Analysis Of Complex Matrix Research Articles

Reduced graphene oxide decorated NiCo2(OH)6 nanoflowers for vortexed assisted dispersive µ-solid-phase extraction of organophosphorus pesticides in baby food cereal, rice and wheat flour

Food safety is an important issue to protect humane health and improve the life quality. Hence, analysis of the possible contaminants in food samples is essential. A rapid and efficient vortexed-assisted dispersive µ-solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was proposed for simultaneous separation/preconcentration and determination of five commonly used organophosphorus pesticides. Reduced graphene oxide decorated NiCo2(OH)6 nanoflowers as a novel nanostructure was synthetized and introduced for separation of the target pesticides from the wheat flour, rice flour, and baby food cereal samples. The characterization of the nanoflowers was accomplished by SEM-EDX, XRD, and FT-IR techniques. The main factors including pH, the amount of nanoflower, the volume of sample solution, salt concentration (ionic strength), desorption conditions (i.e. desorption solvent type and volume, and desorption time) on the pesticides extraction efficiencies were inquired using matrixed match method. Applying the optimum conditions, the linearity of 0.100–500.000 µg kg−1, LODs and LOQs in the range of 0.03–0.04 µg kg−1 and 0.1 µg kg−1 for the studied food samples were obtained. The repeatability (intra–day precision (n = 5)) of ≤ 2.0 % and reproducibility (inter–day precision, days = 5, n = 3) of ≤3.1 % and were appraise at three concentration levels (10, 50 and 100 μg kg−1 of each analyte). High relative recoveries of 90.0–99.3 % ascertained high potential of the presented method for complex matrix analysis.

A structural similarity networking assisted collision cross-section prediction interval filtering strategy for multi-compound identification of complex matrix by ion-mobility mass spectrometry

Ion mobility coupled with mass spectrometry (IM-MS), an emerging technology for analysis of complex matrix, has been facing challenges due to the complexities of chemical structures and original data, as well as low-efficiency and error-proneness of manual operations. In this study, we developed a structural similarity networking assisted collision cross-section prediction interval filtering (SSN-CCSPIF) strategy. We first carried out a structural similarity networking (SSN) based on Tanimoto similarities among Morgan fingerprints to classify the authentic compounds potentially existing in complex matrix. By performing automatic regressive prediction statistics on mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) and collision cross-sections (CCS) with a self-built Python software, we explored the IM-MS feature trendlines, established filtering intervals and filtered potential compounds for each SSN classification. Chemical structures of all filtered compounds were further characterized by interpreting their multidimensional IM-MS data. To evaluate the applicability of SSN-CCSPIF, we selected Ginkgo biloba extract and dripping pills. The SSN-CCSPIF subtracted more background interferences (43.24%∼43.92%) than other similar strategies with conventional ClassyFire criteria (10.71%∼12.13%) or without compound classification (35.73%∼36.63%). Totally, 229 compounds, including eight potential new compounds, were characterized. Among them, seven isomeric pairs were discriminated with the integration of IM-separation. Using SSN-CCSPIF, we can achieve high-efficient analysis of complex IM-MS data and comprehensive chemical profiling of complex matrix to reveal their material basis.

Combination of switchable hydrophilic solvent liquid-liquid microextraction with QuEChERS for trace determination of triazole fungicide pesticides by GC-MS.

This work first proposed a novel green and efficient method based on Quick, Easy, Cheap, Efficient, Rugged, and Safe pretreatment (QuEChERS) combined with switchable hydrophilic solvent homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction (SHS-HLLME) for trace determination of triazole fungicides (TFs) in agricultural products such as vegetables and fruits by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). N,N-Dimethyl benzylamine was used for the synthesis of SHS. Box-Behnken design was applied for the optimization of extraction conditions and a mathematical model was obtained. Ultimately, 0.50mL SHS, 1.0mL 10molL-1 sodium hydroxide, and 45s ultrasonic time were determined as optimal conditions for the SHS-HLLME method. The limit of detection and limit of quantification determined using the optimal method (SHS-HLLME/GC-MS) were 0.13-0.27ngmL-1 and 0.43-0.90ngmL-1, respectively. In addition, the SHS-HLLME method under optimal conditions was combined with the traditional QuEChERS method to realize the advancement of the SHS-HLLME method from simple to complex matrix analysis, and the QuEChERS-SHS-HLLME method was successfully applied to the analysis of TFs in cucumbers, tomatoes, watermelon and grapes in agricultural products. Matrix-matched calibration standards were used to improve the accuracy of TFs in spiked cucumber samples to obtain recovery results close to 100%. It was shown that the new method is green and rapid, enabling fast and inexpensive sample pretreatment with up to 100-fold enrichment factor and low detection limit compared with the original QuEChERS method.

