT) from 800 patients with chest trauma admitted to our facility between January 2019 and January 2020. Chest injury severity was expressed as the ratio of pulmonary contusion volume to total lung volume by quantifying pulmonary contusion volume on chest CT. The cut-off value was 80%. Among the 73 patients with pulmonary contusion (77% males, mean age: 45.3 years), 28 patients had pneumonia, and five had acute respiratory distress syndrome. The number of patients in the severe risk group with > 20% of pulmonary contusion volume was 38, among whom 23 had pneumonia. For predicting pneumonia, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the ratio of pulmonary contusion volume was 0.85 (95% confidence interval 0.76–0.95, p = 0.008); the optimal threshold was 70.4%. Quantifying pulmonary contusion volume using initial CT enables identifying patients with chest trauma at high risk of delayed respiratory complications.

Emergent surgical interventions in noncritical traumatic long bone fractures and lactate monitoring: a retrospective cohort study.

A total of 164 patients, ages 18 and above with long bone fractures and ISS less than 16 were sampled in the last 5 years. Demographic data was ascertained. Patients were placed into two cohorts with a serum preoperative lactate greater than or equal to 2.0mmol/l and a serum preoperative lactate less than 2.0mmol/l. Key endpoints included hospital mortality, length of hospitalization (LOH), discharge designation, and postoperative complications. A total of 148 patients had a lactate level less than 2.0mmol/l and 16 had a lactate greater than or equal to 2.0mmol/l. There was no significant difference in demographics between these two preoperative lactate groups. There was no statistical difference when considering mortality, discharge designation, LOH, and postoperative complications. Lactate levels assist providers in guide resuscitative efforts in trauma patients. However, this study finds that preoperative lactate measurements and efforts made to normalize lactate level are not correlated with mortality, LOH, and postoperative complications in trauma patients with an ISS less than 16. This study does not support preoperative lactate normalization in guiding surgical timing.

A RARE CASE OF MOREL LAVELLEE LESION

Introduction: Morel-Lavallée lesions are post-traumatic, closed degloving injuries occurring deep to subcutaneous plane due to disruption of capillaries resulting in an effusion containing hemo-lymph and necrotic fat. It is an uncommon condition that results from a shearing force, causing a gloving injury which may get infected and lead to a life-threatening situation. Case Presentation: A 28 year old female patient presented to the emergency department with a history to Road trafc accident and sustained minor lacerations to the left lower limb and a contusion over the lateral aspect of the left thigh. The patient was found to have MLL upon ultrasound over the contused area, which was then incised and drained. The wound healed well over 3 weeks and split skin grafting was done which was successfully taken up. MLL's are rare forms of closed degloving Discussion: injuries which may be missed upon initial examination and mis-diagnosed as a contusion. If not treated promptly, it may lead to infection of the collected blood and overwhelming sepsis. It is important for clinicians to be Conclusion: aware of Morel Lavellee lesions as the diagnosis is more reliable on clinical examination and prompt diagnosis may prevent life-threatening complications in trauma patients

Controlled Blood Pressure Rise Through Limited Fluid Resuscitation in Treating Multiple Injuries in Permutation with Shock and its Impact on Post-Resuscitation Hemoglobin Level

Background: Trauma is the largest root of death because 30% of trauma-related casualties are attributable to hemorrhages. Concerns were heaved about aptness of traditional doctrine of vigorous crystalloid resuscitation in these cases. Objectives: The study comparatively studied conventional and limited fluid resuscitation in control of blood pressure elevation and their effects on hemoglobin concentration. Methods: This exploratory study was conducted in Ali Fatima Hospital/ Abu Umara Medical and Dental College, Raiwind Road Lahore, comprising 340 patients who presented to the Trauma Center, with intensified multiple organ injury or shock and then transferred to ICU. Patients were allocated into two groups viz experimental (n=170) and control (n=170) and were administered with intravenous fluids via conventional mode and experimentally through limited resuscitation. Results: Recovery time of the experimental group (2.78+1.41) was significantly lesser (p&lt;0.05) than control (3.41+1.78). Hemoglobin concentration was significantly improved (p&lt;0.05) in the patients of experimental groups (mean 11.12+2.39 g/dl), then control. The incidence of mortality, shock, hypothermia and hemorrhages was significantly reduced (p&lt;0.05) in experimental group, while hypoxia and intravascular coagulation were increased (p&gt;0.05) in patients of the control groups. Practical implications: The clinicians should shift to limited fluid resuscitation to minimize the complications in trauma patients. Conclusion: The recovery rate and effective hemoglobin concentration were significantly improved in experimental patients, with reduced incidence of complications due to hemorrhages. Keywords: Electrolytes; Hypothermia; Hypoxia; Multiple organ failure; Resuscitation.

