Complex Subject Research Articles

The interaction of blockchain technology, audit process, and the International Financial Reporting Standards

Purpose This study aims to provide a framework for the interaction of blockchain technology, the audit process and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Design/methodology/approach This study was conducted in three phases. In the first phase, a meta-synthesis method was used until 2020. Out of 87 papers, a total number of 15 were selected, and 72 were excluded after an initial screening. In the second phase, 11 interviews were held with experts with sufficient experience and expertise in blockchain technology, accounting and auditing. These interviews were held between 2020 and 2021. The sampling was purposive (targeted) in type, along with snowball sampling. In the third phase, a combination of questionnaire-based method and the fuzzy Delphi method was used. The research population for this phase consisted of accounting professors, members of the Iranian Association of Certified Public Accountants and accounting and technology professionals. Following the selection of the Delphi panel, 35 questionnaires were collected between 2021 and 2022 for analysis. Findings The results showed that in line with the interaction of blockchain technology, audit process and IFRS, 52 indicators were confirmed in eight components. Moreover, “Verifiability,” “Timeliness” and “Predictive value” were the most influential factors, respectively, according to the conceptual model. In addition, higher average scores of experts’ views were related to “Transparency audit reports” and “Increasing the quality of the auditor’s judgment”, respectively. Originality/value Blockchain is a complex subject, and there has been very little published research on the intersection of IFRS and blockchain technology. It is crucial for the audit profession and technology professionals to focus on the interaction of blockchain technology with the qualitative characteristics of information. This is an area that has not been thoroughly researched yet. The interaction of blockchain technology, improvements in the audit process and adherence to IFRS is a significant development in accounting and auditing.

Navigating the complexities of resistance in critical human rights education to promote democracy

ABSTRACT This article constitutes a review of the concept of resistance in critical human rights education (CHRE) and its relevance for democratic education (DE). Our conceptual analysis draws on resistance studies, the emerging study of CHRE, and its implications for DE, which we suggest are interconnected. Although resistance is tied to the history of human rights, there is a lack of conceptual analysis, which we aim to remedy in this article. We argue that resistance is a core element of CHRE for promoting democracy and teaching ethically complex topics on injustices. Our approach transcends the problematic forms of HRE which can limit the discourse, produce blind spots, and empty the critical and ethical content of education. We illustrate some of the complexities of resistance through failures to resist human rights violations in democracies, but also the potential of resistance in CHRE to challenge global injustices and promote democracy.

Multimodal Representations of the American Dream Theme: A Comparative Analysis of The Great Gatsby in Film and Novel

This research analyzes the film adaptation of The Great Gatsby and its written text. It aims to examine the film adaptation through the perspective of multimodal analysis to determine how it expands or contracts the viewersꞌ comprehension of the complex themes and characters from the source material. Another goal is to determine the effect of the use of multimodal elements in the film on viewersꞌ engagement compared to the capacity of text to achieve the same function. According to this research hypothesis, the film adaptation of The Great Gatsby relies heavily on multimodal modes of communication to convey themes, character development, and emotions, influencing its viewers more than the textual descriptions do. Bateman and Schmidt's (2011) model, which includes paradigmatic and syntagmatic analysis, underpins the evaluation of the film. A thematic sample was selected for the multimodality analysis to compare the novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald to the film version directed by Baz Luhrmann in 2013, featuring Leonardo DiCaprio and Carey Mulligan. This research finds that the film adaptation presents a distinct interpretation of the American Dream compared to that of the novel. Fitzgerald's work conveys ideas through introspective narration and lush, descriptive language, allowing for a more nuanced and personal understanding of the American Dream.

Actors and structures in politics

This manuscript reports, with minor variations, the opening Key Lecture of the Italian Political Science Association Conference held in Trieste on September 12, 2024. This text consists of tentative but hopefully not random thoughts on the topic of the relationship between ‘actors’ and ‘structures’ in politics. It defends some lines of research that the author regards as definitely needed in the current state of the discipline. It covers a great number of complex topics that is compelled to treat succinctly and for this owes apologies to the audience. The title includes three terms; actors, structures and politics. The first two terms do not require special clarification, except for two points. First, they are used as synonymous of the terms ‘micro’ (referring to actors) and ‘macro’ (referring to structures). Second, the text avoids to enter in the extensive theoretical literature that discuss the terms ‘structure’ and ‘structuralism’. The term ‘structure’ is used for the ‘constellation of political actors’, as discussed later in the text. In this context, the term ‘politics’ means simply that the relationship between actors and structures will be seen from the specific point of view of political science. This is a vantage point of view with respect to how the problem is usually framed in sociology and economics.