Paired Derivatization Approach with H/D-Labeled Hydroxylamine Reagents for Sensitive and Accurate Analysis of Monosaccharides by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Monosaccharides play important roles in biological processes. Sensitive and accurate analyses of monosaccharides remain challenging because of their high hydrophilicities and poor ionization efficiencies. Here, we developed a paired derivatization approach with H/D-labeled hydroxylamines for simultaneous quantification of 12 monosaccharides by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). O-(4-Methoxybenzyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride (4-MOBHA·HCl) showed higher derivatization efficiency for monosaccharides compared to six other hydroxylamine analogues. The derivatization of monosaccharides was readily achieved in an aqueous solution. Furthermore, the deuterium-labeled isotope reagent, d3-4-MOBHA·HCl, was newly synthesized to stably label monosaccharides to improve its accuracy and precision in complex matrix analysis. As a result, 12 monosaccharides were rapidly detected by LC-MS/MS within 16 min with significant improvements in chromatographic separation and retention time. The detection sensitivity increased by 83 to 1600-fold with limits of quantitation ranging from 0.25 to 3.00 fmol. With the paired derivatization strategy, the monosaccharides could be accurately quantified with good linearity (R2 > 0.99) and satisfactory accuracy (recoveries: 85-110%). Using this method, we achieved sensitive and accurate quantification of the monosaccharide composition of herbal polysaccharides and the change in monosaccharide levels in human cell lines under physiopathological conditions. More importantly, the developed method was able to differentiate between the levels of the monosaccharides in fecal samples of human ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and UC mice compared to their respective controls. The differential monosaccharides determined in human feces provided a good diagnostic performance in distinguishing the UC patients from healthy individuals, showing potential for clinical application.

Background-free sensing platform for on-site detection of carbamate pesticide through upconversion nanoparticles-based hydrogel suit

On-site monitoring of carbamate pesticide in complex matrix remians as a challenge in terms of the real-time control of food safety and supervision of environmental quality. Herein, we fabricated robust upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPS)/polydopamine (PDA)-based hydrogel portable suit that precisely quantified carbaryl in complex tea samples with smartphone detector. UCNPS/PDA nanoprobe was developed by polymerization of dopamine monomers on the surface of NaErF4: 0.5% Tm3+@NaYF4 through electrostatic interaction, leading to efficient red luminescence quenching of UCNPS under near-infrared excitation, which circumvented autofluorescence and background interference in complicated environment. Such a luminescence quenching could be suppressed by thiocholine that was produced by acetylcholinesterase-mediated catalytic reaction, thus enabling carbaryl bioassay by inhibiting the activity of enzyme. Bestowed with the feasibility analysis of fluorescent output, portable platform was designed by integrating UCNPS-embedded sodium alginate hydrogel with 3D-printed smartphone device for quantitatively on-site monitoring of carbaryl in the range of 0.5–200 ng mL-1 in tea sample, accompanied by a detection limit of 0.5 ng mL-1. Owing to specific UCNPS signatures and hydrogel immobilization, this modular platform displayed sensitive response, portability and anti-interference capability in complex matrix analysis, thus holding great potential in point-of-care application.

