Complex Syntactic Constructions Research Articles

Pragmatic focusing techniques of negative Russia image in American media discourse

The article presents a brief study of the means focusing the negative image of Russia in the modern American media discourse, namely, newspaper publications in 2012–2017. We consider speech strategies, tactics of influencing public consciousness, as well as language tools that actualize these ways of presenting information. The purpose of the article is to analyze the most representative ways of pragmatic focusing on the global threat posed by the Russian state, according to the authors of the publications reviewed. To achieve it, we identify the most popular tactics of speech influence and the ways of their actualization at the lexical, syntactic and compositional levels. We have established that the most recurrent ways of implementing the author’s intention, aimed at creating a hostile image of Russia, are as follows: the imposition of certain propositions, demonization of the country’s image, absence of the referent, concealment of causal connections, creation of semantic redundancy and synergy effect, and use of invective labels. Actualization of these tactics is carried out through the author’s appeal to the following verbal means: desemanticized affectives, negatively colored vocabulary, idioms, phrasal verbs, metaphorization, repetition at the lexical level; complex syntactic constructions, impersonal constructions, passive voice, inversion and antithesis at the syntactic level and, finally, reduction of the stylistic register of the text to a conversational level in order to ensure the understanding of the transmitted meanings in the context of the author’s intention.

КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯДА БАЯНДАМА ЖАСАУДЫҢ ЕРЕКШЕЛІКТЕРІ

Abstract. The article presents the features of a scientific report accompanying a speech with an electronic presentation. An oral scientific report cannot be an improvisation, it is considered in the article on the preliminary preparation and repetition of speech with special attention to complex terms, reference statements, surnames (with the correct accent and ending), complex syntactic constructions. The article presents the information necessary for speaking to competent listeners at a student conference, exhibition. The article can be used by students, undergraduates, speakers. The purpose of the article is to create a scientific report at scientific exhibitions, conferences, symposiums, competitions of scientific papers, to accompany the presentation, to provide information on the development of academic literacy.

Hosea 3: a New Translation with Introduction and Commentary

This article is a part of the forthcoming commentary on the biblical Book of Hosea. It contains a new translation of chapter 3 with an introduction and a detailed philological commentary on the Hebrew text. In the commentary, we analyze a number of complex or rare words and expressions in the Bible: 1) rēaʕ “neighbor; 2) pānā “to turn” as a part of the expression “to turn to other gods”; 3) a rare word ʔǎšīšā – presumably “raisin cake”; 4) yāšab with the preposition lə- meaning “to wait”; 5) the expression hāyā lə-ʔīš “to be with a man”; 6) the cultic terms maṣṣēbōt “sacred stones”, ʔēpōd and tərāpīm; 7) ṭūb “kindness”; 8) bə-ʔaḥǎrīt ha-yyāmīm – literally “at the end of the days”. We also study morphologically ambiguous forms and complex syntactic constructions: 1) the passive participle ʔǎhūbā, which can have an active meaning; 2) the verbal form ʔäkkərähā, containing dagesh forte dirimens; the analysis of the form is accompanied by a detailed overview of the use of this sign; 3) the preposition ʔēl with a noun without a verb as a prepositional nominal predicate; 4) pāḥad “to be afraid” in combination with the directive preposition ʔēl as an example of constructio praegnans. At the level of exegesis, we analyze both popular and rare but convincing interpretations of the text. In some cases, we offer a new perspective on Hosea 3. We believe that verses 3:2–4 contain several allusions to the Exodus. We interpret verse 3:4 as a prophecy predicting the destruction of the sanctuaries of the Northern Kingdom.

