Amino Acid Complexes Research Articles

Promotion of aromatic amino acids of extracellular polymeric substance targeted transformation via sulfite mediated iron redox cycling in sludge solid-liquid separation

Highly hydrophilic extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) with gel-like structure seriously plagues the development of sludge deep dewatering. Oxysulfur radicals-based oxidation driven by iron-bearing mineral proposes a promising strategy for effective EPS decomposition. However, the transformation and involved interaction mechanisms of aromatic proteins are still controversial due to the complex EPS structure. Herein, sulfite mediated siderite (denoted as Fe(II)/S(IV)) was developed for targeted transformation aromatic amino acids in EPS oxidation to strengthen sludge solid-liquid separation. The enhanced sludge dewaterability were benefited from the Fe(II)/S(IV) bonded interaction assisted by Fe3+/Fe2+ as redox interface that facilitating the release of intracellular bound water via diminish the hydrophily and bind strength with solid protons. The amide region nitrogen of aromatic amino acids (especially tyrosine and tryptophan) originating from EPS presented looser structure and lower spatial site resistance, which were attributed to the exposure of hydrophobic sites in amino groups after Fe(II)/S(IV) treatment. Furthermore, the effective decline of aromatic amino acids in inner layer-EPS (loosely bound EPS and tightly bound EPS) was directed from Fe-N targeted interaction by triggering a series of sulfate-based radical chain reactions. The good correlation between electron transfer amount (R2 = 0.926) and Fe-N (R2 = 0.925) with bonding interaction demonstrated that the complexation of aromatic amino acids with Fe sites on siderite/sulfite via Fe-N bonds, accounting for efficient sludge solid-liquid separation. This study deepens the understanding of sludge organic matter targeted transformation and provides a tactic for iron-based conditioning of sludge.

Organic Zn and nano-Zn amino acids chelates modulate quality growth attributes and antioxidants activity for biofortified apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) production

Zinc biofortification increase nutritional content of crops to combat Zn deficiency in human diets. Foliar Zn bio-organics can significantly improve Zn content of fruit crops. This method is efficient, can be tailored to specific crop needs, and is crucial for enhancing the nutritional quality of food crops, contributing to better human health outcomes. In order to evaluate the efficacy of foliar sprays in promoting plant growth and development, the study evaluated the comparative efficacy of zinc amino acid complexes with zinc sulphate in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) cv. Gala Schniga Schnico during the years 2022 and 2023. Different Zn nutrient sources namely, Zn glycinate (Zn-Gly), Zn gluconate (Zn-Glu), Zn amino acid chelate (Zn-AAC), nano Zn amino acid chelate (NZn-AAC) were applied at the rate of 200 and 400 mg/L each and conventional ZnSO4 at 1250 mg/L with three replicates. Foliar application of the Zn nutrient sources was executed at four stages i.e., 15 days before petal fall, petal fall, 15 days after petal fall, and after harvest. The results revealed that NZn-AAC at 400 mg kg-1 registered the maximum increase in vegetative growth and flowering traits. The superior treatment also exhibited highest fruit set (62.90 %) and fruit yield (5.62 kg/tree) in apple. Fruit quality parameters, in terms of TSS, total sugars, ascorbic acid and anthocyanin contents were increased by 22.9, 17.8, 50.2, and 16.6 per cent, respectively through superior treatment. Fruit flesh and peel nutrient content in terms of P, K, Ca, Mg and Zn also showed improvement through NZn-AAC400 compared to control. Maximum decrease in phytic acid (1.09 %) and increase in ursolic acid (273.95 µg/mL) were also reported with NZn-AAC400. The differences between Zn nutrient sources were analysed using PCA, which explained 95.70 per cent (PC1), 97.81 per cent (PC2), 99.11 per cent (PC3), 99.42 per cent (PC4) and 99.63 per cent (PC5) of the cumulative variance based on Eigen value (>1). In accordance with the results, Zn amino acid complexes emerged as beneficial environment-friendly Zn source for improving growth, fruit yield, quality with higher Zn bio-availability compared to ZnSO4.