The impact of dollar price fluctuations on the GDP of developing countries: Iraq as a model

The exchange rate is a tool of monetary policy, which is a matter of monetary policy, determined by the Central Bank of Iraq, as well as the subject of the exchange rate of complex topics, and the importance of this research lies in understanding the impact of dollar price fluctuations on the Iraqi economy, which contributes to enhancing knowledge about how external factors interact with local economic conditions, providing valuable recommendations for decision-makers to design effective strategies to deal with these fluctuations and achieve greater economic stability. The descriptive approach was used to collect and analyze economic data related to dollar price fluctuations and its impact on GDP, which helps to understand the relationships between these variables in Iraq during the period (2003-2024), the most important conclusions reached by the research that the general trend indicates sustainable growth in GDP, but economic challenges, such as exchange rate fluctuations and inflation, need to be effectively addressed. The government and central bank should promote economic stability through effective monetary policies that support growth and maintain exchange rate stability.

Redefining Female Identity Through the Female Gaze: A Comparative Analysis of Gender Narratives in Feminist Cinema

Abstract: This paper examines how female directors convey feminist consciousness and challenge traditional gender roles through the female gaze in film. Through film analysis, theoretical research, and case studies, this paper examines how female directors have redefined female roles and narratives in contrast to traditional male perspectives. The conventional male perspective has traditionally objectified and marginalized women with the male gaze in visual expression. However, the female perspective portrays women as complex and multidimensional subjects, breaking the male-dominated narrative paradigm and offering new possibilities for reimagining the image of women on screen. Through a feminist lens, this paper further analyzes how the female perspective resists widespread misogyny and provides a counter-narrative to traditional patriarchal representations. In addition, this study examines how female perspectives from different cultural contexts have advanced feminist film theory globally. By highlighting their unique visual expressions, the study demonstrates how these directors advance feminist discourse through their filmmaking, challenging gender, and cultural norms.

Teaching agile: A case study approach with an optional game

Learning Agile philosophy is essential for system analysis and design or software development courses. Organizations operate in highly dynamic environments, constantly needing to adapt, change, or create innovative Information Systems. Agile provides guiding values and principles that enable systems analysts to support organizations in responding to change and developing, modifying, or updating information systems. By learning Scrum, an Agile-inspired framework, students can assume the role of systems analyst, organizing activities and working in teams iteratively to solve complex problems using Agile principles. This hands-on approach helps students understand the importance of stakeholder involvement, constant scrutiny, and adjustment to achieve frequent system updates. Hence, this case study immerses students in a scenario where they apply the Scrum framework, with an optional puzzle game to introduce students to agile philosophy through its manifesto. Learning by doing has proven effective for complex or dry topics, with students responding positively to this method. Interview data collected at the end of the activity showed high student satisfaction and a strong sense of knowledge acquisition while enjoying the class. Additionally, integrating a game to internalize agile concepts with a teaching case to apply concepts presents a rich educational approach that can be adapted to other Information Systems topics.

Light Distribution Models for Tree Growth Simulation

AbstractThe simulation and modelling of tree growth is a complex subject with a long history and an important area of research in both computer graphics and botany. For more than 50 years, new approaches to this topic have been presented frequently, including several aspects to increase realism. To further improve these achievements, we present a compact and robust functional‐structural plant model (FSPM) that is consistent with botanical rules. While we show several extensions to typical approaches, we focus mainly on the distribution of light as a resource in three‐dimensional space. We therefore present four different light distribution models based on ray tracing, space colonization, voxel‐based approaches and bounding volumes. By simulating individual light sources, we were able to create a more specified scene setup for plant simulation than it has been presented in the past. By taking into account such a more accurate distribution of light in the environment, this technique is capable of modelling realistic and diverse tree models.

