Turkey Complex Research Articles

A polygenetic origin for the Sikhoran ultramafic-mafic complex in South Iran

The nature and geodynamic setting of the Sikhoran ultramafic–mafic complex, southwest Iran, is debated, with multiple competing theories having been proposed in recent years. The Sikhoran ultramafic–mafic complex is located in the southern part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic-magmatic zone (SSMMZ) and is comprised of porphyroclastic, transitional and layered ultramafic-mafic sequences of Carboniferous age. These units are cut by isotropic gabbros, diabasic and pegmatoid gabbroic dikes with ages ranging from Permian to the Cretaceous. These bodies also intrude into Upper Paleozoic metamorphic rocks, where they induced high-temperature contact metamorphism during the Late Carboniferous. Here we present new textural descriptions, mineral and whole-rock geochemical analyses, and the results of zircon UPb dating of magmatic mafic rocks and metamorphic host rocks from this region in order to reconstruct the petrogenesis of the Sikhoran ultramafic–mafic complex. Zircon UPb ages from layered gabbros indicate Late Carboniferous (320.8 ± 6.4 Ma) crystallization, which is similar to the age of the Upper Paleozoic host gneisses (334.6 ± 4.9 Ma). By contrast, isotropic gabbros that cross-cut the complex have a crystallization age of 178.3 ± 2.3 Ma, and anatectic quartz diorite/plagiogranite produced from partial melting of hosting amphibolite in contact with the gabbros yielded Late Triassic-Early Jurassic ages (187.2 ± 2.6 Ma). These data suggest a polygenetic origin and a range of tectonic settings for various parts of the ultramafic-mafic complex. Geochemical modeling shows that mantle plume-related melting (∼5–40%) of metasomatized mantle could have formed the ultramafic-mafic layered cumulate complex during the Late Carboniferous. A geochemical transition from island arc tholeiite (IAT) isotropic gabbros to cross-cutting enriched mid-ocean ridge basalts (E-MORB)–diabasic dikes occurred between the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous. The mantle-derived ultramafic parts of the Sikhoran ultramafic-mafic complex have similarities with other known ultramafic-mafic mantle plumes (e.g., Tinaqulllo, Lherz, and Ronda), and its layered ultramafic-mafic segment has similarity with layered intrusions (e.g., Pulur complex in Turkey). The highest observed crystallization temperature in porphyroclastic, transitional and layered ultramafic mantle sections of ∼1140 °C is considered as the mantle potential temperature, since the highest crystallization temperatures are observed in the most forsteritic olivine crystals. Based on amphibole chemistry, the crystallization conditions of transitional to layered ultramafic rocks at 900–1005 °C occurred at high H2O contents in a melt between nickel–nickel oxide (NNO) −8.5 and NNO −9.0, which lies along the NNO−2 buffer. These results are consistent with a model in which the opening of the Zagros Neotethys Oceanic basin in the Esfandagheh region initiated in the Late Carboniferous, alongside the formation of an extensional environment that allowed ascent of a subcontinental mantle plume. Subduction initiation of oceanic lithosphere began during the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic and ended in the Late Cretaceous.

Creating digital twins from computer drawings and laser scans: a comparison

Building information models offer significant advantages in managing existing buildings and infrastructure. If no such ‘digital twins’ exist, they can be generated from two-dimensional computer-aided design drawings or from laser scanning photogrammetry. This paper starts by describing and comparing the two methods of model generation. It then reports on a study where both methods were used to model a university building complex in Turkey. The results are compared and discussed, highlighting their respective advantages and disadvantages. It is concluded that the ideal solution is a combination of elements of both methods.

The distribution of the Phlebotomus major complex (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Turkey

The taxonomic status and distribution of the morphologically similar members of the Phlebotomus major complex in Turkey are unclear. To examine the utility of traditional morphological characters and molecular markers, sand flies were sampled from 90 localities in eleven different provinces covering a wide geographical range throughout Turkey. The morphometric variability was analysed using multivariate analyses of twelve characters, while mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt b) and nuclear elongation factor 1α (EF 1-α) genes were used for molecular discrimination. Three distinct monophyletic lineages were identified based on the phylogenetic analysis of the combined data set of mitochondrial and nuclear gene regions, which were also supported by parsimony haplotype network analysis and AMOVA of Cyt b. The first lineage is restricted to south eastern Turkey and represents the species Phlebotomus syriacus, the second is present mostly in the westernmost and the easternmost localities and represents P. neglectus, and the third member of this complex is distributed across the mid-northern and mid-southern regions. None of the studied morphological characters were found to be sufficient to discriminate between these three members of the P. major s.l. complex; however their presence sympatrically in several localities supports their status as species rather than inter-population variability.