Skolēnu rakstu valoda latviešu valodas un vēstures valsts pārbaudes darbos 2021. gadā Kurzemē

The research aims to examine pupils’ text creation skills in the Latvian language and history state examinations (SE). The source of the research is the examination papers of pupils in Kurzeme in the 2021 Latvian language SE (an opinion; 250 words) and history SE (task 3 of part 3 – an essay; 200 words). Examination of the evaluation criteria of both examinations shows that the evaluation criteria of the Latvian language examination pay more attention to the quality of spelling (10 points out of 34 (approx. 30%) can be obtained for orthography and punctuation). The article summarizes the main types of errors in morphology and syntax in both examinations. Several types of errors are distinguished in morphology: unjustified use of macrons or their absence, spelling of consonants, words written incorrectly together and separately, spelling of onyms, and errors in the spelling of verbs and foreign words. A number of syntactic constructions were studied in the pupils’ examination papers – coordinated parts of sentence, coordinated parts of sentence with a generalising word, participial clauses, insertions and explanatory word groups –, as wethe frequency of their use in the pupils’ examination papers and the most frequently detected cases of errors. The use of punctuation marks in the sentence, separating the subordinate clause, has also been studied. A comparison of the two examination papers leads to the conclusion that there are no statistically significant differences in the text creation task in Latvian or history SE in Kurzeme. Spelling and punctuation skills are solid, and the number of errors is equal. As pupils take the examinations, caution is observed in using more complex syntactic constructions. In the analysis, examples from pupils’ examination papers are presented in italics, preserving their style, spelling and punctuation errors.

GRAMMATICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE PROCESS OF POLISH-UKRAINIAN TRANSLATION

Text translation often requires to preserve the author’s style, originality, and communicative intention. Preservation of the content of the work consists of the correct translation of the lexical part, which mainly does not cause difficulties since the appropriate lexemes are chosen based on the topic and need. Meanwhile, the syntactic structure is mostly dynamic and often can be different from the original, what is caused by the grammatical structure of each language. The article is devoted to the study of the transformation peculiarities in order to translate texts from the Polish language into Ukrainian as accurately as possible. In particular, different types of grammatical transformations of the Polish and Ukrainian languages have been analyzed using the example of the original and the translated version of the novel «Loneliness on the Web» by Y. Vishnevsky. Due to the peculiarities of the syntactic structure of the Polish language, inversion plays a significant part, which can be caused either by the structure of the language or by the requirement to convey the expressiveness of speech. The change in the syntactic structure of a sentence is especially productive: the main and secondary parts of the sentence are transformed within a simple sentence, and therefore the structure of the sentence is complete/incomplete, one-member/ two-member. Complex sentences, compound sentences, and complex syntactic constructions in the process of translation can, of course, preserve their structure and typology, but a large number still differ from the structure in the target language. One of the features of the Polish language is the absence of subject pronouns along with predicates expressed by past tense verbs, while they are present in the Ukrainian version, what predetermined a significant decompression of the target text. At the same time, we record many one-word concepts, which in the Ukrainian language are conveyed by word combinations, causing compressions. The zero transformation turned out to be unproductive since it is mostly impossible to convey the content of the artistic text, its emotional and expressive shades in the target language by word-for-word translation. We should note that the Polish and Ukrainian languages have several differences in the punctuation of sentences: in the Polish language, the optionality of punctuation marks often comes to the forefront when designing complex sentences and direct speech. The artistic translation is a kind of challenge for the translator since the final result must preserve the unique style of the writer, and his originality, taking into account the sociocultural and ethnolinguistic contexts of both the original language and the target language. Therefore we can claim that the author of the translation of the novel «Loneliness on the Web» by Y. Vishnevsky managed to do it at such a high level.

