Complex Typology Research Articles

The Setting of the Null Subject Parameters across (Non-)Null-Subject Languages

This article explores a learning model for acquiring a variety of null and non-null-subject languages (i.e., consistent, partial, semi and non-null-subject languages). This model builds upon a version of the Null Subject Parameter(s) based on the “Borer-Chomsky Conjecture” (BCC), which assumes that the presence or absence of a D(definiteness)-feature in different functional heads, together with EPP (Extended projection principle) related features, account for the distributions of null subjects in a complex typology of (non-)null-subject languages. This BCC-based learning model assumes the hypothesis that children, in order to learn the pattern of null subjects in their language, need to look at the morphology of functional elements. By reviewing acquisition studies, I examine whether the model is compatible with the data. I argue that there is no evidence of parameter missetting in any of the languages examined, and that children’s early sensitivity to functional elements suggests that the BCC-based learning model is a suitable theory for the acquisition of null subjects.

Ассортимент изделий из цветного металла раннего железного века поселения Исетское 3 в Нижнем Приисетье

Metal production in the Trans-Ural region in the Early Iron Age is known mainly from materials from the Itkul and Sargat cultures. The article introduces into scientific circulation the largest collection of objects (80 items) made of non-ferrous metal of the Baitovo culture of this period from the settlement of Isetskoye 3, located in the Lower Iset river area. The purpose of the study is to morphometrically characterize and determine the complex typology, as well as to conduct a comparative analysis with synchronous materials. The studied series of items includes weapons (arrowheads), labor tools (knives, a celt, an awl), elements of horse harness (a fragment of a bit), toilet items, jewelry (a mirror, rings, plaques), etc., as well as slags, ingots, and waste bronze foundry production. Preliminary conclusions on production technology were obtained, indicating that stone and clay molds were used for casting. The authors experimentally tested the hypothesis, which was not confirmed, on the possibility of using wooden knife models in the manufacture of clay casting molds. Signs of forging and abrasive casting processing were recorded on several metal objects. Based on their typology and the identified analogies, it was concluded that the complex is characteristic of the Scythian-Siberian cultures and can be dated back to the 7th – 6th/3rd centuries BC, which testifies to the contacts and connections of the Baitovo population with both the western (Itkul) and the eastern metallurgical centers. The presence of slag, a significant amount of bronze casting waste, and mold fragments confirms its local nature, which, however, does not exclude the import of some metal products from other territories.

The impact of heat and wind on the environment of cities with hot climate

Due to the rapid growth of the national economies, the architecture of cities is improving and acquiring a diverse and complex typology. Large cities and megalopolises are built up with high-rise buildings, the population density increases, the transport infrastructure is being developed and improved. As a result, unfavorable environmental conditions begin to form in the urban spaces. The formation of the environment in cities with a hot climate, which are a popular destination for tourism and recreation, deserve special attention. The peak of active use of the urban space in hot tourist regions occurs in the summer. Active recreation and tourist flows contribute to the intensity of traffic and increase the anthropogenic load on the city. Additionally, the growing density of contemporary buildings and structures causes pollutants to accumulate in the urban environment, preventing natural air exchange. The southern cities’ mesoclimatic features have been examined. Urban expansion is often associated with conditions that worsen air exchange and contribute to the deterioration of the air environment. Based on the graphic-analytical computation of insolation, the contribution of solar radiation to improving air exchange and the environment has been established.

THE ISSUE OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE PHENOMENON OF CORRUPTION AT THE CURRENT STAGE OF SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT

The article analyzes modern problems of combating corruption in the era of globalization. It was determined that corruption, as a phenomenon of consumer society and a perverse understanding of freedom and democracy, is one of the causes of the source of authoritarianism. The study of the phenomenon of corruption leads to the need to introduce a complex typology of this phenomenon. Three models of the development of corruption, which are divided by geographical feature, have become the most widespread and popular. It is especially emphasized that corruption should be fought exclusively within the framework of the existing legal system, and precisely violations in the methods and methods of anti-corruption fight can cause additional conditions for the flourishing of corruption itself.

Santiago's cafés con piernas: Coffee with a splash of sexy

Throughout history, iterations of gendered and non-gendered eating and drinking establishments have featured somewhere in the public sphere. This article explores an atypical coffee shop—the café con piernas—that exists in a variety of urban spaces, predominantly in Santiago, Chile. What could be considered ‘adult-themed’ or classified in most Western countries as restricted premises, these alcohol-free venues tout a combination of coffee and erotic ambience designed to promote and facilitate sexual frisson between client and waitress. Research presented here identifies geographies of the cafés con piernas in Santiago as cultural markers in the city's landscape and offers a complex typology defined by subtle nuances dictated by their geographical locations. Cutting across three domains of a city's sexscape—the urban, suburban and (sub)urban—the cafés con piernas reveal site-specific characteristics that are provocative, exploitative, exclusionary, homogeneously masculine, culturally significant, and yet often unnoticed remnants of Santiago's historical political past. These findings present an original classification of adult entertainment premises in a city's urban and (sub)urban sexscape.