Methane hydrate formation in amino acids / sodium montmorillonite systems

To understand the occurrence of natural gas hydrates in seabed sediments, it is crucial to examine the mechanisms of methane (CH4) hydrate formation in sodium montmorillonite (Na-Mt) systems in the presence of amino acid. Accordingly, this study employed kinetics experiments and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate CH4 hydrate nucleation and growth in an Na-Mt system containing alanine (Ala), leucine (Leu), and phenylalanine (Phe), respectively. Kinetics and Raman experiments showed that, compared with Ala, Leu and Phe enhanced hydrogen bonding between water molecules surrounding Na-Mt. This enhancement was due to the long carbon chain of Leu and the phenyl ring of Phe and facilitated CH4 hydrate formation. Moreover, in the Na-Mt system, Ala reduced CH4 consumption, whereas Leu and Phe increased CH4 consumption. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the strength of electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged Na-Mt surface and the functional groups of amino acids affected the distribution of amino acids, thereby altering CH4 aggregation and CH4 hydrate nucleation processes. The strong interaction between Na-Mt and Ala significantly disrupted interfacial interactions between Na-Mt and water molecules. In contrast, the weaker interactions between Na-Mt and Leu and Phe, respectively, meant that these amino acids affected CH4 hydrate nucleation in the bulk-like solution by influencing the arrangement of water molecules. These findings indicate that interfacial interactions between Na-Mt and amino acids play a crucial role in CH4 hydrate formation. Overall, this study generated insights into the formation kinetics and nucleation properties of CH4 hydrates in clay mineral–amino acid complexes that may increase understanding about the occurrence of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments.

Bio-Inspired histidine-based copper complex: An efficient and robust electrocatalyst for electrochemical hydrogen evolution

The quest for an efficient and sustainable electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) using earth-abundant elements is crucial for cost-effective and environmentally friendly hydrogen production. While many catalysts show good activity and stability in strongly basic conditions, fewer materials are effective under neutral conditions, which are more practical for electrolyzer operations. This study introduces a dinuclear copper catalyst, [Cu2(μ-OH) (μ-NO3) (L)2], where L is the Schiff base ligand derived from salicylaldehyde and histidine amino acid (Complex 1), for HER in both aqueous and non-aqueous environments. In non-aqueous conditions, with acetic acid as a proton source, the catalyst exhibits outstanding HER performance, achieving an overpotential of 170 mV. At an acid concentration of 0.086 M, it achieves a catalytic current of ∼17.5 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 0.52 V. Remarkably, in fully aqueous neutral conditions, Complex 1 reaches a significant current density with an ic/ip ratio of ∼82 at a scan rate of 1.0 V s−1, and an apparent rate constant (kobs) for electrocatalytic HER of ∼13,200 s−1. The catalyst also shows excellent activity in 0.1 M H3PO4, with low overpotentials of ∼150 mV at 2.0 mA cm⁻2 and 270 mV at 10.0 mA cm⁻2. In controlled potential electrolysis (CPE), the catalyst maintains stable catalytic currents of 25 mA cm⁻2 and 75 mA cm⁻2 for 18–28 h at a potential of 0.590 V vs. RHE in neutral and acidic conditions, respectively, without noticeable decrease in catalytic current. Detailed characterizations confirm the molecular integrity of the catalyst and its predominantly homogeneous catalytic mechanism.

Зависимость качества винопродукции сорта Красностоп АЗОС от подкормок разными группами веществ

Abstraсt. The impact of climatic changes in external conditions on the terroirs of the planet forces the grape plant to acquire new properties and characteristics that can negatively affect the quality of the wine made from them. Many countries around the world are faced with the problem of producing grape raw materials with high sugar content and insufficient ripening of phenols. One of the effective methods of reducing the negative impact of unfavorable terroir factors is the use of various fertilizers, including foliar fertilizers. In viticulture at the present stage, there is no systematic scientific knowledge about the mechanisms of action of certain drugs on the quality parameters of grapes and wine. The objects of study are preparations of various spectrums of foliar action: complex amino acid-humic fertilizer with vitamins and microelements of the CAGS brand; Chlorella extract (amino acid complex, highly effective natural biostimulator of plant growth.); Agrumax (mineral complex); biodux – growth regulator arachidonic acid, a complex of biologically active polyunsaturated fatty acids of the fungus Mortierella alpina; must and wine from the Krasnostop AZOS variety. The work used: modern instrumental and analytical methods for studying fruit crops and grapes; methods of technochemical and microbiological control in winemaking; wine parameters were determined according to GOST methods and original certified methods of the winemaking center of the NCFSCHVW; polyphenolic and anthocyanin substances in wine were studied using the technique of V.G. Gerzhikova, Research Institute "Magarach". Agricultural technology is generally accepted, adapted to the local terroir. Work on studying the impact of foliar preparations on the quality of must and wine, analysis of wine materials from the Krasnostop AZOS variety and their organoleptic evaluation, allows us to conclude that with an increase in the concentration of the extract, phenolic substances, and the total content of biologically active substances in it, the hygienic value and general quality of the wine itself; the highest tasting score was given to wine samples from the variants of treating grapes with foliar preparations from the group of biologically active substances: Chlorella algae extract and Biodux. Keywords: grape quality, microfertilizers, microwinemaking, wine quality, tasting analysis Financing source: The research was carried out within the State Task of Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation for the FSBSI NCFSCHVW.