Specification of the Procedural Programming Language

A simple procedural programming language is considered, each program of which can input integer values, process them and output new integer values as result. A program is a block with description of local integer variables and procedures and a list of statements. The language has data processing statements: assignment, input, output, conditional, loop, procedure call and block. Main purpose of the block is to enter local data (integer variables and procedures) that are used in the body of the block – a list of operators. The scope of the name of the local data described in the block is the text of the block except for nested blocks, where this name is redefined. A mechanism of automatic memory allocation for variables entered in the block is also associated with the block. Memory for local variables is allocated when entering a block, and freed when exiting a block. A block containing only a list of statements is valid. The procedure has a name, list of formal parameters, and a body – a statement (most often a block). Formal parameters are applied only in its body. A procedure is calculated by the procedure call statement, whose actual parameters are only variables. Parameters are passed by reference (pass-by-reference).A formal specification of a programming language is a description of its syntax and semantics. A concrete syntax, finite set of rules, singles out syntactically correct sequences of symbols of the alphabet of language. To describe the semantics of a language, as a rule, abstract syntax is used, adding contextual conditions to it. The task of semantics is to introduce the denotations (“meanings”) of the basic constructions of language and semantic functions that build the denotations of complex syntactic constructions based on the denotations of their components, including the program.The article provides a specification of a procedural programming language that uses the extended Backus-Naur form to describe a concrete syntax, and the tools of the functional language Haskell to describe other parts. Abstract syntax is defined by the types Program, Proc, Stmt, Expr and Op. Additional contextual conditions are predicates that use information about program data. Most of the context conditions are related to the correct use of data in the program. The leading predicate that checks the context conditions of the program pr is iswfProgram pr.The language denotations are based on the Work type. The value of this type – a tuple (inp, stg, out) models the environment in which the language program is executed: inp - input data, stg – memory containing variable values, out – resulting data. The semantics of main constructions procedure, statement and expression are functions of the type Work -> Work or Work -> Integer. The semantics of the program is a function of the type [Integer] -> [Integer]. Semantic functions build these denotations according to syntactic constructions, which are described by abstract syntax – Proc, Stmt, Expr, Program types. The semantics of the program (Program) pr is built by function iProgram pr.All functions: contextual conditions, denotations and semantic functions are pure functions. Using Haskell tools, a function called parsePLL is built, which connects concrete and abstract syntax. It is shown how by combining the functions parsePLL, iswfProgram and iProgram you can get a procedural language – a pure function with the name interpret.

INFORMATION PERSPECTIVE OF POLYPREDICATIVE COMPLEX SENTENCES IN ENGLISH-LANGUAGE PROSE

The article is an attempt to prove dependence in the location of information perspective peaks in polypredicative complex sentences in English-language prose on the peculiarities of their formal and grammatical structuring. The author proves that the number of such peaks is directly related to the syntactic structure of the polypredicative hypotactic construction. One peak of information perspective is common for polypredicative complex sentences with heterogeneous co-subordination of dependent clauses, consecutive subordination and heterogeneous co-subordination, as well as heterogeneous co-subordination and consecutive subordination. A few peaks of information perspective may be found in constructions with homogeneous co-subordination and also in structures where homogeneous syntactic connection precedes heterogeneous or consecutive one. The communicative approach to studying complex syntactic constructions creates additional possibilities for interpreting their heterogeneous communicative structure. The actual division theory is used as a methodology for identifying the most communicatively important elements of the hypotactic construction. The main aim of the article – setting up regularities between the information perspective peak(s) and the structural peculiarities of the constructions under study – is realized via the analysis of English fiction texts.

STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF ADDRESS AS A COMPONENT OF INDIRECT SPEECH (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF ORTHODOX PRAYERS)