Transnational Migration and Typologies of Remittances between Punjab and The Netherlands

Migration often leads to separation experienced by families. At the same time, in the case of international migration, transnational families can enjoy remittances from migrants. Most of the analyses by economists show that flow of remittances are crucial to fulfill economic needs of the left-behind families. Since such flow of money plays a vital role in alleviating financial difficulties. Beyond financial support, the sender and receiver also share an emotional bond which is the key to these transactions. These remittances are not only a tool to revive from economic hardship, but also act as a relationship symbol between migrants and families. Moreover, the choices that migrants make to remit money for certain purposes and on certain occasions reflect a complex typology. This typology remains a neglected area of research that this article focuses on.

Beyond collective property: a typology of collaborative housing in Europe

Collaborative housing is generally defined by what it is not: it is neither solely private tenure nor fully state-run public housing. As a result, housing studies have not fully captured the great diversity of collaborative housing forms. This article develops a complex typology of collaborative housing based on an analysis of 100 cases from Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Austria, the Netherlands, and Germany. We identify differentiating features across three key dimensions: the architecture of the estate, the institutional set-up of its property rights, and the values motivating the collective inhabiting and managing of the estate. We then apply our typology using the case of the 4Stelle Hotel, a collaborative housing estate in Rome. This study lays the foundations for future international comparative research that moves beyond the reductive understanding of collaborative housing as property sharing.

Acceptance, Hesitancy, and Refusal in Anti-COVID-19 Vaccination: A Cluster Analysis Aiming at the Typology behind These Three Concepts.

This paper presents the findings of a study aiming at an innovative typology of attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination. The proposed typology tries to go beyond the common sociological studies who divide the public into three categories: pro-vaxxers, anti-vaxxers, and hesitants. Our purpose is obtaining a more complex typology using cluster analysis. The article is based on a nation-wide survey conducted in Romania. The sample of the survey was statistically representative to the population of Romania and was composed of 1002 participants. A k-means algorithm for classifying cases was used to identify how the studied population structures itself when it comes to attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination. We see hesitancy as an expression of concern or doubt about the value or safety of the vaccination, but also as fear or dis(trust) in the authorities, or as disinterest. We found out that the Romanian public falls into three categories regarding the attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination: the “non-fanatical” pro-vaxxers, the anti-vaxxers, and those without a clear opinion (uninterested and/or undecided). What we usually call “vaccine hesitancy” can be found, depending on motivation or type of hesitancy, in both of the last two clusters.

The phenomenon of parcellation in the Chinese language (based on Chinese spoken drama)

The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of parcellation in Chinese spoken drama. The need to deepen the linguistic theory of structural and stylistic features of parceled structures due to their widespread use in works of the Huajiu genre, as well as the possible lack of works on this topic determine the relevance of the subject. The aim of the work is to determine the typical structural and stylistic features of parcellation in Chinese drama of the beginning of the twentieth century. The main tasks are to develop the complex typology for the classification of parceled structures and to highlight the typical features of syntax and style of parcellation in Chinese spoken drama. A number of special linguistic methods of the research allowed the authors to confirm the hypothesis about the existence of parcellation in the Huajiu genre as a characteristic and functionally important feature of the syntax of the latter, which is consistently substantiated in the article. Theoretical bases of research of parcellation as the element of expressive syntax are outlined: borders of the investigated concept, its signs, functions, bases for direct use in speech of heroes of dramatic works, etc. are defined. Based on an analysis of specific examples of the use of parceling in five works of the Huajiu genre, it was found that punctuation and intonation division into syntagms are most often motivated by the desire to express a statement, exert a pragmatic influence on his recipient or increase his emotional load. This is especially true for composite sentences with any type of connection. The authors see a promising direction of further work in improving the presented complex typology, analysis of more works of different styles and genres to form a more objective vision of the identified structural and stylistic features of parceled structures.

Revisiting Extension as the ‘Third Mission’ in the University: Integrating Teaching, Research and Extension

The National Education Policy-2020 (NEP-2020) provides a renewed perspective on linking teaching with research, research with extension and extension with teaching and research (MHRD, 2019). In fact, the policy envisages a holistic, student-centric, and learning-oriented higher education system. There is heterogeneity in the overall mission of higher education institutions in India, given the complex typology of institutions in the country. However, most of the institutions consider teaching, research and extension/service as first, second and third mission, respectively. For instance, based on field observations, usually, the private and private-deemed universities prioritize research and teaching overextension. In contrast, the central and the state university have the mandate to engage not only in teaching and research but also in fulfilling its ‘extended’ mission through extension activities and programmes. Between the central and state, there are variations among the extent and approach in conceptualizing and approaching these activities. Arguably, one of the reasons for such variations could be the process of institutionalizing the function of the extension within the state and the central universities in particular. This paper proposes to highlight the policy discourses that envision the function of extension by the university as a mandate. The main objective here is to provide critical insights into the third mission of the university, i.e., extension and its impact on the first and the second mission (teaching or research and research or teaching), along with a set of policy recommendations, based on the findings from analyzing the discourse from the policy and other relevant documents within the domain of higher education.

