Complex Impedance Spectroscopy Research Articles

N-doped TiO2/rGO: synthesis, structure, optical characteristics, and humidity sensing applications

In the current study, the effect of rGO ratio on the N-dopped TiO2 has been synthesized through sol–gel method. The prepared N-doped TiO2/rGO composites were examined for humidity sensing applications. The relationship between optical properties and the humidity sensing properties was studied. The structure, morphology, and bonding interaction have been examined using XRD, FT-IR, PL and HRTEM respectively. The average particle size as estimated from XRD and HRTEM was found to be about 9 nm. The optical properties have been studied using UV/ Vis. Spectroscopy. Further, optical parameters including refractive index and optical band gap energy have been estimated. The humidity sensing behavior of the resultant composites were evaluated in a wide range of humidity (7%–97% RH) at different testing frequencies. The optical band gap was found to be decreased as the amount of rGO increase. Among all prepared samples, both the optical parameters and humidity sensing experiments confirmed that the 0.5% rGO@N-dopped TiO2 sample is the best candidate for the humidity sensing applications. The best optimum testing frequency was demonstrated to be 50 Hz. The sensor demonstrates a fast response and recovery times of 13 s and 33 s with low hysteresis and large sensitivity. The humidity sensing mechanism was studied using complex impedance spectroscopy at different RH levels under testing frequency range from 50 Hz to 5 MHz and testing voltage of 1 VAC. The produced structure demonstrated a promising material for humidity measuring devices.

Role of Mixed Oxidant and Controlled Oxygen Partial Pressure Heat Treatment to Regulate the Dielectric Properties and Resistivity of SrTiO3-based CP Ceramics

Sr0.99La0.01TiO3 (SLT10) colossal permittivity (CP) ceramic materials were synthesized using solid phase method and secondary heat treated using mixed oxidant 35%Bi2O3-10%Al2O3-20%MgO-25%CuO-10%SiO2 oxidant. The heat treatment atmospheres were chosen as O2, air, and Ar to correspond to different oxygen partial pressures. The dielectric properties of the Sr0.99La0.01TiO3-Percolated (SLT10-P) ceramics were investigated, and the contribution of the oxidant to the resistivity enhancement was verified by complex impedance spectroscopy and DC resistivity tests. Excellent dielectric properties were obtained for SLT10-P Air ceramic sample (16543 for dielectric permittivity and 0.016 for loss tangent), and the resistivity was increased from 2.13×108 Ω·cm (SLT10) to 1.23×1011 Ω·cm (SLT10-P Air). The resistance degradation mechanism of SLT10-P ceramics and oxygen vacancy migration in the process of resistance degradation were studied by using resistance monitoring device and thermally stimulated depolarization currents (TSDC) test. The introduction of oxidant optimizes the temperature stability and resistivity of SLT10 ceramics, but it will lead to the decrease of dielectric permittivity. The atmosphere of heat treatment changed the concentration of oxygen vacancy in ceramics. When SLT10-P O2 was treated in O2 atmosphere, the concentration of oxygen vacancy in ceramics decreased, which led to the decrease of dielectric permittivity and the increase of grain boundary resistance. For SLT10-P Ar ceramic, more oxygen vacancies and free electrons are induced by low oxygen partial pressure heat treatment, which enhances the dipole effect of electron pinning defects and leads to colossal dielectric permittivity, but high concentration of oxygen vacancies will affect the resistance decline. In SLT10-P Air ceramic, the coexistence of colossal permittivity and low loss tangent and high resistance is realized.

Structural and enhanced dielectric properties of Al-modified lanthanum strontium manganites

The crystal structure of La0.7Sr0.3Mn1−xAlxO3 (LSMAO) with x = 0,0.025,0.05,0.075 and 0.10 ceramics prepared by the Sol-gel method were investigated by employing the XRD technique. The XRD patterns analysis by employing the Rietveld analysis confirms the nonexistence of secondary crystal phase/s and, materials are crystallized to the R-3c(167) space group. The microstructural properties were studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The dielectric property, AC conductivity, complex impedance spectroscopy and complex electrical modulus have been studied over a wide range of frequencies (103 Hz–107 Hz) at different temperatures from 313K to 393K. The Non-Debye type relaxation process has been observed in synthesized samples confirmed from the Nyquist plot. The Cole-Cole plots were employed to estimate the individual grain and grain boundary contributions. The Maxwell-Wagner (MW) polarization model provides an explanation for the greater values of dielectric constant at the lower frequencies. The present study explores the technological usefulness of LSMAO.