One of the common and sacred genres of the confessional style is prayer as a way of uniting man with God in order to thank, ask, accept, repent, and so on. Linguistic features of prayers, both those that are a direct expression of religious style and those that function in the structure of literary texts, at different times became the object of study for many scientists, but the structure of addresses in prayers was not studied, what determined the relevance of the topic of the article. The purpose of the study is to analyze the structure of addresses as an integral part of prayers that represents an indirect speech in the confessional style. Realization of the set purpose provides for enforcement of such tasks: 1) to characterize the basic aspects of the functioning of confessional style, to define a place of prayer as a genre in it; 2) to describe the structure of addresses, which are separated from prayers, in order to determine the most productive constructions. From our point of view, the most significant feature of indirect speech is the presence of addresses, because in prayers stylistic and expressive possibilities of vocatives are manifested in a special way. Firstly, speakers with a particular problem ask God, the Virgin, angels, saints, etc, who can help them. Moreover, they address repeatedly, often using synonyms or variant names. Secondly, such addresses are codified, and commonplace, because prayers provide for the use of standard texts that believers must remember. Thirdly, the subjects of addressing constructions very often have additional means of dissemination, including literal meanings, homogeneous Apposition, separate members of a sentence, and even predicative units, which are rarely recorded in other speech patterns. It is on this basis that all addresses recorded by us in Orthodox prayers are classified into three groups: 1) simple or unextended (36.12 %: nouns, substantivized adjectives, and Participle that mostly have religious character); 2) extended uncomplicated or two-component (21.81 %: mostly models «adjective + noun», «noun + adjective», «noun + noun» and «noun + pronoun» and «noun + pronoun», the components of which often are also sacred); 3) extended complicated or multicomponent (42.07 %). There are several ways to complicate vocative phrases: to add apposition to the addresses, to use homogeneous addresses, and as a means of complicating – dependent homogeneous members of the sentence (mostly Attributes), separate members of the sentence, tautological expressions, and more. One of the characteristic features of prayers is the presence of addresses complicated by sentences, and also complex syntactic constructions).

Работа с текстом на занятиях РКИ как основа формирования коммуникативной компетенции учащихся

In the methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language, there is a shift in emphasis from the theoretical study of grammatical, phonetic and lexical aspects of the language towards active language practice and the formation of communicative competence. In the modern methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language, reading a text occupies an important place. Working with the text is necessary for learning a foreign language, since knowing a language means being able to read and understand the texts of the target language. In teaching foreign students to read texts, there are a number of features that a teacher should pay attention to. Important criteria for selecting a text for studying Russian as a foreign language are the volume of works, difficulties in perceiving cultural codes and realities, complex lexical and syntactic constructions, reader's interest and motivation. These features are manifested in order to use the text in the classroom in a foreign language audience, in the selection of texts and in the methodology of students working on the text. The main task of the teacher is to teach the student to extract the necessary information, pay attention to vocabulary, teach attentive reading, and identify meaning. In our opinion, the use of texts in the educational process has linguistic and non-linguistic goals. This article describes a technique for working with text, selection methods, an example of pre-text, pre-text and post-text work.

Speech representation used by Mandarin Chinese-speaking children aged three to six years.

This study investigates how Mandarin Chinese-speaking children use Mandarin Chinese, a language lacking tense markers, to represent characters' speech in their story narratives. Eighty participants, from three to six years of age, completed an elicited narrative task based on a wordless picture book. The representing forms and signals that they employed in representing activities were assessed. The results showed a significant age-related increase in the overall use of speech representation by the cohort of children. Regarding representing forms, direct representation exhibited its expected dominance among all age groups, and its presence in children's narratives grew significantly with age. Concerning representing signals, shuō 'say' was the most prevalent across all ages and susceptible to significant age effects, and, with advancing age, children's representing signals expanded from single verbs to more complex syntactic constructions. In addition, no significant gender effects were observed regarding the representing forms or signals that Mandarin-speaking children used.

THE LANGUAGE OF ORAL FOLK ART AS A SOURCE OF FORMATION OF THE AVAR LITERARY LANGUAGE

Oral and poetic creativity played a huge role in the development of the Avar language, in particular, in the for-mation, formation and development of written and literary norms. It was folklore that had a beneficial influence on the formation and development of the narrative genres of Avar fiction. Already at the dawn of its develop-ment, Avar fiction used all the expressive means of colloquial speech developed in folklore. The hammered syllable of the oral and poetic creativity of the Avars, its rich vocabulary, complex syntactic constructions were the basis for the formation of written literary norms.