Validation of the adapted clavien dindo in trauma (ACDiT) scale to grade management related complications at a level I trauma center.

Complications during trauma management are the main factor responsible for the overall increase in treatment cost. There are very few grading systems to measure the burden of complications in trauma patients. A prospective study was conducted using the Adapted Clavien Dindo in Trauma (ACDiT) scale, with the primary aim of validating it at our center. As a secondary aim, it was also wanted to measure the mortality burden among our admitted patients. The study was conducted at a dedicated trauma center. All patients with acute injuries, who were admitted, were included. An initial treatment plan was made within 24 hours of admission. Any deviation from this was recorded and graded according to the ACDiT. The grading was correlated with hospital-free days and ICU-free days within 30 days. A total of 505 patients were included in this study, with a mean age of 31 years. The most common mechanism of injury was road traffic injury, with a median ISS and NISS of 13 and 14, respectively. Two hundred and forty-eight out of 505 patients had some grade of complication as determined by the ACDiT scale. Hospital-free days (13.5 vs. 25; p <0.001) were significantly lower in patients with complications than those without complications, and so were ICU-free days (29 vs. 30; p <0.001). Significant differences were also observed when comparing mean hospital free and ICU free days across various ACDiT grades. Overall mortality of the population was 8.3 %, the majority of whom were hypotensive on arrival and required ICU care. We successfully validated the ACDiT scale at our center. We recommend using this scale to objectively measure in-hospital complications and improve trauma management quality. ACDiT scale should be one of the data points in any trauma database/registry.

Presentation, clinical course and complications in trauma patients with concomitant COVID-19 infection

BackgroundThis study investigated the impact of COVID-19 infection on hospitalized trauma patients. MethodsA retrospective review of hospitalized trauma patients at a level I trauma center was performed from March–December 2020. Data pertaining to patient demographics, presentation and hospital course was compared between COVID positive and negative trauma patients. ResultsThere were 4,912 patients and 179 (3.64%) were COVID-19 positive. Demographics and clinical presentation did not differ significantly between those with and without concomitant COVID-19. However, COVID positive trauma patients had higher rates of acute kidney injury (p = 0.016), sepsis (p = 0.016), unplanned intubation (p = 0.002) and unplanned return to the ICU (p = 0.01). The COVID positive cohort also had longer hospital stays (p < 0.01) with no significant difference in mortality. ConclusionsIn the setting of an ongoing pandemic, awareness of the complications COVID positive trauma patients are predisposed to is important for providers.

Development of a novel tool to predict pulmonary complications in trauma patients with and without chest injury

BackgroundExisting chest trauma scoring tools are often only applicable to patients with chest trauma. We sought to develop a novel Trauma Induced Pulmonary Event (TIPE) score to predict the risk of developing pulmonary complications in all adult trauma patients. MethodsMultiple logistic regression models were created using the 2017 Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) to identify independent predictors of pulmonary complications in trauma patients. The weighted average and relative impact of each independent predictor was used to derive a TIPE score. We then validated the score using area under the receiver operating curve (AROC). ResultsA total of 22 independent predictors of pulmonary complications were identified. The TIPE score was derived with scores ranging from 0 to 43. Injury accounted for 74% of the total score while comorbidities and demographics made up 21% and 5%, respectively. The most important individual predictors were injuries to the spinal cord and bile ducts (both 4 points). The AROC for this was 0.844. DiscussionTIPE is a novel scoring tool to help predict pulmonary complications in all trauma patients.