N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase biomarker quantification in milk using Ag-porous Si SERS platform for mastitis severity evaluation

Bovine mammary gland is susceptible to numerous bacterial infections resulting in inflammatory disease condition of bovine mastitis (BM) with a staggering economic impact on the dairy industry worldwide. Early BM detection is crucial for infection control within the dairy herd, which can be alleviated by antimicrobial therapy. N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) is a prominent BM inflammatory biomarker secreted onto the blood circulation upon pathogenesis and then released into milk, capable of separating healthy quarters from subclinical and clinical BM cases. Herein, we report a sensitive, cost-effective and handy-to-use BM severity assay based on NAGase inherent content found in whole milk samples. Silver-coated porous Si (Ag-PSi) Fabry–Pérot interferometers were employed for quantifying the lysosomal activity in different milk qualities using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The optical response was proportional to the occurring pathogenesis induced by predominant bacteria found in dairy farms at different somatic cell levels. The optimized Ag-PSi SERS substrates were utilized for quantitative analysis of NAGase levels found at clinically relevant BM concentrations while presenting the detection limit of 0.27 μM min−1. The optical performances were associated with the conventional standardized approach in terms of recovery values (85–98%), thus presenting sufficient adaptability to complex matrix analysis as whole milk.

Household arsenic contaminated water treatment employing iron oxide/bamboo biochar composite: An approach to technology transfer

Commercialization of novel adsorbents technology for providing safe drinking water must consider scale-up methodological approaches to bridge the gap between laboratory and industrial applications. These imply complex matrix analysis and large-scale experiment designs. Arsenic concentrations up to 200-fold higher (2000 µg/L) than the WHO safe drinking limit (10 µg/L) have been reported in Latin American drinking waters. In this work, biochar was developed from a single, readily available, and taxonomically identified woody bamboo species, Guadua chacoensis. Raw biochar (BC) from slow pyrolysis (700 °C for 1 h) and its analog containing chemically precipitated Fe3O4 nanoparticles (BC-Fe) were produced. BC-Fe performed well in fixed-bed column sorption. Predicted model capacities ranged from 8.2 to 7.5 mg/g and were not affected by pH 5–9 shift. The effect of competing matrix chemicals including sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, chloride, acetate, dichromate, carbonate, fluoride, selenate, and molybdate ions (each at 0.01 mM, 0.1 mM and 1 mM) was evaluated. Fe3O4 enhanced the adsorption of arsenate as well as phosphate, molybdate, dichromate and selenate. With the exception of nitrate, individually competing ions at low concentration (0.01 mM) did not significantly inhibit As(V) sorption onto BC-Fe. The presence of ten different ions in low concentrations (0.01 mM) did not exert much influence and BC-Fe’s preference for arsenate, and removal remained above 90%. The batch and column BC and BC-Fe adsorption capacities and their ability to provide safe drinking water were evaluated using a naturally contaminated tap water (165 ± 5 µg/L As). A 960 mL volume (203.8 Bed Volumes) of As-free drinking water was collected from a 1 g BC-Fe fixed bed. Adsorbent regeneration was attempted with (NH4)2SO4, KOH, or K3PO4 (1 M) strippers. Potassium phosphate performed the best for BC-Fe regeneration. Safe disposal options for the exhausted adsorbents are proposed. Adsorbents and their As-laden analogues (from single and multi-component mixtures) were characterized using high resolution XPS and possible competitive interactions and adsorption pathways and attractive interactions were proposed including electrostatic attractions, hydrogen bonding and weak chemisorption to BC phenolics. Stoichiometric precipitation of metal (Mg, Ca and Fe) oxyanion (phosphate, molybdate, selenate and chromate) insoluble compounds is considered. The use of a packed BC-Fe cartridge to provide As-free drinking water is presented for potential commercial use. BC-Fe is an environmentally friendly and potentially cost-effective adsorbent to provide arsenic-free household water.