The key syntactic peculiarities of the Chinese newspaper-journalistic style

The subject of this research is the syntactic of journalistic style of the Chinese language. The object is the Chinese media texts of newspaper-journalistic style. The relevance of this topic is substantiated by the fact that although Chinese media system is rapidly developing and requires the knowledge of stylistic patterns, the newspaper-journalistic style remains poorly studied. The examination of newspaper-journalistic style is also important in translation from Chinese to other languages. The goal of this research consists in the analysis of syntactic peculiarities of journalistic style of the Chinese language. The author aims to examine the principles of syntactic construction of the Chinese media text; determine the ratio of simple and complex syntactic constructions in the Chinese media text; analyze the peculiarities of most common sentences of this style. The novelty lies in the summary of syntactic peculiarities of newspaper-journalistic style of the Chinese language based on the analysis of the types of sentences, syntactic constructions, and sentence components. The theoretical importance of the study consists in formulation of the key syntactic peculiarities of this style in the Chinese language. The practical significance lies in the acquired results that would be valuable for creating Chinese media texts and improving the quality of translations of such texts into other languages. The conducted research demonstrates that the newspaper-journalistic style of the Chinese language has its characteristic linguistic properties, the knowledge of which ensures better understanding of the Chinese media texts. The Chinese newspaper-journalistic style often features the special syntactic expressive means, which stir the interest of the readers, and perform the basic function of the texts – broadcast of information.

Синтаксическая характеристика заключительных этикетных формул в русском эпистолярии XIX века

The syntactic structure of the final etiquette formulas in letters (FEF) is analyzed on the basis of the Russian epistolary of the 19th century. It is shown that FEF are diverse in structure, but they are often simple sentences. Typical for FEF is the inclusion of the addressee's self-nomination in the role of the subject; the use of verbs in the first person, indicating the addressee and implementing the textual category of dialogization. Also, FEF in letters are represented by complex sentences of different types, complex syntactic constructions, and overphrasal unities

Кому потрібні переклади: труднощі засвоєння чужомовної традиції (на прикладі українського перекладу «Критики практичного розуму» Імануеля Канта)

This article offers a critical review of the Ukrainian translation of Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason. Translations of classical works should serve a twofold function. They do not only facilitate the adoption of the terminology within the academic community but should first and foremost allow those unacquainted with the language of the original to engage with a foreign philosophical tradition meaningfully. The translation of a philosophical text has to preserve terminological rigidity and strictly follow the letter of the original while simultaneously being a product of interpretation and, to a certain extent, a paraphrase, the result of cooperation between the author and the translator. Decent knowledge of the original language does not suffice to successfully deal with the outdated vocabulary and the peculiarities of authorial language use, as many of the crucial translation decisions cannot be justified without understanding the inner logic of the argument. However, my detailed analysis of terminological patterns and Ukrainian renderings of complex and ambiguous syntactic constructions proves that none of these tasks were achieved here. Unfortunately, despite the efforts, the quality of this translation does not correspond to the standards of consistency and does not reflect the letter and spirit of Kant’s original due to numerous mistakes, misreadings, and distortions. Neither the impressive list of translator’s notes nor the occasional practice of giving German equivalents in the brackets is of any help to the reader in understanding Kane’s practical philosophy unless they already possess sufficient knowledge of the German language. This translation, therefore, cannot be used as teaching material at universities and stands in the way of a wider reception of Kant’s philosophy and productive public discussions.