Modern Perspectives of Assimilation Analysis in Arabic with Reference to English

Assimilation is a phonological process where there is a change of one sound into another due to the effect of neighboring sound(s). It is one of the most important types of sound change. So in rapid, as well in slow speech, sounds tend to assimilate others in order to maintain a continuous flow of speech. This paper is focused on systematic classification of assimilatory processes found in connected speech in Arabic with reference to English. It represents a complex typology of assimilation based on 10 different analytical perspectives resulting almost in 40 types of assimilation. In addition to that, it is used as a tool for analyzing other connected speech phenomena of other languages.

MEDIA IMPACT TYPOLOGY IN SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE

This article provides a theoretical overview of existing research with particular focus on the types and models of media impact on the individual and society. The analysis of scientific literature has revealed that despite popularity and extensity of exploration of the issue in the scientific discourse some major inconsistencies are still observed. It should be noted that in most cases the studies are fragmentary, the influence of the media on various social groups is mostly considered from one specific position, and the lack of clearly developed criteria for the typology of media impact. Summarizing the accumulated knowledge in this area, we tried, despite the complexity of identifying and systematizing the classification of media impact, to present a complex typology of media influence on the individual and society.

ПРОСТОРОВА УЯВА В ТОПОНІМІЧНОМУ ДЕЙКСИСІ КОЗАЦЬКОГО ТРАВЕЛОГУ

In the article expression of space imagination with toponyms based on Ukrainian Hetman Danylo Apostol travel journal (1728 year) is considered. The travel journal of the 1728 year belongs to dairy or travelogue which was very popular in European culture in the XVIII century. In the research short characteristics of this type of Cossack chronicle are explained. Toponymic deixis (a part of space) is always used with temporal and personal deixis in the narration. This article shows an attempt to make a complex typology of toponyms and similar topography objects in Ukrainian lands and Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. In the paper «geographical centre» i.e. where hold the biggest number of events of narration were analyzed. An analysis shows that the toponymic deixis centre of narration was in Hetman capital Hlukhiv city. Also, it was given a short explanation of a term horod (город) in this dairy. This research finds grammar categories and lexical tools expressing events and a person’s movement in, between or near towns, villages and other geographical objects. It investigates a category of a forest when it becomes a toponym with own location and characteristics. In this article considered how the author of travel journal marks familiar and far people settlement and in what way writer points well-determined and symbolic spaces. It concluded a strong correlation in detailed description (with name of type and for unknown (for the author or his potential readers) towns. A content analysis demonstrates aspects of using the most common words «Malaya Roseya» and «Ukraina» marking Ukrainian Hatmanate territory. Comparing using names of Cossack state and Ukrainians lands («Malaya Roseya» and «Ukraina») with other dairies of the same epoch and the same social group testify political and ideological views of travelogue‘s author.

Dynamics of religiosity in contemporary Russia according to research in the capital region

The paper deals with the state and dynamics of religiosity in modern Russia. The study, which is based on a system of empirical indicators, helps identify key features of religious consciousness, and behavior. This comparative investigation was conducted in Moscow during the last three decades. It was found that at the level of self-identification, approximately half of the population defined themselves as believers, and that there was a decrease in this value over time. The use of a complex typology of religiosity shows that the proportion of actually churched believers who combine adherence to the canons, both at the level of consciousness and of behavior, is significantly lower and has been in the range of 6%8% during the past five years. The motives for participation in religious ceremonies are mainly a general cultural orientation associated with family, kinship, and national traditions.

The Dynamics of Religiosity in Modern RussiaBased on Studies in the Metropolitan Area

The status and dynamics of religiosity in modern Russia are considered. The distinctive features of religious consciousness and behavior have been fixed proceeding from the system of indexes and empirical indicators developed. In the course of comparative representative studies, which have been accomplished in the metropolitan area over the last three decades on the basis of a single methodology, it has been fixed that, at the level of self-identification, approximately half of the population define themselves as believers, this value decreasing over time. The use of the complex typology of religiosity shows that the share of church believers proper, who observe the canons at the level of both consciousness and behavior, is substantially smaller: in the last five years, it has been within 6–8%. The motives to participate in religious rites are predominantly of a general cultural character, determined by family, relational, and national traditions.