Stepwise frontal analysis coupled with cell membrane chromatography for affinity screening and characterization analysis of bioactive constituent from the mature fruits of schisandra chinensis

Cell membrane chromatography (CMC) is effective and widely used in drug screening, especially for the analysis of complex matrixes. However, it is time-consuming and costly given that cells or animals are employed for activity confirmation, which leads to a large amount of waste being produced if the result is negative. Stepwise frontal analysis is employed to saturate the affinity stationary phase, by using a series of low- to high-concentration solutions which resultantly form a staircase pattern. In doing so, the waste of samples, caused by the balancing process, can be avoided. In this study, stepwise frontal analysis coupled with a CMC system was performed for screening and characterizing the affinity of an active compound from wuweizi. Schizandrin A was screened and identified by α1A AR /CMC coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS. By comparing the values obtained with those related to the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) calculated by zonal elution, the accuracy of the stepwise frontal analysis was verified. Subsequently, the type of affinity force between Schizandrin A and α1A AR was studied by thermodynamic parameters. Moreover, schizandrin A showed an antagonistic effect on phenylephrine-induced contractions, which relax prostate muscle strips in a non-competitive antagonism manner. It has already suggested that the active compound, schizandrin A, could be used as a lead compound for the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and should be further studied. Thus, the findings of this study are significant given that they could result in an online screening and affinity analysis method being utilized for the discovery of medicinal compounds as well as clarify the interaction characteristics between a drug and a receptor.

A polyurethane-based thin film for solid phase microextraction of pyrethroid insecticides.

This work introduces polyurethane (PU) as an efficient and economic sorbent for thin film solid phase microextraction of pyrethroid insecticides, specifically of bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, cypermethrin, flucythrinate, fenvalerate and deltamethrin. The PU film is immersed into chrysanthemum tea under ultrasonication for the adsorption of the analytes, and the analytes are desorbed by a mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate and then quantifiedby gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The film type, adsorption temperature, extraction time, sample condition, and desorption procedure were optimized. The adsorption capacity and robustness of the PU film is found to be excellent for analysis of pyrethroids in chrysanthemum tea. The limits of detection and method limits of detection range from 0.05-0.5μgL-1 and 0.0003-0.003μgL-1, respectively. The relative recoveries from spiked samples are between 84.5 and 104.1%, and enrichment factors up to 188. The method was validated through blind split analyses of chrysanthemum tea infusion and ready-to-drink samples with liquid-liquid extraction. Good agreement between the two approaches shows the method to have an accuracy that is similar to that of the conventional technique. Compared with other reported approaches, the PU-based method exhibites a higher sensitivity, easier operation, lower costs and less matrix effects. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of the use of a polyurethane film as an efficient and economic sorbent for the microextraction of 8 pyrethroids by gas chromatography. This method exhibites excellent performance of accuracy, sensitivity, and robustness, demonstrating its potential of application in the analysis of complex matrix.

Evaluation of the Rate of Heavy Metal Absorptions by Typha Capensis and Heliconia Psittacorum

The evaluation of the rate of heavy metal absorption by aquatic plants; Typha capensis and Heliconia psittacorum was carried out for the removal of Hg, As, Cd and Pb from water and soil. Uptake of Hg, As, Cd and Pb by these aquatic plant species in metal contaminated water and soil were studied in batch culture experiment. The plants were irrigated with standard heavy metal simulated solutions. After 10, 20, 30 and 40 days, plant samples were subjected to analysis by Inductive Coupled Plasma-mass Spectroscopy (Agilent 7700x series ICP-MS developed for complex matrix analysis). The rate of the heavy metal uptake by the T. capensis far exceeded that of the H. psittacorum in both the roots and shoots. Arsenic, cadmium and mercury showed considerable uptake by both macrophytes in the shoots than that of the roots; indicating the high absorption capacities of the three metals by the macrophytes. It was evident that arsenic, cadmium and mercury exhibited systematic rate of absorption by the plants and their rate of absorption by the plant over the period is very significant.

Prediction Models of Retention Indices for Increased Confidence in Structural Elucidation during Complex Matrix Analysis: Application to Gas Chromatography Coupled with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry.