Assessing the Listening Proficiency of ESL Students in a Pandemic

The debate as to whether or not listening skills can be used as a testing device for measuring language proficiency—particularly grammatical competence—has been quite a controversial issue for the longest time. Yet, current research findings have not been entirely conclusive and sufficient either way. Hence, this particular study was conducted to address the problem given the existing research gap in the field. Firstly, the investigation sought to determine the listening proficiency level of 40 ESL freshmen in a state university for grammatical distinctions utilizing the mean score. Secondly, it identified the learners’ common errors and difficulties encountered in listening for grammatical distinctions using frequency and sentence analysis. To validate the results of the communicative listening test, a writing composition exercise was duly administered. The results showed that the respondents have very good proficiency levels in listening for grammatical distinctions in terms of inflectional patterns of singular and plural forms of subjects or predicates and good proficiency levels in terms of inflectional patterns for present and past tense of verbs. However, it was found that there still exist some problems in terms of more complex syntactic constructions. Results revealed that the respondents were confused and disrupted in some listening items when the test sentence is embedded with intervening words, phrases, or subordinate clauses. This problem may actually be indicative of socio-psycholinguistic factors to retain what they learned in an academic setting, but outside of it, the intervening words easily disrupted their concentration and memory. Lastly, the new normal caused by the COVID 19 pandemic has forced educators and students into a new learning environment: the online classroom. In recognition of this, the test was administered online, and the results similarly processed but with consideration of the electronic platform as a moderating variable. This shift in the modality of instruction affects ways of learning that have not necessarily been plotted before, as observed by EFL and ESL experts like Brown (2000) and Richards (2016). Thus, while it is not the primary focus of the study, this paper nevertheless highlights this new socio-technological aspect as a crucial moderator of listening assessment for better grammatical competence.

Особенности синтаксической организации и пунктуации в рекламном тексте рубежа XIX–XX вв. (на примере региональной прессы)

The article deals with the syntactic organization and punctuation in advertising texts at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The research material were advertising texts and advertisements placed in regional press (“Ural life”, “Irbit fair leaf”, etc.). During the period under review, print advertising is at the stage of formation and has not yet emerged as an independent genre. Modern advertising texts are primarily focused on attracting attention. They should be readable by a potential buyer without any difficulty, therefore, their syntax, punctuation, font and illustrative design should contribute to ease of perception and understanding of the text. In the considered material, the opposite situation is observed. With regard to its genre, advertising at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries is close to announcements and aims to convey important information. The desire of the seller/manufacturer to tell as much as possible about their product to the buyer results in complexity of the text. Organization of advertising text at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries involves an active use of abbreviations, complex syntactic constructions as well as unusual design elements (for example, a line break). Syntactic organization of the text at the given period can become an indicator of a gradual transition from the announcement genre to the ad genre: the texts most rich in information, still drifting towards the announcement genre, have complex punctuation and syntactic organization, while texts focused on the emotional response of the reader (a new stage in the development of the ad genre), on the contrary, are distinguished by considerable simplifications.

PUNCTUATION MARKS IN THE REGIONAL BUSINESS TEXT OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY: ON THE PROBLEM OF THE FORMATION OF THE RUSSIAN PUNCTUATION SYSTEM

The article presents some results of the study of one of the stages of the formation of the Russian punctuation system. The research material is a corpus of handwritten documents of 1762 1796 from the State Archive of the Tyumen region. The research corpus includes business texts which were published by the author in the Tyumen University Publishing House, as well as documents introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The study used grammatical-diplomatic, comparative-historical methods and content analysis, using the method of quantitative calculations, presentation of materials and data obtained in the form of tables and diagrams. Trends in the use of punctuation marks depending on the genre of the document are revealed. It is found that punctuation is mostly associated with the design of the boundaries of the initial protocol, as well as with the change of the modality of the text (from narrative to imperative), presented as a prop “Text” in the structure of an abstract form. It has been established that the reason for the use of punctuation marks in the props “Text” may be the need to designate the boundaries of new information that is included in the document in connection with each new subject of speech. At the same time, the genre (type) is indicated and the content of the primary document is retold, from which new information is extracted. The pragmatic part in the form of the document reflects each new stage in the activities of the office, which is due to the need to resolve the current legal extralinguistic situation. The variants of punctuation design of subordinate explanatory sentences that contain the pronoun what are studied. Such grammatical constructions introduce the indirect speech of another addressee into the text, and therefore they are often included in the structure of written business communication. A formal grammatical analysis of complex syntactic constructions in two regional documents of 1773 and 1787 was carried out. The principle of selecting texts for research is the presence in the text of punctuation marks in large numbers or their complete absence. This feature of the text may be a consequence of different punctuation literacy of the writer. The text corpus has a significant volume. The volume of the corpus allows the author of the article to consider that the results obtained on the regional material are objective, and to project conclusions on the history of Russian punctuation as a whole.

