Complex Conversion Process Research Articles

Improvement strategy evaluation from coupled energy-flow perspective on the GaSb thermophotovoltaic cell

Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) emerges as a novel high-efficiency generation technology, showcasing enormous potential in various sustainable energy solutions. Aiming to understand the complex conversion process between radiative, electrical and thermal energies within TPVs, a multi-physics coupled model is established. From the heat generation, temperature and carrier perspectives, the output performance is analyzed in detail. Under 1200 K black-body radiation, the energy loss distribution in the GaSb cell is analyzed meticulously, where Joule heat (40.4 %), surface recombination heat (23.1 %) and thermalization heat (20.8 %) play predominant roles. As it stands, the cell temperature rises to a maximum of 317.0 K with a cooling intensity of 300 W/(m2·K). The minimum of the average cell temperature (approximately 312.3 K) occurs at the optimized working voltage of 0.3 V. Subsequently, the electrical characteristics are illustrated. The results indicate a maximum output power underestimation of 4.6 % compared to the uncoupled isothermal case. Based on the coupled model, a quantitative analysis of the anti-reflection coating (ARC), the structural adjustment (SA) and the selective emitter (SE) is conducted. The results reveal that the ARC case exhibits the most enhancement in the output power (55.3 %) followed by the SA case, which effectively improves it by 12.2 %. Although the SE case partially decreases the output power (−9.8 %), it shows promise in promoting conversion efficiency. Integrating the above strategies, the TPV system achieves an impressive conversion efficiency of 29.38 %, representing a 76.46 % improvement compared to the prototype with the cell only.

Analysis of various feedstocks’s used for biogas generation

Worldwide, there is increasing awareness that the use of alternative energy technology is one of the best means to accomplish development of sustainable energy. One of the method is to convert the compounds which are full of organic biodegradable material into useful material. This involves a basic but complex conversion process known as anaerobic digestion. The production of Biogas can be done by organic waste material like forest dry leaves, flowers, fruits, materials from animals such as cowdung, poultry waste, materials which are bi products of dairy and food industries. The vegetable waste in finely shredded form from our kitchen can also be used for biogas. Initially the process was very much time consuming as the technical parameters related to biogas production were not known. It has been observed that the generation of biogas can be controlled by monitoring various parameters related to design of biogas plant, internal parameters related to digestion process and also use of different feedstock’s. This paper highlights the use of different feedstock materials for biogas generation.

Advanced Biomass-to-value Chains by Integrating Hydrothermal Carbonization Into Complex Conversion Process Schemes

Advanced Biomass-to-value Chains by Integrating Hydrothermal Carbonization Into Complex Conversion Process Schemes

Efficient quantization and fixed-point representation for MIMO turbo-detection and turbo-demapping

In the domain of wireless digital communication, floating-point arithmetic is generally used to conduct performance evaluation studies of algorithms. This is typically limited to theoretical performance evaluation in terms of communication quality and error rates. For a practical implementation perspective, using fixed-point arithmetic instead of floating-point reduces significantly implementation costs in terms of area occupation and energy consumption. However, this implies a complex conversion process, particularly if the considered algorithm includes complex arithmetic operations with high accuracy requirements and if the target system presents many configuration parameters. In this context, the purpose of the paper is to present an efficient quantization and fixed-point representation for turbo-detection and turbo-demapping. The impact of floating-to-fixed-point conversion is illustrated upon the error-rate performance of the receiver for different system configurations. Only a slight degradation in the error-rate performance of the receiver is observed when implementing the detector and demapper modules which utilize the devised quantization and fixed-point arithmetic rather than floating-point arithmetic.

Membrane applications for biogas production and purification processes: an overview on a smart alternative for process intensification

Biogas is the result of a complex conversion process that takes place because of the metabolic activity of various types of bacteria.

Pathology harmony moves on: progress on implementation in haematology

Pathology harmony moves on: progress on implementation in haematology

Scandinavian Converts to Catholicism in Rome, 1673–17061

This article presents an analysis of a group of converts to Roman Catholicism, hitherto largely unknown in historical research, of Scandinavian origin received in the late 17th and early 18th centuries in Rome by Ospizio dei Convertendi. The article provides an overview of the converts and their motives, examining different factors which influenced the complex conversion process. It suggests that the key factors were often of a social rather than a religious nature, and that the conversions as a whole cannot be explained by Queen Christina's example and presence in Rome.

Tenth revision mortality rates and NIOSH Life Table Analysis

Purpose The NIOSH Life Table Analysis System for Personal Computers (PC LTAS) was recently updated to reflect changes in the newly adopted Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Disease (ICD-10). Methods Previously available only through 1998, we recently updated all reference death rate files for the United States, states and counties. These can be utilized as internal or external reference populations. Tenth revision causes of death were added after review for compatibility with PC LTAS death categories for prior ICD revisions 5 through 9. Results Several categories were revised to accommodate changes in medical nomenclature including mesothelioma, cancer of the pleura and liver, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, leukemia, unintentional injuries and others. U.S. mesothelioma deaths for 1998–1999 are compared to prior years. Testing of algorithms and limitations of the conversion process are discussed. Conclusion The complex conversion process and resulting algorithms for ICD codes, categories, and ICD revisions are described for two new U.S. rate files: 1960 through 2002 and 1940 through 2002. The PC LTAS may be used by researchers to conduct comparative mortality and morbidity analyses using person-time-at-risk for corresponding age, race, sex, and calendar time-specific reference mortality rates during the period 1940 through 2002.

SIMULATION AND VERIFICATION OF PARTICLE COAGULATION DYNAMICS FOR A PULSED INPUT

The existing method was improved to simulate the coagulation process. In this method, Smoluchowski discrete equation was directly solved using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. Through incorporating five different collision results of two colliding particles in different or same sections into calculation process, the coagulation process was simulated exactly. This process avoids the complex conversion process and additional assumptions as the previous works. Mass balance was strictly realized during the whole process. Changes due to different fractal dimension D, shear rate G and different coagulation kernels were demonstrated. Finally, experimental study was used to check the simulation result.