Turkey's unique role in nipping in the bud the ‘clash of civilizations’

This paper focuses on Turkey, a Muslim (but secular) country located culturally and geographically in, and between, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. It has a well-embedded Jewish community, enjoys a strong positive relationship with the State of Israel and is a long-term member of North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Turkey has also been negotiating entry into the European Union, the pre-eminent example of the Kantian system of ‘perpetual peace.’ The paper addresses these and other aspects of Turkey's complex identity, exploring their implications for ‘civilizational’ peace, security and stability regionally and worldwide. The paper contributes, therefore, to the discussion on the complex relationship between Islam and the West by framing Turkey as uniquely well positioned to undermine and perhaps even reverse self-fulfilling, post-9/11 trajectories toward a full-blown ‘clash of civilizations.’

Towards an integrated policy of risk management: a critical analysis of Turkey and France

This paper discusses the background and issues surrounding Turkish disaster management policy. It also discusses the French experience and provides a comparative analysis and direction for future policy issues concerning both countries. French hazard risk management policies have evolved as a result of European Union (EU) land use, environmental and industrial safety directives. Consistent with Turkey's efforts to join the EU, Turkish policy makers should consider French hazard risk management procedures and incorporate them to the degree that they apply to Turkey's complex hazard management issues. In free societies, the development of long-term strategies for creating sustainable urban environments requires political will and a buy-in from the citizens. Current and future steps that are being taken towards integrating the Turkish society with the EU should include rehabilitation of the emergency management process. The French system, as presented in this paper, is based on principles of risk management that place as much emphasis on the front end (pre-disaster) as on the back end (post-disaster). Turkey should adopt this philosophy. However, the French system cannot be adopted wholesale without a proper analysis that addresses the underlying societal, economic and cultural context of the Turkish system.

Hemorrhagic Syndrome‐Like Disease in Calves with Bovine Viral Diarrhea and Mucosal Disease Complex

Background:Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection is one of the causes of hemorrhagic diathesis in cattle but there have been limited field studies about that condition.Hypothesis:To identify the cause of hemorrhagic diathesis in calves and describe its clinical findings.Animals:Five calves from a farm with 150 dairy cows.Methods:Clinical examination of the calves was performed. After blood samples were obtained from 2 calves, whole blood, sera, and leukocyte samples were used for hematologic and hemostatic examinations, neutralization tests, virus isolation, and viral genome sequencing.Results:The calves had moderate pyrexia, dullness, serous or mucous nasal discharge, and petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages on mucosal surfaces. Severe thrombocytopenia and anemia were identified on hematologic examinations. All calves died within 10 days of the onset of clinical signs. Virologic examinations identified BVDV as the causative agent of the disease.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: This paper identifies a hemorrhagic syndrome‐like disease in calves with bovine viral diarrhea and mucosal disease complex in Turkey.

Hemorrhagic Syndrome–Like Disease in Calves with Bovine Viral Diarrhea and Mucosal Disease Complex

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection is one of the causes of hemorrhagic diathesis in cattle but there have been limited field studies about that condition. To identify the cause of hemorrhagic diathesis in calves and describe its clinical findings. Five calves from a farm with 150 dairy cows. Clinical examination of the calves was performed. After blood samples were obtained from 2 calves, whole blood, sera, and leukocyte samples were used for hematologic and hemostatic examinations, neutralization tests, virus isolation, and viral genome sequencing. The calves had moderate pyrexia, dullness, serous or mucous nasal discharge, and petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages on mucosal surfaces. Severe thrombocytopenia and anemia were identified on hematologic examinations. All calves died within 10 days of the onset of clinical signs. Virologic examinations identified BVDV as the causative agent of the disease. This paper identifies a hemorrhagic syndrome-like disease in calves with bovine viral diarrhea and mucosal disease complex in Turkey.

Installations paléolithiques en Cappadoce. État des connaissances de cinq années de recherche sur les premiers peuplements humains en Anatolie centrale

This paper proposes a synthesis of the excavations of "Kaletepe Deresi 3", an open air Palaeolithic site located in the volvanic region of Central Anatolia (Turkey). The activity of this geological complex generated an important intrusion of obsidian largely used during the prehistoric periode for tool making. The site is located a few kilometers on the eastern slopes of the Göllü Dağ volcano in the proximity of the Kömürcü obsidian intrusions which represent one of the most important obsidian sources in the Near-East with outcrops continuing for more than 3 km. Discovered in summer 2000 during an archeological survey, Kaletepe Deresi 3 is an in situ open air Paleolithic site, yielding 16 archaeological occupations from middle to upper Pleistocene. The data allow the examination of long-term human comportements and illustrate the first discovery of an Acheulean complex in Turkey. The multidisciplinary researches are also integrated to the tephrochronological and paleontological context. Kaletepe Deresi 3 is the first Palaeolithic sequence of Central Anatolia and its oldest archaeological layers illustrate one of the oldest human settlements actually known in Turkey.