Comprehensive Analysis of Ni0.4Cu0.2Zn0.4Fe2-4xSn3xO4 Nanospinel Ferrites: Structural, Electrical, and Dielectric Characterization through Advanced Techniques

This study extensively investigates Ni0.4Cu0.2Zn0.4Fe2-4xSn3xO4(x ≤ 0.10) nanospinel ferrites, denoted as NCZFe2-4xSn3xO4 NSFs, focusing on their structural, morphological, electrical, and dielectric characteristics. Utilizing various techniques such as SEM, EDX, TEM, XRD, and impedance analysis, the research confirms the cubic spinel structure and composition of the nanoferrites. The substitution of Sn4+ ions into Ni0.4Cu0.2Zn0.4Fe2O4 NSFs is explored, with a thorough examination of dielectric and electrical parameters up to 1.0 MHz and temperatures ranging from 20 to 180 °C. Complex impedance spectroscopy is employed to represent these parameters in a logarithmic 3D graph, revealing insights into ac/dc conductivity, activation energies, dissipation factor, dielectric constant, and loss. The study observes adherence to the power-law frequency rule in ac conductivity and highlights the impact of temperature and substitution ratios on grains, grain boundaries, and elemental composition. The investigation suggests a conduction mechanism involving electron and polaron hopping, and ionic contributions. Dielectric parameters show frequency-dependent changes that relate the dielectric constant to space charge polarization, inhomogeneous dielectric structure, impurities, and grains/grain boundaries. Cole-Cole impedance plots display semicircles dependent on substitution ratios and temperature, emphasizing contributions from grains, grain boundaries, and ionic mobilities. The Nyquist plots of Cole-Cole impedance functions further underscore substantial complexity in the conduction mechanism of the substituted NCZFe2-4xSn3xO4NSFs.

Influence of TiO2 addition on the Mg4Nb2O9 ceramic phase and its application in the radiofrequency region

In this work, the dielectric properties of (1-x) Mg4Nb2O9 – (x) TiO2 composite ceramics in radiofrequency and the microwave region were evaluated. X-ray diffraction demonstrated that Mg4Nb2O9 (MNO) reacted with TiO2 resulting in the formation of new crystalline phase Mg5(Nb0.625Ti0.375)4O15. Complex Impedance Spectroscopy (CIS) analysis was realized to analysis the electrical properties of materials, whereas was observed that activation energy (Ea) decrease from 1.64 to 1.37 eV with an increase in TiO2 concentration. Temperature capacitance coefficient (TCC) was obtained and showed that at different frequencies all materials could be used as Class 1 ceramic capacitors according to EIA RS-198. In the Microwave region, MNO – TiO2 demonstrated ε’r between 12.07 (MNO) and 14.08 (MNO18T), tan δ values varying of 2.64 × 10-4 (MNO) up to 5.92 × 10−4 (MNOT14). Regarding the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) was observed that the values decreased with the increase in TiO2, with the value closest to zero being that of pure MNO (τf = −27 ppm.°C−1). The results presented show that materials evaluated could be utilized in devices that can be act in radio frequency (RF) and microwave (MW) regions.