Predictors of pleural complications in trauma patients undergoing tube thoracostomy: A prospective observational study.

to identify variables related to pleural complications in patients undergoing tube thoracostomies due to traumatic injuries. we conducted a prospective observational study from May/2019 to January/2021 including adult trauma patients submitted to tube thoracostomies after hospital admission. Patients undergoing thoracotomies as the initial treatment were not included. We excluded patients with suspected and confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis during the hospitalization. Pleural complications were defined as clotted hemothorax, residual pneumothorax and empyema. Students t, Mann Whitneys, Chi square and Fishers exact test were used to compare variables between groups. We considered p<0.05 as significant. we analyzed 68 patients. The mean age was 36.0 + 12.6 years and 91.2% were male. The mean RTS and ISS were, respectively, 7.0 ± 1.6 and 15.9 ± 7.6. The most frequent trauma mechanism was stab wounds in 50.0%, followed by blunt trauma in 38.2%. The severity of thoracic injuries was stratified (AIS) as 2 (4.4%), 3 (80.9%), 4 (13.2%), e 5 (1.5%). Pleural complications happened in 14 (20.5%) patients, being clotted / residual hemothorax (11.8%), residual pneumothorax (4.4%), empyema (2.9%) and miscellaneous (1.4%). These patients were treated by thoracoscopy (5), thoracotomy (3), chest re-drainage (3) and clinical measures alone (3). There was a significant association between pleural complications with the time of permanence (p<0,001) and the necessity of relocation (p<0,001) of the drain. the predictors of pleural complications in this series were time of permanence and the necessity of relocation of the drain.

Predictors of pleural complications in trauma patients undergoing tube thoracostomy: A prospective observational study

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar as variáveis relacionadas às complicações pleurais em vítimas de trauma submetidas a drenagem torácica. Método: estudo observacional prospectivo entre maio/2019 e janeiro/2021, incluindo adultos submetidos a drenagem torácica após a admissão hospitalar para tratamento de lesões traumáticas. Pacientes que desenvolveram COVID19 foram excluídos. As complicações pleurais foram caracterizadas como: pneumotórax residual, hemotórax residual / coagulado e empiema pleural. Comparamos as variáveis coletadas entre os grupos de pacientes com e sem estas complicações. Os testes t de Student, Mann Whitney, Chi quadrado e Fisher foram utilizados para análise estatística. Foram considerados significativos valores de p&lt;0,05. Resultados: analisamos 68 casos, com média etária de 36,0 + 12,6 anos, de RTS de 7,0 ± 1,6 e ISS de 15,9 ± 7,6, sendo 62 (91,2%) do sexo masculino. Trinta e quatro pacientes (50,0%) foram vítimas de ferimento por arma branca. O AIS das lesões torácicas foi classificado como 2 (4,4%), 3 (80,9%), 4 (13,2%), e 5 (1,5%). As complicações pleurais ocorreram em 14 casos (20,5%), sendo hemotórax residual / coagulado em 8 casos (11,8%), pneumotórax residual em 3 (4,4%), o empiema pleural em 2 (2,9%) e associações em 1 (1,4%). Estas complicações foram tratadas por videotoracoscopia (5 casos), toracotomia (3), redrenagem de tórax (3) e medidas clínicas apenas (3). A redrenagem de tórax (p&lt;0,001) e o tempo de permanência do dreno (p&lt;0,001) tiveram relação significativa com a presença de complicações pleurais. Conclusão: a redrenagem do tórax e o maior tempo de permanência do dreno foram associados às complicações pleurais.

Enhanced recovery after surgery protocol versus conventional care in emergency abdominal trauma surgery: a prospective, randomised, controlled study

Background: Since 1990s there has been a defined role of ERAS in elective surgeries, to optimize the peri-operative care, reducing post-operative complications and length of stay and hence, the overall costs. However, there is paucity of literature in its effectiveness in emergency trauma surgeries. The aim of the study was to investigate the feasibility and outcomes of ERAS protocol in emergency abdominal surgery in the setting of trauma.Methods: Institutional IEC approved study. A prospective randomized of 52 patients with abdominal trauma undergoing emergency laprotomy were included in the study and divided into two groups: ERP and conventional group. The ERP included early feeding, early urinary catheter removal, early mobilization/physiotherapy, early intravenous line removal and early optimal oral analgesia. The primary end-points were the length of hospital stay and secondary end-points included complication rate and re-admission rate.Results: The two groups were comparable with regards to age, gender, mechanism of injury and ISS score. Hospital stay was significantly shorter in the ERAS group: 4.67 days verses 13.36 days (p&lt;0.001). There were 15 and 11 complications in the control and study group respectively. When graded as per the Clavien-Dindo classification there was no significant difference in the 2 groups (p=0.306).Conclusions: This study shows that early recovery programs can be successfully implemented with significant shorter hospital stays without any increase in postoperative complications in trauma patients undergoing emergency laparotomy for abdominal trauma.