Insight into the interaction between amino acids and SO2: Detailed bonding modes.

Amino acids are a highly effective and environmentally friendly adsorbent for SO2. However, there has been no comprehensive study of the binding modes between amino acids and SO2 at the molecular level. In this paper, the binding modes of three amino acids (Asp, Lys, and Val) with SO2 are studied comprehensively and in detail using quantum chemical calculations. The results indicate that each amino acid has multiple binding modes: 22 for Asp, 49 for Lys, and 10 for Val. Both the amino and carboxyl groups in amino acids, as well as those in side chains, can serve as binding sites for chalcogen bonds. The binding energies range from - 6.42 to - 1.06kcal/mol for Asp, - 12.43 to - 1.63kcal/mol for Lys, and - 7.42 to - 0.60kcal/mol for Val. Chalcogen and hydrogen bonds play a crucial role in the stronger binding modes. The chalcogen bond is the strongest when interacting with an amino group, with an adiabatic force constant of 0.475 mDyn/Å. Energy decomposition analysis indicates that the interaction is primarily electrostatic attraction, with the orbital and dispersive interactions dependent on the binding mode. Amino acids and complexes of amino acids with SO2 were used to do semi-empirical MD using Molclus combined with xtb at the GFN2 level. Optimization and frequency calculations of the structures were conducted using density-functional theory (DFT) B3LYP/6-311G* (with DFT-D3 correction). Single-point energy calculations were performed for all structures using DLPNO-CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ with tightPNO. Further analysis of the structures was conducted using ESP, AIM, IGMH, and sob-EDA to gain a deeper understanding of the interactions between amino acids and SO2.

Effect of manganese amino acid complexes on growth performance, meat quality, breast muscle and bone development in broilers

ABSTRACT 1. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of manganese (Mn) amino acid complexes on growth performance, Mn deposition, meat quality, breast muscle and bone development of broilers. 2. A total of 504, one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into seven treatments; control diet (CON; basal diet, no extra Mn addition), manganese diet (MnN as Numine®-Mn; CON + 40, 80, 120 or 160 mg Mn/kg), manganese-S group (MnS; CON + 120 mg Mn/kg as MnSO4·H2O), manganese-A diet (MnA as Mn from hydrolysed feather meal; CON + 40 mg Mn/kg as MnA). 3. There were no significant differences for average daily gain (ADG) or feed intake (ADFI) among diets during the feed phases (p > 0.05). The FCR in the starter and over the whole period were quadratically affected by dietary MnN dosage and gave the lowest FCR at 80 mg/kg (p < 0.05). The Mn content of thigh muscle, jejunum, heart, pancreas, liver and tibia increased linearly with MnN addition (p < 0.05). 4. For meat quality, MnN significantly increased colour (a*), pH45 min and pH24 h, reduced shear force, drip loss and pressure loss of breast muscle (p < 0.05). 5. Moreover, MnN significantly upregulated MYOD expression at d 21 and SOD expression at d 42, decreased MuRF1 and Atrogin-1 mRNA level at d 42 in breast muscle. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the regulating effect of MnN on muscle development significantly enriched signalling pathways such as adhesion, ECM-receptor, MAPK, mTOR and AMPK. Furthermore, dietary MnN significantly affected tibia length and growth plate development (p < 0.05) and promoted growth plate chondrocytes by increasing SOX-9, Runx-2, Mef2c, TGF-β, Ihh, Bcl-2 and Beclin1 and decreasing Bax and Caspase-3 (p < 0.05) expression which affect longitudinal tibial development. 6. In conclusion, Mn amino acid complexes could improve growth performance, tissue Mn deposition, breast muscle development, meat quality and bone development.