Multiple relaxation mechanisms in SrBi2Nb2O9 ceramic tweaked by tin and samarium incorporation in assistance with single-step microwave sintering

Non-stoichiometric lead free polycrystalline Sr0.8Sn0.2Bi1.75Sm0.25Nb2O9 (SSBSN) ferroelectric ceramics were synthesized through conventional solid step route method by incorporating ball milling and microwave sintering method. X-ray diffraction along with the Rietveld refinement technique confirms the single-phase orthorhombic structure with A21 crystal symmetry. Additionally, the short-range ordering was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Doping induced crystallite size and strain were further calculated from the Williamson-Hall plot, which comes around 150 nm and 1.48 × 10–3 respectively. A plate like morphology with an average grain size of 0.41 μm was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A diffuse type ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition was recorded at 395 °C, mostly arising due to structural heterogeneity at the inter-ferroelectric phase boundary. The temperature and frequency-dependent dielectric measurement of SSBSN ceramic reveal a Maxwell–Wagner relaxation, with prominent dielectric loss in a low frequency regime perhaps due to the generation of leakage current in the SSBSN system. Frequency dependent ac conductivity indicates the polaron assisted hopping mechanism in SSBSN, which further obeys Jonscher’s formulation. The intra and intergranular contributions to impedance in SSBSN ceramics were probed by the complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS) technique. A non-Debye type relaxation mechanism in SSBSN ceramics was indicated by the Cole–Cole plot, whereas the conduction mechanism and transport properties were briefly studied using modulus spectroscopy.

Nanostructured ZZO Oxides for TCO Applications: Physical, Dielectric, and Complex Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis

Nanostructured ZZO Oxides for TCO Applications: Physical, Dielectric, and Complex Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis

Influence of grain boundary plane distribution on ionic conductivity in yttria-stabilized zirconia sintered at elevated temperatures

The paper investigates electrical properties of fully stabilized zirconia, which is widely applied as a solid electrolyte in electrochemical devices such as solid oxide fuel cells. High ionic conductivity of these materials is crucial for effective operating of the devices; however, grain boundary resistivity limits conductivity in polycrystalline ceramics. Thus, optimisation of the microstructure of zirconia is necessary from an application point of view. Based on three-dimensional electron backscatter diffraction (3D EBSD) data, the research employed a complex impedance spectroscopy to establish a correlation between microstructure of cubic zirconia sinters and their conductivity. Samples with different levels of anisotropy in grain boundary plane parameters were investigated. The obtained results indicate that the conduction of ions through the grain boundaries is higher in the sample with the higher representation of the near-(001) grain boundaries. Such a relationship suggests that an over-representation of low-energy grain boundaries in zirconia polycrystals leads to an increase of ionic conductivity.

Ionic conductivity and relaxation dynamics in amorphous Li2.94Mn0.06/nPS4 (M = Mg, Ca, Al) and Li2.94CaPS3.94Xy0.06/y (X = I, N) solid electrolytes

Amorphous Li3PS4, Li2.94Mn0.06/nPS4 (M = Mg, Ca, Al) and Li2.94Ca0.03PS3.94Xy0.06/y (X = N, I) solid electrolytes were successfully prepared by planetary ball-milling method. Their structure was investigated using XRD and Raman spectroscopy. The data obtained from complex impedance spectroscopy was analyzed to study the ionic conductivity and relaxation dynamics in the prepared samples. The data was interpreted using conductivity isotherms, electrical modulus and dielectric loss tangent. Among the samples, Li2.94Al0.02PS4 exhibited highest ionic conductivity at 25 °C, which was about 6.6 x 10−4 Scm−1. Electrical modulus and dielectric loss tangent analysis suggested that grain boundary polarization and ionic conductivity increased with multivalence cation doping.

Complex Impedance Study of Graphite Nanopowder (GNP) Reinforced Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)‐Bismuth Ferrite (BiFeO3) Composite Films

AbstractIn this work, the graphite nanopowder (GNP) reinforced poly(vinyl alcohol) based Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3; BFO) composite films with different weight percentages of GNP using a solution casting technique. The electrical properties of GNP‐reinforced PVA composites are investigated using a complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS) technique to show the bulk and grain effect with the rise in frequency by an impedance analyzer in a frequency range from 102 to 106 Hz at room temperature. The single semicircle is showing in the complex planes using the real and imaginary impedance characteristics. The GNP‐reinforced PVA composite films show evidence of bulk and grain impact in complicated impedance analysis. Based on the Nyquist plot, it appeared that only the bulk effects of the resultant composite systems are present.