Immersive Learning: A Systematic Literature Review on Transforming Engineering Education Through Virtual Reality

Integrating Virtual Reality (VR) with developing technology has become crucial in today’s schools to transform in-the-moment instruction. A change in perspective has occurred because of VR, enabling teachers to create immersive learning experiences in addition to conventional classes. This paper presents a systematic literature review with an in-depth analysis of the changing environment of immersive learning. It discusses advantages and challenges, noting results from previous researchers. VR facilitates more profound knowledge and memory of complex subjects by allowing students to collaborate with digital structures, explore virtual landscapes, and participate in simulated experiments. Developing VR gear, like thin headsets and tactile feedback mechanisms, has democratised immersive engineering learning by making it more approachable and natural for a broader range of students. This study sheds light on the revolutionary potential of immersive learning via VR integration with new technologies in real-time education by examining current trends, discussing obstacles, and an outlook on future directions using the new Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). This study used four databases: Scopus, IEEE, Springer, and Google Scholar. During the selection, 24 articles were added during the review, and 53 studies were selected. It clarifies best practices for adopting VR-enhanced learning environments through empirical analysis and case studies, and it also points out directions for future innovation and growth in the field of immersive pedagogy.

SYMBOLISM IN “A CURIOUS CASE OF BENJAMIN BUTTON” (1922) BY F. SCOTT FITZGERALD

This paper analyzes the use of symbolism in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s short story “The Curious Case of Benjamin Button” (1922), focusing on its employment of allegory, archetypes, and symbols. The study seeks to throw further light on the manner in which Fitzgerald uses literary symbolism as a means to explore the modernist consciousness of the protagonist, Benjamin Button, who serves as an archetype for the alienation experienced by modern man in the Jazz Age. By examining both personal and conventional symbols, the paper not only reveals how the protagonist embodies the tensions of his era, but also highlights how he exemplifies the human representatives of the period. Special attention is given to several underexplored symbols within the story, including: Benjamin's dress suit, the cigars he smokes as an infant, his hair dye, fake whiskers, and the colored paper in kindergarten. These symbols illustrate Fitzgerald's craftsmanship in conveying complex themes such as identity, aging, and societal expectations. Through the juxtaposition of these symbols with Benjamin's unusual aging process, the paper argues that the protagonist becomes a symbolic figure for the disorientation and alienation experienced by individuals in the modernist era. Ultimately, the research provides fresh insights into how Fitzgerald’s symbolism deepens the narrative’s engagement with modernist themes, offering a richer understanding of both the text and its cultural significance.

Assessment and predictive analysis of health professions students' proficiency in health economics and pharmacoeconomics in Southwest China: a cross-sectional study

ObjectivesThis study addresses the growing importance of health economics and pharmacoeconomics in preparing healthcare professionals for economic decision-making, particularly in China’s evolving healthcare system. Despite their significance, these subjects are inconsistently included in health education in Southwest China, making it crucial to assess students' proficiency and educational needs.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from July to October 2023, involving medical and pharmaceutical programs across universities in Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, and Yunnan. Data on students' knowledge, attitudes, and proficiency were captured using a structured questionnaire. Advanced statistical methods, including descriptive analysis, ANOVA, regression analysis, PCA, and Spearman correlation heatmaps, were employed for data analysis using IBM SPSS and Python. The sample consisted of 781 students, with the survey facilitated via the Questionnaire Star platform.ResultsThe survey revealed moderate comprehension of health economics and pharmacoeconomics among 781 health-related students, with an average knowledge score of 2.9. The majority were pharmacy students (45.58%) and aged 21–24 years (65.81%) with a significant female majority (64.92%). Academic year significantly influenced understanding, while gender differences were minimal. Spearman correlation indicated a strong linkage (0.78) between Supply and Demand and Cost Effectiveness, with minimal correlations between knowledge and attitudes towards the educational importance of health economics. Multiple regression analysis highlighted the impact of gender and academic progression on students' comprehension of Supply and Demand concepts, as well as the influence of knowledge levels on their attitudes towards the importance of health economics education. PCA indicated the complex structure of knowledge and attitudes.ConclusionsThe study found moderate knowledge levels in health economics among health professions students in Southwest China, with academic year affecting comprehension and minimal gender differences. Pharmacy students had higher proficiency in pharmaceutical-related areas, but gaps in complex topics like 'Economic Evaluation' highlight the need for targeted educational improvements to better prepare students for healthcare economic decision-making.