Near UV Light Photo-Degradation of Lactate and Related α-Hydroxycarboxylates in the Presence of Fe(III): Formation of Carbon Dioxide Radical Anion

In recent studies we have reported on the near-UV light-induced degradation of iron complexes of various pharmaceutical excipients, such as Fe(III)-citrate and Fe(III)-amino acid complexes. Mechanistic studies revealed a common photo-degradation pattern, i.e. the formation of carbon dioxide radical anion, a potent reducing agent, via an alkoxyl/amino radical intermediate generated by light-induced ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) involving α-hydroxycarboxylates or amino acids. Herein, we confirm the proposed general photo-degradation pathways through the study of the iron complexes of other α-hydroxycarboxylates that may be present in protein formulations, such as lactate and glycolate. The results indicate that lactate generates even higher yields of •CO2− as compared to citrate, suggesting a significant potential of lactate for the promotion of photo-degradation in pharmaceutical formulations.

Zinc biofortification of wheat through fertilizer and genotype management

This study investigated the responses of two wheat varieties, Alvand (Zn-inefficient) and Pishtaz (Zn-efficient), to various zinc (Zn) fertilization methods to determine optimal strategies for enhancing wheat growth and grain quality. The primary aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of various Zn fertilization strategies, including foliar applications of Zn sulfate and Zn-EDTA with and without urea, as well as synthetic Zn amino acid complexes, along with soil applications of Zn sulfate, on the yield and nutritional quality of grains in these two contrasting wheat varieties. The results revealed that wheat varieties responded differently to Zn treatments. While Alvand showed a promising trend of elevated grain yield with foliar zinc sulfate application, Pishtaz exhibited a stronger response to foliar treatments like Zn-Met and Zn-EDTA + urea. Yield components as 1000-grain weight and spike weight, were significantly influenced by Zn fertilization. Foliar application of zinc sulfate + urea enhanced 1000-grain weight in Alvand, whereas Zn-EDTA + urea substantially increased spike weight in Pishtaz. Soil application of zinc sulfate was found to be as an effective method to enhance grain Zn content. Furthermore, the Zn concentrations in flour, straw, bran, and roots elucidated the complex patterns of Zn distribution among various plant tissues. Soil applications were particularly effective in increasing Zn levels in flour and bran, while foliar treatments influenced Zn content in straw and roots. Overall, this research highlights the importance of Zn fertilization strategies for different wheat varieties biofortification. These findings can provide practical implications for sustainable wheat production, addressing Zn deficiency challenges, and advancing food security worldwide. Further exploration into the underlying mechanisms of these responses is encouraged to refine Zn management practices for wheat cultivation.

Palladium(II) complexes of amino acid derived ONO-tridentate enamine ligand for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction

Three palladium(II) complexes with an ONO-tridentate enamine ligand were synthesized by reacting the glycine derivative ligand with palladium(II) acetate in the presence of selected ancillary ligands. The structures of the Pd(II) complexes were determined through melting point, C, H, N elemental analysis, ATR-FTIR, and NMR. Additionally, the molecular structures of two complexes were confirmed using single-crystal X-ray crystallography studies, revealing that the ligand coordinates to palladium(II) via ONO-chelation, resulting in a square planar geometry around the metal center. Catalytic activities of these compounds were assessed in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of phenylboronic acid with the different aryl halides.

Study of the effect of a combination of biocoordination compounds and a water-based probiotic on the performance of broiler chickens