Temperature and Frequency Dependence of Conductivity, Density of States, and Dielectric Permittivity of Ternary Metal Chalcogenide PbSnSe2 flake

The mechanically cleaved flake of ternary metal chalcogenide PbSnSe2 was transferred onto the interdigitated electrodes to form electrical contacts. The temperature dependent (180 K – 250 K) electrical properties were then analyzed employing complex impedance spectroscopy from 2 kHz - 2MHz. A detailed analysis of Nyquist plots proposed the space charge dependent behavior and negative temperature coefficient of PbSnSe2 flake. The AC conductivity followed Jonscher’s power law with -parameter value being less than unity. The values of -parameter increased with rise in temperature suggesting the presence of non-overlapping small polaron tunneling (NSPT) in the PbSnSe2 flake. From this NSPT model, tunneling distance, hopping energy, and density of states (DOS) were estimated at temperatures from 180 K – 250 K. The dielectric permittivity showed dispersion at lower frequencies and the tangent loss was also found to be directly related to temperature. A single semicircular arc in complex modulus analysis showed the dominance of bulk effect in the material.

Investigation of hybrid phosphate by complex impedance spectroscopy

In this study, we synthesized a hybrid compound, namely 4-carboxyphenylammonium dihydrogen monophosphate (C7H8O2N+.H2PO4−)[4-CADP], and successfully grew single crystals using the slow evaporation technique from an aqueous solution. Impedance measurements were conducted over a frequency range spanning 1Hz to 1MHz. Various electrical properties were systematically examined and analyzed. To the best of our knowledge, this approach has not been used before for many works carried out by spectroscopy impedance.The impedance analysis revealed that the material exhibits conductivity following Joncher's universal law with a double power law. Additionally, we conducted a thorough examination of the permittivity, modulus, and loss tangent. The atomic structure of the compound is characterized by infinite polyanions [H2PO4−]n, organized in ribbons that alternate with organic cations. The cohesion of these distinct components is facilitated by robust hydrogen bonds.

Investigation of Structural, Dielectric, Magnetic and Impedance Spectroscopy of MgO/CuFe2O4 Nanocomposites

This study investigates the properties of (MgO)x/(CuFe2O4)1-x x= 10–50 wt.% nanocomposites (NCPs) prepared by physical mixing of both materials. The crystal structure, phase identification and morphology were analyzed by x-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The investigation revealed the formation of required phases which are in nanometer dimension (22–54 nm) computed by Debye-Sherrer’s formula. Both the real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant (ε/ & ε//), a.c. conductivity (σac), and impedance were measured in the frequency range of 1kHz to 2MHz by LCR meter. The ε/ and ε// revealed a decreasing trend with frequency, while MgO weight fractions in NCPs enhance the permittivity values. The real and imaginary parts of impedance (Z/ & Z//) demonstrate a decreasing trend with frequency which is ascribed to increase in σac. The complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS) analysis shows semicircular arcs at higher frequency, which are due to electrical transport properties of conducting grains. The effect of MgO contents on magnetic properties were analyzed by measuring M-H loops at room temperature through vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Both the saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity (Hc) values show a decreasing profile with MgO fractions, which are due to increase in nonmagnetic contents and decrease in surface anisotropy respectively.

Improved magnetoelectric coupling of Co–Ti substituted barium hexaferrite at room temperature and related electrical investigations

This paper reports a systematic study of the electrical, multiferroic and magnetoelectric coupling properties of Co–Ti substituted Barium hexaferrites, having the chemical composition BaFe12-2xCoxTixO19 (x = 0–2.0; in steps of 0.5), synthesized using the sol gel auto-combustion method. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) studies and Rietveld refinement confirmed the successful incorporation of Co–Ti ions in the hexaferrite lattice with all the samples displaying Pb63/mmc space group single phase structure. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images revealed the inhibition of crystal growth in a particular direction with Co–Ti substitution. The conduction mechanisms of the samples were analysed from the conductivity measurements and were found to follow Jonschers power law. The complex impedance spectroscopy analysis and the Cole-Cole plot fitted diagrams of the samples indicated the enhancement of bulk resistivity and grain boundary resistivity with substitution. Saturation magnetizations of the substituted samples decreased and were ascribed to the replacement of Fe ions by Co–Ti ions at different crystallographic sites. The observed reduction in anisotropy constant indicated the disturbance in the magnetic axis. The multiferroic nature of the substituted samples at room temperature was confirmed from the soft ferroelectric loops. Room temperature magnetoelectric coupling coefficient was found to be largely enhanced with substitution, achieving an exceptionally high value of 182mV/cmOe for the x = 1.5 sample. This may prove useful for potential use in emerging device applications as a single phase room temperature multiferroic material.