Natural enemies of the pear psyllaCacopsylla pyri in treatedvs untreated pear orchards in Antalya, Turkey

Populations of pear psylla,Cacopsylla pyri (L.) (Rhynchota: Psyllidae), and its natural enemies were sampled on pears in Antalya province during the years 2000–2002. Thirty-two species of predators and three species of parasitoids were detected to be associated withC. pyri in Antalya province. The heteropterans (especially anthocorid species) were the most abundant predator group. Among the anthocorids,Anthocoris nemoralis (Fabricius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), whose population was closely related to the dynamics of the pear psylla population, was generally the principal antagonist ofC. pyri. Other species recorded during the study were the miridDeraeocoris spp., the chrysopidChrysoperla carnea L., and many coccinellid species. Although these predators are polyphagous, as are theOrius species, their populations were related to the psylla fluctuations. Among the parasitoid complex belonging to the order Hymenoptera, the encyrtidTrechnites psyllae (Ruschka) was the only primary parasitoid. Two hyperparasites,viz., Syrphophagus mamitus (Walker) andPachyneuron aphidis (Bouche) (Encyrtidae and Pteromalidae, respectively), were detected in the surveys. Also, this study revealed new information concerning the pear psylla parasitoid complex in Turkey. WhileT. psyllae andS. mamitus are new records to Turkish parasitoid fauna,C. pyri is a new host record forP. aphidis. The population development and abundance of pear psylla and its natural enemies, as well as the parasitization rates in treated and untreated pear orchards, are presented here.

High-Modulus Columns for Liquefaction Mitigation

This paper presents the performance of a shopping complex in Turkey where the soils were improved with jet-grout columns and preload fills and subjected to the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake (M57.4). Under construction at the time of the earthquake, the Carrefour Shopping Center covers an area of 55,000 m 2 and is founded on shallow footings, mats, and slabs-on-grade that rest on soft, saturated alluvial sediments consisting of clays, silts, and sands. High-modulus columns constructed by jet grouting were installed at close-to- moderate spacings to reduce anticipated static settlements in the clays and mitigate liquefaction in the sands. The site was subjected to a peak acceleration of approximately 0.2g during the earthquake. Grouting had been completed for about two-thirds of the site when the earthquake struck. Following the event, a field reconnaissance found stark contrast between the performance of the improved and unimproved sections. The jet-grout-treated areas suffered no apparent damage, whereas the unimproved sections of the complex, along with nearby untreated building sites, commonly suffered liquefaction-related settlements of up to 10 cm. This is the only case history known to the authors that documents the field performance of high-modulus columns used in this manner for liquefaction mitigation and direct instrumented measurement of liquefaction-induced settlements.

The Nonea pulla group (Boraginaceae) in Turkey

A field-based revision of the polymorphic Nonea pulla complex in Turkey was carried out in view of the poor systematic knowledge of Nonea in the Middle-East. The taxonomic treatment relies on a wide comparative basis including macro- and micromorphology, karyology, chorology and ecology. Nomenclatural types, synonyms, original distribution maps, descriptions and iconographies are provided for each entity, along with an analytical key allowing identification of the treated taxa. Five species are recognized, N. persica, N. atra, N. macrantha,N. monticola stat. nov., and the newly described N. polychroma. N. persica, described from Iran and never reported for Turkey, is a strongly polymorphic, polyploid species in whose range of variation are to be included other taxa subsequently described. N.polychroma is related to N. caspica rather than to N. pulla, while N. macrantha and N. monticola are mesophytic species showing relationships with other taxa of alpine habitats, such as N. intermedia and N. anchusoides. Systematic relationships between these and other congeneric taxa are discussed in the light of morphological, ecological, karyological and chorological aspects.

Civil‐military relations in Turkey

Turkey's military and political elites have long combined in an uneasy partnership to oversee the Republic's affairs. A number of factors have enabled the military to influence Turkish politics in the name of protecting national unity, democracy, and secularism, including the legacy of the vertically organized Ottoman social system, the role of the army in liberating, building, and modernizing the nation, relatively immature democratic culture and institutions, and numerous constitutional tools. In order to understand Turkey's complex civil‐military relations, especially at a time when Turkey's European Union membership prospects are in limbo, it is important to study the composition of the Turkish officer corps, the military's conscription method, and military style, in conjunction with the political decisionmaking process.