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of a combined probiotic, which included microbial mass of a mixture of live bacteria L. acidophilum, B. adolescentis and chelate complex of amino acids with chromium on the dynamics of growth performance, feed intake and digestibility, slaughter quality, morphological and biochemical blood parameters in the organism of broiler chickens of Arbor Aikress cross (CJSC «Poultry Farm Orenburgskaya»). Up to two weeks of age, the birds were in the preparatory period and received the basic diet (n=60). Starting from the age of 15 days, broilers of the experimental group additionally received with water a combined probiotic at a dose of 0,2 g/kg, and with feed a chelate complex of amino acids with chromium at a dose of 200 mg/kg. The duration of the study period was 28 days. The body weight of broiler chickens of the experimental group was statistically significantly higher by 28 and 42 days of age than in the control by 18 % (p=0,03) and 14 % (p=0,01), respectively. The weight of gutted carcass in the experimental group was higher than in the control group by 24 % (p=0,05). Addition of the studied additive to the diet of birds contributed to the reduction of feed costs per 1 kg of gain by 0,3 kg (14 %). Digestibility of crude protein in the experimental group was significantly higher by 2,7 % (p=0,03). The level of protein in meat of the experimental group was higher than in the control by 2,76 % (p=0,03). The introduction of probiotic in the diet had a stimulating effect on antioxidant enzymes. In broiler chickens of the experimental group the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathioperoxidase in blood serum was significantly higher than in the control by 13 % (p=0,02) and 7,5 % (p=0,03), respectively. Thus, probiotics, together with the complex of amino acids with chrome, due to its multipurpose action can have a positive effect on the organism of farm poultry and increase the efficiency of poultry farming.

Diorganotin (IV) amino acid complexes as potential anticancer agents. Synthesis, structural characterization, and in vitro assays

Nine new organotin (IV) derivatives from L-amino acids (l-lysine, L-ornithine, L-glutamic acid, and L-aspartic acid) were synthesized by one-pot ultrasound-assisted methodology. All compounds were characterized by ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared), LRMS (Low-Resolution Mass Spectrometry), and solution NMR (1H, 13C, 119Sn Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopies. Complexes Bu2Sn(Lys) (1), Ph2Sn(Lys) (2), Bu2Sn(Orn) (3), and Ph2Sn (Glu-OMe) (6a) were crystallized, and the structures were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Diffraction results evidenced that complexes 1 to 3 were five-coordinated mononuclear species while the phenyl substituted derivative Ph2Sn (Glu-OMe) (6a) forms a polymeric network via Sn–O–Sn bridging whereby the tin atom is six-coordinated. In turn, 119Sn NMR results revealed that all tin complexes exist as mononuclear penta-coordinated species in solution. The tin derivatives were screened for ADME (Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) properties via the freely available tools SWISS ADME, and the results were analyzed hereafter. The antiproliferative activity of the complexes was tested against three human cancer cell lines: colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29, breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231, and chondrosarcoma SW-1353 using a non-tumoral cell line of human osteoblast as control, demonstrating selective inhibitory activities against cancer cells. Hence, these compounds could be a promising alternative to classical chemotherapy agents.

Zn[L-proline]2 as an Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of Dihydro Pyrano Thiazole Derivatives via Cycloaddition Reaction in Aqueous Medium

Abstract: In the current study, a zinc-linked amino acid complex was successfully synthesized as an efficient and recoverable catalyst for the synthesis of dihydro pyrano thiazole derivatives via the reaction of an aromatic aldehyde with malononitrile and rhodanine in one-pot, three-component reaction under green conditions. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by elemental and spectral analyses. Environmental friendliness, low cost, operational simplicity, extensive reusability and applicability, and easy recovery of the catalyst using simple methods are the critical features of this methodology. Moreover, a series of dihydro pyrano thiazole derivatives were synthesized. This new procedure has presented remarkable advantages in terms of safety, simplicity, stability, mild conditions, short reaction time, excellent yields, and high purity without using any hazardous solvents.

Ultraviolet Protection From a Patented Amino Acid Complex Technology.

&nbsp; This study aimed to investigate the ultraviolet (UV) protection/repair benefits of a patented Amino Acid Complex (AAComplex). I) AAComplex was incubated with dermal fibroblasts, with/without UVA, and collagen I was measured with a GlasBoxPlus device. II) A lotion, with/without AAComplex (1%) was applied topically to skin explants, following UVA irradiation, and quantified for health-related biomarkers (TNFalpha, histamine, and MMP-1). III) A broad spectrum sunscreen with SPF 46 and a skincare serum containing AAComplex (2%) were assessed using epidermal equivalents, in the presence of UV irradiation, for effects on IL-1alpha, thymine dimers, Ki-67, filaggrin and Nrf2. I) Collagen I synthesis in dermal fibroblasts was significantly decreased after UVA compared to without UV. The presence of AAComplex prevented this decrease. II) UVA irradiation of skin explants increased histamine, TNF&alpha;, and MMP-1. Hydrocortisone aceponate cream significantly decreases all 3 biomarkers. AAComplex contained lotion also significantly decreased all 3 biomarkers, the no AAComplex control lotion only reduced histamine. III) With the regimen of sunscreen + AAComplex contained skincare serum, the significant reduction in IL-1alpha was observed along with a complete recovery of Ki-67 and stimulation of filaggrin and Nrf2T. No thymine dimer positive cell was observed indicating the most positive skin impact from the regiment.&nbsp; Conclusion: This research using different human skin models demonstrated that AAComplex can provide protection and damage repair caused by UV, at the ingredient level also when formulated in a serum or lotion formula. Skin may be best protected from UV damage when the regimen is used.&nbsp;&nbsp; J Drugs Dermatol. 2024;23(5):366-375. doi:10.36849/JDD.7916.