Doping effects of transition metals and rare earth ions in KMPO4:Ln ceramics: Implications for electrical and microstructural characteristics

A series of ceramic materials with the chemical formula KMPO4 (M = Mg, Mn, Ni, Cu) and KMgPO4:Ln (Ln = Nd, Dy, Er) were obtained by the solid-state reaction method. Analysis via X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that these materials exhibited distinct crystal systems, depending on the divalent used metal. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) was employed to characterize the P–O bonds within the coordination polyhedral. Energy-Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the presence of the constituent elements and the quantity of dopants incorporated into the crystalline structure. Complex Impedance Spectroscopy (CIS) was utilized to evaluate the conductivity of these compounds. Notably, conduction in these materials is predominantly cationic within the temperature range of 513–653K, occurring as ions migrate due to thermal agitation. Materials doped with rare earth ions demonstrated low activation energy values, making them promising candidates for use[n electrochemical applications, particularly in potassium-based batteries.

Temperature and frequency dependent conductive behavior study on polymer-derived SiBCN ceramics

Conductive behavior research is vital for in-depth understanding the conductive capabilities of materials as well as promoting the development of their applications in fields such as electronics, energy and sensing. In the article, the AC conductive behavior was systematically evaluated for polymer-derived SiBCN ceramics by complex impedance spectroscopy and electrical modulus methods. The results suggest that SiBCN ceramics have a frequency-independent conductivity at low frequencies, whereas it exhibits a relaxation process with increasing frequency at high frequencies. In addition, the SiBCN ceramics follow the electron hopping conductive mechanism in both low and high-frequency bands over the testing temperature range. By considering the relationship between the prefactor σ0 and T0, the conductive mechanism is revealed to be the band-tailed state hopping instead of the variable range hopping. It is worth noting that although the material has the same conductive mechanism at various testing temperatures, hopping is mainly controlled by the matrix phase at low frequencies; while at high frequencies, hopping is dominated by free carbon phase. Our results provide the underlying insights needed to guide the design of amorphous SiBCN ceramics for applications in electrically relevant fields.

Study of Electrical and Dielectric Behaviors of Copper-Doped Zinc Oxide Ceramic Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering for Electronic Device Applications.

In this study, Cu-doped ZnO aerogel nanoparticles with a 4% copper concentration (Cu4ZO) were synthesized using a sol-gel method, followed by supercritical drying and heat treatment. The subsequent fabrication of Cu4ZO ceramics through Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) equipped with EDS, and impedance spectroscopy (IS) across a frequency range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz and temperatures from 270 K to 370 K. The SPS-Cu4ZO sample exhibited a hexagonal wurtzite structure with an average crystallite size of approximately 229 ± 10 nm, showcasing a compact structure with discernible pores. The EDS spectrum indicates the presence of the base elements zinc and oxygen with copper like the dopant element. Remarkably, the material displayed distinct electrical properties, featuring high activation energy values of about 0.269 ± 0.021 eV. Complex impedance spectroscopy revealed the impact of temperature on electrical relaxation phenomena, with the Nyquist plot indicating semicircular arc patterns associated with grain boundaries. As temperature increased, a noticeable reduction in the radius of these arcs occurred, coupled with a shift in their center points toward the axis center, suggesting a non-Debye-type relaxation mechanism. Dielectric analyses revealed a temperature-driven evolution of losses, emphasizing the material's conductivity impact. Non-Debye-type behavior, linked to ion diffusion, sheds light on charge storage dynamics. These insights advance potential applications in electronic devices and energy storage.