Does autotransfusion from a contaminated trauma laparotomy field increase the risk of complications?

BackgroundAutotransfusion (AT) in trauma laparotomy is limited by concern that enteric contamination (EC) increases complications, including infections. Our goal was to determine if AT use increases complications in trauma patients undergoing laparotomy with EC. MethodsTrauma patients undergoing laparotomy from October 2011–November 2020 were reviewed. Patients were excluded if they did not receive blood in the operating room, did not have a full thickness hollow viscus injury, or died <24 h from admission. AT and non-AT patients were matched. Outcomes were compared. Results185 patients were included, 60 received AT, and 46 pairs were matched. After matching, demographics were similar. No differences were noted in septic complications (33 vs 41%, p = 0.39), overall complications (59% vs 54%, p = 0.67), or mortality (13 vs 6%, p = 0.29). ConclusionsAT use in contaminated trauma laparotomy fields was not associated with a higher rate of complications.

The Utility of Lower Extremity Screening Duplex for the Detection of Deep Vein Thrombosis in Trauma

Trauma patients are high-risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Lower extremity screening duplex ultrasonography (LESDUS) is controversial and not standardized for early VTE diagnosis. By implementing risk stratification and selective screening, we aim to optimize resource utilization. A retrospective review were conducted at a Level-1 Trauma Center, January 2015-October 2019. LESDUS was performed within 72-h of presentation, then weekly. Demographics, VTE data, and outcomes were collected from the trauma registry. Risk assessment profile (RAP) score was calculated based on collected data. Of 5,645 patients included, 2,813 (49.8%) were screened for lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (LEDVT). Of 187 patients with LEDVT, 154 were diagnosed on LESDUS, 18 after negative LESDUS, and 15 in unscreened patients. Patients with VTE were older (61y versus 55, P < 0.01), more often male (70.9% versus 29.1%, P=0.03), had higher ISS (16 versus 10, P < 0.01), longer hospital length of stay (LOS) (11.5 d versus 3, P < 0.01), longer ICU LOS (4.5 d versus 1, P < 0.01), and increased mortality (9.1% versus 4.3%, P=0.01). RAP was higher in VTE patients versus those without (nine versus three, P < 0.01). RAP ≥8 was 62.5% sensitive and 70.4% specific for VTE. Chemoprophylaxis delay also correlated with increased VTE (OR=1.48, 95% CI=1.03-2.12). VTE remains a significant complication in trauma patients. Despite a universal LESDUS protocol, only 50% of patients underwent screening and 20% of all LE DVTs were not identified on LESDUS. To optimize resource utilization and protocol adherence, LESDUS should only be performed if RAP ≥8 or if unable to administer timely chemoprophylaxis.

Radiological features of pulmonary fat embolism in trauma patients: a case series.

Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a rare complication in trauma patients (usually with long bone fractures) in which migrating medullary fat precipitates multiorgan dysfunction, classically presenting with dyspnoea, petechiae and neurocognitive dysfunction. Although this triad of symptoms is rare, it nonetheless aids diagnosis of pulmonary fat embolism (PuFE). Typical imaging features of PuFE are not established, although increasing use of CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in this cohort may provide important diagnostic information. We therefore conducted a case series of FES patients with CTPA imaging at a Level 1 Trauma Centre in Melbourne, Australia. Medical records and various radiological investigations including CTPA of consecutive patients diagnosed clinically with FES between 2006 and 2018, including demographics, injury and their progress during their admission, were reviewed. Fifteen FES patients with retrievable CTPAs were included (mean age 31.2years, range 17-69; 12 males [80%]). 93.3% had long bone fractures. CTPA was performed 2.00 ± 1.41days post-admission. Review of these images showed pulmonary opacity in 14 (93.3%; ground-glass opacities in 9 [64.3%], alveolar opacities in 6 [42.9%]), interlobular septal thickening in 10 (66.7%), and pleural effusions in 7 (46.7%). Filling defects were identified in three (20%) CTPAs, with density measuring - 20HU to + 63HU. Ten patients (66.7%) had neuroimaging performed, with two patients demonstrating imaging findings consistent with cerebral fat emboli. CTPA features of PuFE are variable, with ground-glass parenchymal changes and septal thickening most commonly seen. Filling defects were uncommon.