Developing cultural awareness competencies in purchasing and supply management education

AbstractThis paper examines the evolving demands of purchasing and supply management (PSM) education, especially in addressing topics that have gained prominence in global supply chains. One such topic is cultural awareness. However, despite its critical relevance in today's global landscape, the topic is often underrepresented in PSM curricula. This gap is further compounded by the unique learning preferences of Generation‐Z, who are less inclined toward traditional “reading and writing” methods, presenting additional challenges for educators in teaching such complex topics. This underscores the need for innovative teaching strategies that engage students and improve knowledge retention. We propose employing an Entertainment‐Education approach by integrating movies into PSM courses. We describe a specifically tailored activity for a PSM course that includes a movie available on an over‐the‐top platform implemented at two state universities in the United States. The outcomes from both universities offer evidence supporting the development of cultural understanding within the PSM domain among the students. Although numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of movies as educational tools, our research is one of the first within the PSM domain to investigate their potential for cultivating cultural awareness, thereby paving the way for further research into the role of movies in PSM education.

From research to resources: developing a case-based learning curriculum for navigating clinical uncertainty

Purpose This study aimed at rethinking ways in which educators from different fields can collaborate to respond to the rapidly evolving demands of health professions education (HPE). The goal was to investigate how a research-to-resources approach can be applied to engage in knowledge translation (KT) of research findings for the benefit of introducing medical students to uncertainty in the clinical learning environment. Design/methodology/approach An interdisciplinary team of medical educators, human resource development (HRD) scholars and emergency medicine fellows engaged in iterative cycles of action research (AR) to develop, pilot and refine case-based learning resources on clinical uncertainty. The team leveraged prior research on physicians’ decision-making during COVID-19, experimented with generative AI tools, and collected feedback from medical students to guide resource development. Findings The findings of this study are twofold. On the one hand, the authors reflect on the lessons learned of developing case-based learning with the help of generative AI. While student feedback indicated that the case helped normalize and process experiences with uncertainty, key challenges included adapting research data to create relevant, sustainable learning resources and designing effective discussion prompts. On the other hand, the authors provide insights into the opportunities and challenges of our interdisciplinary collaboration. The authors show that knowledge utilization is not simple, but complex, and that more work needs to be done to effectively disseminate resources as part of the desired uncertainty curriculum. Practical implications This study attempts to apply a KT framework for bridging the research-practice gap in HPE through interdisciplinary collaboration and AR. It provides lessons learned for developing case-based curricula on complex topics like uncertainty. The findings highlight the need for adaptive KT processes when dealing with rapidly evolving healthcare contexts. Originality/value This paper offers a novel example of research-to-resource KT in medical education, integrating perspectives from HRD and leveraging emerging technologies. It contributes to understanding how interdisciplinary teams can collaborate to create timely, evidence-based educational resources for navigating uncertainty in professional practice. The study also provides insights into the challenges and opportunities of translating complex research findings into practical learning tools to tackle real-world challenges in HPE.

Affective Engagement with Metaphor in Introductory Statistics Education

Metaphor is a popular pedagogical tool to help learners understand unfamiliar concepts, but its affective and interactional qualities remain underexplored compared to its cognitive benefits. This study investigates how metaphor may enhance affective engagement within introductory statistics education for linguistics students. As previous research tends to rely on delayed and self-reported data, this study employs a mixed-methods approach that combines real-time physiological measures of engagement with feedback through surveys and interviews. It compares metaphorical and literal instructional styles for teaching simple linear regression, focusing on: i) differences in teacher and learner skin conductance levels, ii) teacher-learner synchrony through skin conductance concordance, iii) the relationship between physiological measures and affect-related survey responses, and iv) learner reflections on their experiences. Results show that the metaphorical style is associated with higher engagement levels and stronger teacher-learner synchrony, affirming the role of metaphors in enhancing collaborative learning when elaborated over time in spontaneous interactive fashion. However, the qualitative data reveal nuanced learner perceptions, highlighting the importance of clearly communicating the scope of metaphor use. This study contributes to understanding the interplay between affective and cognitive engagement in metaphorical learning, offering practical recommendations for its effective implementation in complex subjects like statistics.

The Impact of Multimedia Application Based on the Van Merrienboer Model on Learning Complex Subjects

The Impact of Multimedia Application Based on the Van Merrienboer Model on Learning Complex Subjects

A qualitative survey on perception of medical students on the use of large language models for educational purposes.