Mg doped ZnO Nanostructures: application as an environmental photo-catalyst

In this era, metal oxide nanoparticles with appliances in solar, catalysis, sensors, actuators, and many other fields, are highly sought-after because of their wide band gap. This study examines the Mg doped ZnO nanoparticles for the structural, electrical transportation and photo-catalytic behaviour. The XRD, FT-IR (Infrared Spectroscopy), PL (Photoluminescence), and Complex Impedance Spectroscopy were used to characterise the prepared sample. The wurtzite hexagonal structure in space group P63mc was shown by the XRD data. The analyzed crystallite sizes, planner distances, and cell volumes of Mg doped ZnO nanoparticles are 35.2 nm, 2.6122 Å, and 60.91 Å3, respectively. The aggregation in sample is visible in the micrographs. The PL spectra was traced at an excitation wavelength of 330 nm (λ) using a PL spectrometer. Using the FTIR approach, IR spectra with acmes about 520–640 cm-1 were traced, leading to Zn–O bond stretching. Using a photocatalytic reactor, the photocatalytic degradation of magnesium-doped ZnO nanoparticles was measured for two hours. For the Mg doped ZnO sample, the degradation efficiencies (ɳ%) is 67 percent.

Evolution of conduction mechanism in Ca-doped YFe0.5Co0.5O3 compound by complex impedance spectroscopy

The ceramic samples of Y1-xCaxFe0.5Co0·5O3 (x = 0.15, 0.25, 0.35) has been synthesized using solid-state reaction method. These samples exhibited orthorhombic perovskite structure and belonged to the Pbnm space group. X-ray analysis confirmed that Ca2+ ions replaced Y3+ ions at the A-site of perovskite structured YFe0·5Co0·5O3 compound, while XPS studies confirmed the oxidation states of the constituent atoms. SEM micrographs and Williamson-Hall analysis showed that the crystallite size reduces with increasing Ca content, resulting in a strain-free, accommodated and stable microstructure. Complex impedance spectroscopic investigations established that the dispersion behaviors exhibited by the samples are due to Interfacial and Bulk polarizations. These phenomena are attributed to the accumulation of space charges and the hopping of electrons, respectively. Study further explore the semiconducting nature and negative temperature coefficient behavior of the material. Nyquist plots showed that grain interior is the major contributor to the conduction mechanism, while grain boundaries playing a secondary role. Correlated Barrier Hopping (CBH) has emerged as a suitable model to elucidate the conduction mechanism. The conduction process facilitated by CBH could potentially account for the observed negative permittivity in the material.

Investigation of Terp-Pyr/p-Si diode using complex impedance spectroscopy depending on measurement temperatures and frequencies

A unique Al/Terp-Pyr/p-Si/Al diode structure that has not before been presented was introduced in this paper. Utilizing capacitance-conductance-frequency (C-G-f) characteristics in the frequency range of 20 Hz− 1.5 MHz for four temperatures of 300 K, 325 K, 350 K, and 375 K, admittance analysis was carried out to disclose the impedance and dielectric properties of the diode. The appearance of interface states at the Terp-Pyr/p-Si interface leads to an increase in capacitance values at low frequencies. Using complex impedance spectroscopy, the impedance characteristics of the Al/ Terp-Pyr/p-Si/Al Schottky diode were examined. The fabricated diode’s dielectric, modulus, and ac conductivity properties were investigated in the same frequency and temperature range. It has been revealed that while ϵ′\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\epsilon }^{{\\prime }}$$\\end{document} decreases up to high frequencies for all temperatures, it grows with temperature in the low-frequency zone. It becomes apparent that while the real component (M’) of modulus grows for all temperatures from low to high frequencies, it decreases at high frequencies as temperature rises. remarkably adjustable temperature, voltage, and frequency tuning of the dielectric constants (ϵ′,ϵ′′)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$({\\epsilon }^{{\\prime }},{{\\epsilon }^{{\\prime }}}^{{\\prime }})$$\\end{document} and dielectric loss tangent (tanδ). Additionally, the equivalent circuit of the Al/ Terp-Pyr/p-Si/Al Schottky diode and Cole-Cole diagrams were explored.