Green chemistry approach for rapid synthesis of indol-3-yl-4H-pyran derivatives, biological assessments, and toxicological activities against Cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora)

From diverse or indole-3-carbaldehyde, certain unique indol-3-yl-4H-pyran derivatives were generated by condensing with different nucleophiles. IR, 1HNMR, and elemental studies have all confirmed their chemical structures. The green catalyst for the formation of indol-3-yl-4H-pyran derivatives is a zinc-linked amino acid complex [Zn(L-proline)2]. Furthermore, the environmental friendliness of this synthetic technique was investigated by assessing the reusability of the Zn(L-proline)2 complex over five consecutive cycles with no significant loss of catalytic activity. This novel process has showed substantial advantages in terms of safety, simplicity, stability, mild conditions, a short reaction time, excellent yields, and good purity without the use of organic solvents. The antibacterial properties of the compounds produced were investigated and discovered to be promising. To determine whether compounds are appropriate as possible insecticidal agents, the toxicological activity of the synthesized compounds against Cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora, was tested using leaf dip bioassay technique toxicity studies performed in the laboratory. KEY WORDS: One pot synthesis, Zn(L-proline)2, Indole-3-carbaldehyde, Aqueous media, Microwave irradiation, Cowpea aphid, toxicological activity Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(4), 1077-1090. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i4.21

Translocator Protein TSPO (Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor): The Modern Story of the Ancient Preserved Protein with Ambiguous Functions

In several tissues, including the brain, heart, blood, intestines, adrenal glands, and liver, the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) was shown to be the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor. There is strong evidence that TSPO is expressed in microglial cells in the central nervous system. Five transmembrane regions are seen at the cellular level in TSPO at the contact points between the outer and inner layers of mitochondria. The cytosolic region of the complex of amino acids that binds cholesterol is where cholesterol is taken up. TSPO is found as a monomer of 18 kDa and homomultimers and homodimers. Different factors, such as cholesterol concentration and reactive oxygen species, change the multimeric structure. As a result, TSPO gains responsibility for transferring cholesterol to the mitochondrial intermembrane space, transforming it into a steroid. Additionally, TSPO appears to collaborate with other mitochondrial membrane proteins to play a part in regulating the activity of the MPTP (mitochondrial permeability transition pore) and, therefore, in the elements of apoptosis. In vivo imaging of TSPO addresses a significant test in examining brain pathology like neuroinflammatory, Alzheimer’s, and schizophrenia. Additionally, TSPO’s use as a biomarker may have important implications for developing more viable diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The current work surveys the TSPO cellular origin and attempts to comprehend its role in various physiological and pathological conditions.

Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm efficacy of different inorganic and organic zinc forms against multidrug-resistant Escherichia, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas

In our study antibacterial and anti-biofilm efficacy of 2 inorganics (Zn(II) sulphate monohydrate; Zn(II) sulphate heptahydrate) and 3 organic Zn(II) substances (Zn(II) chelate of protein hydrolysate: Zn-Bio; Zn(II) chelate of amino acid hydrate: Zn-AMK; Zn(II) chelate of glycine hydrate: Zn-Gly) were explored and compared against multidrug resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Klebsiella oxytoca (K. oxytoca) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) using by the 96- wells microtiter plate-based resazurin and/or crystal violet assay. Our finding confirmed that Zn(II)-sulphates and Zn(II)-amino acid complexes exhibit dose and genus-based antibacterial and anti-biofilm potential. Organic compounds (Zn-AMK and Zn-Gly) were more effective against bacterial growth, except P. aeruginosa. Besides Zn-AMK, others organic and inorganic forms of Zn(II) caused predominantly statistically significant decrease of biofilm production in all of tested bacteria. Current data highlights that Zn(II) in various forms has a great potential to be developed as antibacterial and anti-biofilm agents.