Social media platforms and content exposure: How to restore users’ control

Social media platforms have become the main channel for people to communicate, access information and share content. A handful of giant platforms dominate the markets and, through a complex typology of conducts, are able to strongly affect users’ exposure to content, violating their privacy, as well as their freedom of expression and information. Regulators have at disposal a toolbox to fix the problem. This article analyses possible instruments and makes suggestions to contribute to the debate.

Le chanoine Henri ex Palude († 1515) et le bâton de chantre de la cathédrale Saint-Lambert de Liège

In 1495, Henri ex Palude, the canon and cantor of Saint-Lambert Cathedral in Liège, and a gifted, valued, and influential individual, gave the chapter a new and sumptuous cantorial baton. This cantor’s baton, the badge of a cantor’s liturgical duties, was a long shaft with a jeweled end of complex typology and remained in use until the end of the Ancien Regime. Although the baton has been lost, it is now known to us through a recently discovered heraldic drawing by the Canon of Wissocq, who, himself great-cantor in the seventeenth century, has left us a detailed description of the object. The jeweled end of the cantorial baton in use at Aix-la-Chapelle is preserved in the cathedral treasury. From its era, style, and typology, it is very much like the baton of Liège. By comparing these batons, we can make various hypotheses about their creator and the circumstances in which they were made, which can be linked to certain political events, such as Charles the Bold’s visit to Aix and the reconciliation of the Marck and Hornes lineages in Liège. Combining historical, heraldic, and archeological approaches allows a better understanding of an important and lost object in the patrimony of the Church of Liège.

Seismic assessment of low ductile RC structures: buildings from before the modern seismic codes

Purpose – When a numerous amount of buildings was built in reinforced concrete, in a period when the regulations did not have the design philosophy for the occurrence of earthquakes, it is of extreme importance to carry out full and effective structural assessments, specially considering and comparing bare frame and infilled structure. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Among several possibilities to make the evaluation as, simplified, linear analysis and static non-linear analysis, the non-linear dynamic can provide the most accurate numerical behaviour compared to the real one. The time-history non-linear analyses are developed on the software SeismoStruct for different levels of intensity. Local verifications are then applied separately from both Eurocode and Italian Code. Findings – The application of validated models for the analysis of real buildings allows a complete seismic assessment. The level of uncertainty increases integrating particularities regarding the infill masonry walls. The paper shows important global and local seismic safety for these complex typology of buildings. Originality/value – A representative common concrete structure without seismic provisions is first analysed and discussed in terms of global behaviour, deformations and progression of forces. The case study structure is considered both as bare structure and with integrated infill panels. It is also discussed in a local level, about brittle and ductile mechanisms, and extra comparisons between different interpretations of different standards. The case study structure is considered both as bare structure and with integrated infill panels.

Types of Economic Voting in Regional Elections: The 2012 Catalan Election as a Motivating Case

The standard assumption that economic voting (EV) is “jurisdiction-specific” inevitably leads to a breakdown between “national EV” and “regional EV”. This paper challenges this overly simplistic distinction by proposing a more complex typology, whereby national and regional incumbents may be assessed in both national and regional elections, according to either national or regional economic conditions. Accordingly, new and more sophisticated types of EV emerge, such as “second-order EV” or “coattail EV”. In this paper, some of these new types of EV are verified with a suitable case study. The 2012 Catalan election was carried out in the context of severe recession, but also under the impression – among many Catalans – that the economic policies of the Spanish government were harshly punishing Catalan economic interests. Binomial logistic regression models confirm that, under political circumstances such as these, voters may use regional elections to assess the national incumbents' economic performance, whereas regional incumbents may end up exonerated from poor economic performance. This case study may be illustrative for other regional elections around the world.

Typology of Rural Territories of the Russian Federation Subjects

The article is devoted to the methodological approaches of the complex typology of the Russian Federation rural areas for the purposes of regional governance. The proposed method takes into account the differences in rural areas of the region in terms of socio-economic development, the economic potential and limitations of its use, based on the application of multivariate statistical analysis of integrated indicators. It summarizes the main problems of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation rural areas, one of the reasons, which, according to the authors, is an insufficient account of the special areas in the implementation of rural development policies at both the Federal and regional levels of government. Here it is suggested a hierarchical system of indicators which is used to develop a typology of regional rural areas, including aggregated typology criteria: the level of economic potential, the level of restrictions of the use of the economic potential, the level of social and economic development, as well as integrated and private figures. It is performed the approbation of the methodology with the use of data from rural municipal districts of the agricultural subject of the Russian Federation - the Republic of Buryatia. The obtained typology of rural areas allowed us to justify a differentiated approach to the management of socio-economic development of the regional rural areas. The results of the study can be recommended to the federal and regional authorities in improving the management of rural development based on a differentiated approach. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s7p205