Large language models (LLMs)-based chatbots use natural language processing and are a type of generative artificial intelligence (AI) that are capable of comprehending user input and generating output in various formats. They offer potential benefits in medical education. This study explored the student's feedback on the utilization of LLMs in medical education. We conducted an in-depth interview with open-ended questions with Indian medical students via telephone conversation. The recording (average time 55.28±18.04 min) was transcribed and thematically analyzed to find major themes and sub-themes. We used QDA Miner Lite v.2.0.8 (Provalis Research: Montreal, Canada) for the thematic analysis of the text. A total of 25 students from eight Indian states studying from the first to final year of studies participated in this study. Three major themes were identified about usage scenario, augmented learning, and limitation of LLMs. Students use LLMs for clarifying complex topics, searching for customized answers, solving MCQs, making simplified notes, and streamlining assignments. While they appreciated the ease of access, ready reference for getting clarity on doubts, lucid explanation of questions, and time-saving aspects of LLMs, concerns were raised regarding erroneous results, limited usage due to reliability and privacy issues, and the overreliance on chatbots for educational needs. Hence, they emphasized the need for training for the integration of LLM in medical education. In conclusion, according to students' perception, LLMs have the potential to enhance medical education. However, addressing challenges and leveraging the strengths of LLMs are crucial for optimizing their integration into medical education.

ASSEMBLER EDU E-MODULES: IMPROVING ARGUMENTATION SKILLS, PERSEVERANCE, AND CURIOSITY IN PHYSICS LEARNING

This study examined the impact of Assembler Edu-based e-modules on enhancing students' argumentation skills, perseverance, and curiosity in high school physics learning. Employing a quantitative ex-post facto design, the research utilized a 4-point Likert scale questionnaire to gather data. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including simple linear regression, were used for analysis. The findings reveal that using Assembler Edu-based e-modules significantly positively affected students' argumentation skills, with a 42.2% influence. Moreover, student responses indicated a 47.6% improvement in perseverance, while curiosity in learning renewable energy topics increased by 47.4%. These results highlight the considerable potential of integrating digital tools like Assembler Edu into the learning environment. This study introduces an innovative approach to physics education by incorporating interactive e-modules based on the Assembler Edu platform. Unlike traditional learning materials, these e-modules foster a more dynamic and engaging learning experience, enhancing students' critical thinking, perseverance, and curiosity. The research adds a fresh dimension to the existing literature by demonstrating how digital technology in science education can significantly improve core skills necessary for 21st-century learners. The study's implications suggest that integrating Assembler Edu-based e-modules into the school curriculum can enrich students' learning experiences, promote a deeper understanding of complex topics like renewable energy, and cultivate essential skills such as argumentation and perseverance, which are vital for success in both academic and real-world contexts.

Toward a Better Understanding of Reflood Thermal Hydraulics: A Summary of the OECD/NEA RBHT Project

Reflood thermal hydraulics remains a difficult and complex subject, and understanding the physical phenomena that occur during a reflood transient is important to nuclear safety. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development/Nuclear Energy Agency (OECD/NEA) Rod Bundle Heat Transfer (RBHT) project was designed to provide unique experimental data for code assessment and model development. Participants, which came from 21 international organizations, used analysis codes including APROS, ATHLET, CATHARE, CTF, MARS, RELAP5, TRACE, and SPACE to simulate the tests performed in the RBHT facility. The experimental campaign carried out within the OECD/NEA RBHT project produced data for a total of 16 reflood tests conducted in two test series. An “open” test series consisted of 11 experiments, and a “blind” test series consisted of 5 experiments. In the blind tests, only the initial and boundary conditions were provided to participants prior to simulation of those experiments. Reflood rates ranged from 0.5 to 15 cm/s, thus producing data applicable to dispersed flow film boiling and inverted annular flow film boiling. Inlet subcooling ranged from 2.8 to 80 K. Tests with variable reflood rates and oscillatory reflood rates were included in the test matrix. This paper describes the project and presents a summary of major experimental and analytical findings.