Fission track dating and thermal history of some volcanic and plutonic complex rocks from Turkey and France

Two sets of natural samples of known ages and different geological history have been investigated using the fission track dating method. The corresponding thermal history is studied by extracting: (1) apatite from three lavas samples belonging to the Tertiary Bodrum volcanic complex in Turkey; (2) apatite and sphene were extracted in a single sample of an hercynian granite from the Vosges massif in France. In both cases, these rocks had already been dated either by the K/Ar conventional method or by the 40Ar/ 39Ar method on biotite, K-feldspars or amphibole. For this work, from analysis of both the track length distributions and fission track ages the thermal history can be retraced. For the Turkish samples, the apatite fission track ages are interpreted as emplacement ages. On the other side, for the French sample, the apatite and sphene track analysis show a moderate reheating episode after the lower Triassic.

A taxonomic study of the Lotus corniculatus complex in Turkey

A combination of morphology, chromosome number, and elevation is presently employed to circumscribe and identify the "species" Lotus corniculatus s. str., L. tenuis, and L. alpinus. Ordination analysis of morphological characters indicated continuity of variation. Moreover, moderate correlations were found between most of the characters examined and altitude, suggesting that variation was clinal rather than discontinuous. To examine the relationship between altitude and the taxa, the plants were initially grouped using only altitude as a criterion variable, lowland, moderate altitude, and upper altitude groups, respectively, representing L. tenuis, L. corniculatus, and L. alpinus. Iterative canonical analysis of the morphological data was used to refine the composition of these, and the resulting groups indeed proved to correspond to traditional conceptions of the three taxa. Because more than 40% of the morphological variation useful for discriminating these was explainable simply by the altitudinal gradient, it appears that their taxonomic delimitation amounts partly to an arbitrary trichotomization of a morphological–altitudinal continuum. Chromosome analysis of 29 populations indicated that most plants identifiable as L. corniculatus are tetraploid (2n = 4x = 24), but plants referable to L. tenuis and L. alpinus are either diploid or tetraploid. The taxa of the L. corniculatus complex in Turkey exhibit differences in morphology, chromosome number, and ecology but overlap so notably in these respects that current knowledge is doubtfully adequate for their recognition as species.

Seismic anisotropy in an ophiolite peridotite: Application to oceanic upper mantle

Compressional velocity Vp to 8 kbar and 275°C in a homogeneous, 0.5% porosity, little‐altered harzburgite from the Antalya ophiolite complex in Turkey was measured along the three principal kinematic axes as defined from the preferred orientations of olivine and enstatite. The observed Vp anisotropy was 0.7 km/s for pressures P from 2 to 8 kbar and temperatures T from 25° to 275°C. The seismic anisotropy at 250°C and 5 kbar (15‐km depth) calculated from the single‐crystal elastic constants and the fabric data were within 3% of the observed velocities in the core directions. Measured values of the P and T derivatives of Vp for the three cores are 14 m/s kbar and −0.6 m/s °C, which are in reasonable agreement with calculated average values from single‐crystal data. These data result in a critical thermal gradient of 7.5°C/km. A model of oceanic crust and uppermost mantle (constructed from the structural data in this ophiolite complex) permits an estimation of the azimuthal seismic anisotropy in the uppermost mantle beneath this paleocrust under assumed conditions of 250°C and 15‐km depth. The result is Δ Vp = 0.3 km/s with Vp = 8.46 and 8.16 km/s normal and parallel to the ridge, respectively. The azimuthal shear velocity anisotropy is 0.18 km/s. Measurements of Vp are also presented for three lherzolite cores from Salt Lake Crater, Hawaii. The T derivatives of Vp for these cores agree with those obtained for the harzburgite; however, the P derivatives are consistently higher. The higher values of the P derivatives for the lherzolite sample are considered to result from its higher porosity.

Photoperiodic adaptation of Xanthium strumarium in Europe, Asia Minor, and northern Africa

The range of photoperiodic adaptation among populations of Xanthium strumarium L. in Europe, Asia Minor, and northern Africa is nearly as broad as among populations in North America. Photoperiodic diversity within the indigenous morphological complex, strumarium, is relatively restricted, including night requirements primarily less than 8 h. American introductions include plants with reproductive requirements ranging from 7.5-h nights in northern populations to 10.5–11-h nights in southern populations. Populations in northern Europe in indigenous strumarium and introduced complexes, echinatum and italicum, show a photoperiodic response thinly separated from day neutrality. Southern European populations show reproductive diversity among introduced plants and include sympatric occurrences of three morphological complexes, cavanillesii of South America, chinense of North America, and orientale possibly of North America. The chinense introductions to northern Africa (Morocco, Egypt) are similar to those of Spain with a night requirement of 10.25–10.5 h. Those of Asia Minor include the italicum complex in Turkey and Israel, 9.0–9.25 h, and the chinense complex in southern U.S.S.R., 9.75 h, and in Israel and Iraq, 10.5–11.0 h. Although some of the photoperiodic diversity of the cockleburs of the Old World probably resulted from hybridization between indigenous and introduced plants, the broad adaptive potential was imported from America.