Monitoring of volatile and semivolatile compounds was performed using gas chromatography (GC) coupled to high-resolution electron ionization mass spectrometry, using both headspace and liquid injection modes. A total of 560 reference compounds, including 8 odd n-alkanes, were analyzed and experimental linear retention indices (LRI) were determined. These reference compounds were randomly split into training (n = 401) and test (n = 151) sets. LRI for all 552 reference compounds were also calculated based upon computational Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR) models, using two independent approaches RapidMiner (coupled to Dragon) and ACD/ChromGenius software. Correlation coefficients for experimental versus predicted LRI values calculated for both training and test set compounds were calculated at 0.966 and 0.949 for RapidMiner and at 0.977 and 0.976 for ACD/ChromGenius, respectively. In addition, the cross-validation correlation was calculated at 0.96 from RapidMiner and the residual standard error value obtained from ACD/ChromGenius was 53.635. These models were then used to predict LRI values for several thousand compounds reported present in tobacco and tobacco-related fractions, plus a range of specific flavor compounds. It was demonstrated that using the mean of the LRI values predicted by RapidMiner and ACD/ChromGenius, in combination with accurate mass data, could enhance the confidence level for compound identification from the analysis of complex matrixes, particularly when the two predicted LRI values for a compound were in close agreement. Application of this LRI modeling approach to matrixes with unknown composition has already enabled the confirmation of 23 postulated compounds, demonstrating its ability to facilitate compound identification in an analytical workflow. The goal is to reduce the list of putative candidates to a reasonable relevant number that can be obtained and measured for confirmation.

QSPR model development to simplify compound identification in complex matrix analysis

QSPR model development to simplify compound identification in complex matrix analysis

Magnetic Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with a High Performance Composite Based on Molecularly Imprinted Carbon Nanotubes for Sensitive Determination of Levofloxacin

A selective electrochemical sensor based on molecularly imprinted magnetite decorated carbon nanotubes (MCNTs@MIP) was developed for the determination of levofloxacin (Lv). The preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers was performed using Lv as template, MCNTs as support, methacrylic acid as functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-linker. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the composites structures. The resulting MCNTs@MIP were suspended in Lv solution and then collected on the surface of a carbon paste electrode via a permanent magnet, situated within the carbon paste electrode and then the voltammetry signals were recorded. Under the optimized experimental conditions, a linear response was obtained in the range of 0.003–0.440 μM with a detection limit of 0.8 nM. The applicability of the method for complex matrix analysis was also evaluated and the modified electrode showed good stability and reproducibility.

Magnetic glass carbon electrode, modified with magnetic ferriferrous oxide nanoparticles coated with molecularly imprinted polymer films for electrochemical determination of bovine hemoglobin

The modified electrode based on magnetic ferriferrous oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles covered with molecularly imprinted polymer was fabricated and used for electrochemical recognition of bovine hemoglobin (BHb). First, the magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were covered with silicon dioxide. Then dopamine (DA) was self-polymerized on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles in the presence of bovine hemoglobin as the template molecular. The molecularly imprinted polymers were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Potassium hexacyanoferrate (K3[Fe(CN)6]) was used as an electroactive probe for measurement signal. Under optimized conditions (70min for adsorption, pH=6.0), the DPV peak current regressed linearly with the BHb concentration increase in the range of 5.0×10−7 to 1.0×10−5gmL−1 (r=0.9939) with a detection limit of 1.184×10−8gmL−1 (S/N=3). Several proteins were tested to confirm the imprinting effect of the modified electrode. The results showed the good selectivity of the resulting biosensors. The applicability of the method for complex matrix analysis was also evaluated and the modified electrode showed good stability and reproducibility.