Assessment of the quality of life of GPs in situations of high epidemic risk

The purpose is to assess the characteristics of the decrease in the quality of life of GPs working in a specialized COVID-19 hospital, a multidisciplinary hospital, and a poly clinic during the pandemic of the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19, as well as early diagnosis, prediction, and prevention of a decrease in the quality of life in this category of medical workers. Material and research methods. The study was carried out on the basis of the Department of Occupational Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology named after honored scientist of the Russian Federation professor V. V. Kosarev, FSBEI HE Samara State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, and the Department of Occupational Pathology, Regional Center for Occupational Pathology of the Samara City Hospital No. 5. The study was carried out within the framework of a complex theme «Systematic ap proach to early diagnosis, prevention, and prediction of the impact of low-intensity pro duction factors on workers’ health» of the Department of Occupational Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology named after honored scientist of the Russian Federation profes sor V. V. Kosarev, FSBEI HE Samara State Medical University (state registration number AAAA-A18‑118122190069‑6, registration date — December 21, 2018). The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the FSBEI HE Samara State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation on November 23, 2021. The study included the following groups of examined medical workers: group 1 consisted of physicians of internal medicine working in a COVID hospital (in the «red zone») (n = 111); group 2 included GPs working in a multidisciplinary hospital (n = 106); group 3 consisted of GPs working in a polyclinic (n = 102); group 4 was the control group (n = 190) comprising employees of engineering, technical, and economic specialties not relat ed to work in medical organizations (healthy). To assess the psychophysiological state and quality of life of medical workers during the pandemic of the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19, the SF-36 questionnaire [J. E. Ware, 1993], designed to study all components of the quality of life, was used. The obtained data were processed using the Statistica package from StatSoft (USA). Results. The professional activities of GPs providing medical care in the «red zone», mul  tidisciplinary hospitals, and clinics are associated with the exposure of physicians to a number of risk factors in the working environment and the labor process, related to the provision of regular or occasional care to infected COVID-19 patients, which, under con ditions of exposure to an increased level of occupational stress, leads to a decrease in the quality of life in these categories of health workers. The decrease in the quality of life among medical workers in medical institutions of various profiles during the pandemic of the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19 is due to the fact that health workers faced many additional difficulties during this period: sleep deprivation, stress, strain, and chronic fa tigue. Chronic fatigue can affect behavior, communication, learning, and decision-making, which overall leads to a decrease in the qualit y of life of medical workers. Conclusion. Thus, the obtained data indicate that when identifying risk factors for a de crease in the quality of life in medical workers working in situations of high epidemic risk, there is the need to use specialized rehabilitation measures with relaxation techniques, art therapy, as well as professional adaptation programs, physiotherapeutic techniques, such as electrosleep and reflexology, and, if possible, resort treatment in health care centers, local sanatoriums, etc. with visits to psychotherapy offices, as well as psychopharmaco logical medications.

Using Illustrated Children’s Book to Strength Fracted / Cracks Identity of (the Israeli) Children

Illustrations in children's books serve as powerful aesthetic devices to address complex emotions and ideologies, particularly in war-torn regions. These visual narratives act as catalysts for moral, value-based, and political discussions, offering a wordless medium that invites diverse interpretations based on the observer's perspective. This approach creates an open dialogue where there are no absolute right or wrong answers. Children's literature, through its illustrations, becomes a significant agent of socialization. These books impart cultural values, ideological concepts, and political behavior patterns, functioning as tools for establishing culturally responsive pedagogy. The images discussed, while originating from Israeli children's books predating the 2023 conflict, possess a timeless and universal quality that transcends their immediate context. Illustrations in children's books can either complement or diverge from the accompanying text, offering varying degrees of precision or poetic license. They carry cultural connotations that encompass symbols, traditions, beliefs, behaviors, and values unique to a particular society, conveying information beyond the apparent narrative. The inherent power of illustration lies in its ability to communicate directly with young children, often without the need for adult mediation. In preschool literature, illustrations serve multiple functions: they parallel written words, demonstrate abstract concepts, provide concrete representations of characters and settings, emphasize or contradict textual elements, and expand the narrative through visual elements not present in the text. Moreover, illustrations possess a psychological-therapeutic function, contributing to indirect treatment techniques. Like all visual representations, they embody simplified messages and shape recognition, conveyed formally and tangibly, with each element having both conscious and unconscious effects on the Therapeutic visual qualities in illustrated books aim to capture emotional nuances, intensify expressions of feeling, and convey concepts that may be challenging to express verbally. This is achieved through original solutions such as symbolism and creative visual metaphors. In conclusion, illustrations in children's books, particularly those addressing complex themes like war and fear, offer a unique and powerful medium for fostering understanding, encouraging dialogue, and providing emotional support. Their ability to transcend linguistic and cultural barriers makes them invaluable tools in shaping young minds and addressing challenging societal issues.