Investigation of gold-amino acid interactions using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and correlation with gold dissolution; Studies at different pH values

Recent developments in the field of gold leaching using amino acids have generated an interest in understanding the bonding/interactions involved in gold amino acid complexation. So far, only Density Function Theory (DFT) models have predicted the bonding of gold with amino acids, and there has been limited experimental work to verify the postulated quantum models. This study therefore aims to address the identification of amino-gold interactions using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and interrogate the predicted DFT interactions of gold and amino acids. The selected amino acids for this investigation were glycine, alanine, cysteine and histidine. Interactions were investigated at different pH levels corresponding to the isoelectric point and deprotonation points of respective amino acids. In addition to the FTIR investigation, gold dissolution experiments were conducted to establish a possible relationship between the interactions and gold dissolution at the explored pH points. FTIR analysis indicated that gold forms complexes with amino acids through N–Au, O–Au, and S–Au bonds. These bonds were evidenced by observed peak changes in the NH3+, COO−, and S-associated IR vibration peaks during the complexation process. In turn, the IR vibration peaks supported the DFT predictions of the active site for the bonding between gold and amino acids. Notably, the analysis revealed significant vibrational shifts in the characterization peaks of ligands at the deprotonation pH across all four amino acids, signifying a high interaction between gold and amino acids with high pH levels. Moreover, the dissolution of pure gold using the four amino acids at 0.5 M concentration of amino acid, 187 mg/L solid w/v, 1 % H2O2 and 300 rpm agitation indicated that gold dissolution was more favourable at the deprotonation pH compared to the isoelectric ph. Overall, the results showed that high dissolution was observed at deprotonation pH that corresponded to high FTIR peak shifts observed on deprotonated amino acid complexation. Lastly, the study hints at a possible correlation between the nature of gold amino-acid complexation and the extent of gold dissolution, which could require further investigation.

Evaluation of Egg Quality and Performance in Late-Lay Hens Fed Different Combinations of Copper, Manganese, and Zinc Complexed with Sulfate or Amino Acid Ion

Dietary inclusion of copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) can improve egg shell quality through changing the membrane structure. This study aimed to compare the responses of egg shell to different mineral sources. In this study, 60-week-old laying hens (n = 378) were assigned to one of seven treatments with 18 replicates each in an RCBD. Treatments included the following: control (basal + sulfated minerals (CuSO4, MnSO4, and ZnSO4)), and basal + amino acid complexed (AAC) minerals (AAC Cu, AAC Mn, AAC Zn, AAC Cu + Mn, AAC Mn + Zn, AAC Zn + Cu). Trace minerals were added to a basal diet containing 20 ppm MnSO4 and 20 ppm ZnSO4 to achieve overall target concentrations of 20 ppm Cu, 60 ppm Mn, and 60 ppm Zn. The hens were fed the treatment diet for 15 weeks, and egg production and egg quality were assessed during weeks 5, 10, and 15 of the experiment. Egg shells, egg contents, and excreta were analyzed for Cu, Mn, Zn, Ca, and P during weeks 10 and 15. No treatment differences (p &gt; 0.05) were observed for production or egg quality. Differences between excreta mineral content were observed. The mineral content of egg shells and egg contents did not differ (p &gt; 0.05) at any time point. The mineral source did not affect egg mineral deposition and egg quality measures (p &gt; 0.05). Some AAC trace minerals enhanced retention of zinc, calcium, and manganese, although AAC Cu increased Cu excretion. Taken together, feeding AAC trace minerals does not significantly affect egg production or egg quality during the late-lay period. More research is needed to demonstrate whether Cu excretion is increased when feeding AAC Cu due to increased bioavailability or other factors.

Инновационные формы эссенциального микроэлемента железа для обогащения молочных продуктов

This article introduces a new method for fortification of dairy products. It is based on a synthesis of biologically active complexes of ascorbic acid, trace iron, and such essential amino acids as lysine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, tryptophan, methionine, valine, and threonine. The computer modeling of the complex structure made it possible to define the optimal interaction parameters of the formulation components. The complex of ascorbic acid, iron, and tryptophan demonstrated the most potent antioxidant activity.