Simultaneous determination of several mycotoxins by rapid immunofiltration assay

A method is developed for the simultaneous rapid determination of three mycotoxins, zearalenone (ZEN), ochratoxin A (OTA), and fumonisin B1 (Fum) by membrane immunofiltration analysis using a marker enzyme of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and two mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and total T-2 toxin (T2) and HT-2 toxin (HT2) with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The analysis is based on a competitive interaction between the antigene, free and bound to the enzyme, and antibodies immobilized on a membrane. The procedures of membrane fabrication and the conditions of mycotoxin to determination in model mixtures and extracts from wheat, corn, and silage are optimized. The influence of sample preparation on the results of analysis is studied. It is shown that the additives of polymers favor the reduction of the matrix effect in the analysis of complex matrixes using conjugated HRP. The methods developed allow the determination of mycotoxins at a level of the maximal permissible concentrations legislated by EU directives. The corresponding values (μg/kg) are 50, 2.5, and 500 in wheat; 100, 2.5, and 500 in corn; and 125, 25, and 1250 in silage for the simultaneous quantification of ZEN, OTA, and Fum (AP marker). For the determination of DON and total T2/HT2 with HRP, 1250 (1000) and 100 (500) in wheat and corn(silage). The procedures were validated by the analysis of spiked and naturally contaminated samples. The analysis of 10 samples takes 25 min.

Development and validation of HPLC method to measure active amines in plant food supplements containing Citrus aurantium L

Abstract Citrus aurantium L. (bitter orange) is frequently used as an ingredient of food supplements aimed to reduce body weight or improve general physical performances. The most active compounds of C. aurantium are amines having adrenergic activity: octopamine, synephrine, tyramine, N-methyl-tyramine and hordenine. The quantification of these amines is critical since their content in food supplements is regulated by national/international rules. Some methods for the quantification of C. aurantium amines have been published, including the official method developed by AOAC, but most of them are not totally satisfactory for the analysis of complex matrixes, such as extracts or food supplements. A new HPLC–UV–fluorescence procedure has therefore been developed; the method is quick and simple, and allows the analysis of samples after a rapid extraction procedure without any further cleaning step. The assay, using one or two detectors, showed good results during the validation tests performed according to the FDA guidelines.

Disposable solid-phase microextraction fiber coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for complex matrix analysis

A low-cost SPME fiber was prepared by mounting commercially available polydimethylsiloxane tubing on stainless steel wire with epoxy glue.

A Molecularly Imprinted Polymer with Incorporated Graphene Oxide for Electrochemical Determination of Quercetin

The molecularly imprinted polymer based on polypyrrole film with incorporated graphene oxide was fabricated and used for electrochemical determination of quercetin. The electrochemical behavior of quercetin on the modified electrode was studied in detail using differential pulse voltammetry. The oxidation peak current of quercetin in B-R buffer solution (pH = 3.5) at the modified electrode was regressed with the concentration in the range from 6.0 × 10−7 to 1.5 × 10−5 mol/L (r2 = 0.997) with a detection limit of 4.8 × 10−8 mol/L (S/N = 3). This electrode showed good stability and reproducibility. In the above mentioned range, rutin or morin which has similar structures and at the same concentration as quercetin did not interfere with the determination of quercetin. The applicability of the method for complex matrix analysis was also evaluated.

Validação de metodologia analítica para a determinação de derivados do ácido o-hidroxicinâmico de Echinodorus grandiflorus

Este artigo descreve o desenvolvimento e a validação de método espectrofotométrico UV-Visível para quantificação de derivados do ácido o-hidroxicinâmico em folhas de Echinodorus grandiflorus. O método demonstrou ser linear (r² = 0,9974), preciso (DPR < 15%) na análise de matriz complexa e exata (recuperação = 107,56%).

Strategic planning using QFD

PurposeThis paper outlines the use of quality function deployment (QFD) for strategic planning. QFD provides a comprehensive process for defining the issues facing an organisation in terms of customer and stakeholder outcomes, natural segments and key strategic opportunities.Design/methodology/approachAn explanation and overview of the two core stages of strategic planning using QFD are followed by three case examples.FindingsStrategic QFD avoids complex matrix analysis and instead moves directly to concept generation and evaluation. One of the main benefits of strategic QFD is the level of commitment and support for the resulting strategy throughout the organisation. This paper also shows how strategic QFD can be used to identify and optimise internal capabilities and to find and address specific customer opportunities.Practical implicationsStrategic planners will find that QFD‐based philosophy and methods are useful tools for the creation of a customer‐driven strategy.Originality/valueThis paper provides insight for practitioners and academics into how strategic QFD systematically translates vision into action, targeting opportunities and creating innovative strategies that are stable even in fast‐changing environments.