Aspects of teachers’ language and communication support in Swedish preschools after a second phase of implementation

ABSTRACT The aim was to investigate the staff’s language support towards children in Swedish preschools after eight weeks of structured language support. This study took place after an initial study of six weeks’ language support. To identify support of Language Learning Environment, Opportunities and Interactions an observation-tool was used. Structured collegial discussions took place about language support strategies. The staff often engaged the children in structured conversations with adults and peers but seldom facilitated interactive book reading. The interactions were now more focused on general learner needs than on advanced language learning such as introducing new complex syntactic and semantic constructions. The staff’s reflections showed that the discussions about the Language Environment items were intertwined with ideas about how to use these items to increase language opportunities and interactions. Accordingly, the staff’s work with language support towards the children had further developed after two phases of professional language support.

Ku Waru Clause Chaining and the Acquisition of Complex Syntax

How do children learn to understand and use complex syntactic constructions? In English, Diessel (2004) shows that they do so in two different ways. Complex sentences with dependent clauses (e.g., ‘Peter promised that he would come’) develop out of simple sentences that are gradually expanded into multi-clause ones. Complex sentences with coordinate clauses (e.g., ‘He tried hard, but he failed’) develop by integrating two independent sentences into a single two-clause unit. Here we expand on that research by focusing on the acquisition of a kind of complex syntactic structure which involves both dependency and coordination – the clause chain – in Ku Waru, a Papuan language spoken in the Western Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Clause chains are constructions coordinating multiple clauses in sequence, where the non-final or ‘medial’ clauses are in a dependent relationship with the final clause. One function of clause chains, which is often taken to be the prototypical one, is to refer to a series of events in sequence. Some Ku Waru clause chains do refer to sequential events. Other Ku Waru clause chains containing particular verbs refer to single events, sometimes with the particular verb providing aspectual or adverbial qualification (‘keep doing’, ‘do quickly’, etc.). In this article, we track their acquisition of several different kinds of clause chains based on longitudinal recordings of four children acquiring Ku Waru as their first language between the ages of 1½ and 5. We show that, although there are differences among the children in the ages at which they acquire the various kinds of clause chain, all four of them follow the same series of steps in doing so. In conclusion, we compare our findings to Diessel’s for English. We find that they are similar in some ways and different in others, which may be related to the differences between subordinate constructions, coordinate non-dependent constructions and coordinate-dependent constructions.

СПЕЦИФИКА ИДИОЛЕКТА Э. МАКРОНА В КОНТЕКСТЕ ЕГО ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ

The aim of the paper is to present the results of the analysis of the idiolect of the French President Emmanuel Macron in the context of political events presented in the president’s addresses to the nation. The following tasks are solved in the work: the mechanisms of the influence of his speech on the recipient are determined, the aspect of an interdisciplinary dialogue between political science and linguistics is reflected, attention is drawn to the context of the discourse of E. Macron against the backdrop of a changing world, challenges in France's domestic and foreign policy. The analysis of the idiolect of E. Macron from the point of view of the implementation of its communicative functions was also carried out. The conclusion of the article is informative for the increment of knowledge in sociolinguistics and political linguistics. The main result of the study was the conclusion that the individual style of E. Macron is distinguished by the desire for a neat, cautious, but at the same time bold attitude to the word. The specificity of his speech is manifested at all linguistic levels, namely at the phonetic level, clearly defined in terms of diction and arrangement of pauses, linking and accentuation by declaring, at the lexical level in a peculiar choice of vocabulary, in some cases outdated, uncommon words, as well as in the use of metaphors and phraseological units, at the syntactic level – in the use of complex syntactic constructions and anaphoric repetitions. This specificity draws attention to itself, it defines the president’s idiolect as a person striving to take the country's development to a new level, to take care of the nation, at the same time emphasizing his rather tough position in relation to the whole world.