Complete Transactions Research Articles

The role of digital arbitration in the resolution of electronic commerce disputes between the necessity of application and the imperative of confrontation

The world has recently undergone a major shift in international information technology, software and communications, which has been regarded as a global revolution in many areas. and transformed traditional means of commercial transactions into electronic means of communication through the promotion, exchange and completion of transactions of goods using modern telecommunications and information exchange technology without the parties meeting in one place, Whether mutual commitments can be implemented electronically or require concrete physical implementation which created for us e-commerce that has become a reality of a real pension, It is also one of the economic pillars of the State and an important mechanism for raising productivity. This necessitates the provision of the appropriate legal environment and the search for means to ensure that they are controlled within a systematic and regulated legal framework, In particular, contracts involving international parties via the Internet require delving into private international law, the determination of the judicial area for the resolution of electronic commerce disputes and the determination of applicable law was a major burden on parties and States, which prompted their clients to seek alternative electronic mechanisms to replace traditional courts to settle disputes resulting from the use of electronic media in their commercial transactions, so-called ODR dispute resolution. s electronic teleconference, this has made recourse to electronic or digital arbitration as a virtual judge system a requirement of many international organizations and associations. The forms raised: how effective is digital or electronic arbitration in resolving e-commerce disputes? We therefore divide our research into two sections, dealing with section I: the conceptual framework for electronic commerce as well as digital electronic arbitration, and section II: the role of digital arbitration in the termination and resolution of e-commerce disputes.

Legal Certainty for Consumers of Tapak House Based on Purchase Binding Agreements with Pre Project-Selling System

The Purchase Binding Agreement (PBA) was born as a result of the existence of several requirements stipulated by law in the sale of houses Tapak, have not yet been fulfilled which ultimately inhibits the completion of the sale transaction. To still be able to buying and selling houses Tapak then the parties agreed to buy and sell will be done after the certificate is taken care of or after the price is paid in full and to keep the agreement, it is still implemented well while the requirements requested can still be taken care of then the parties poured the initial agreement in the PBA. However, not yet sale and purchase of houses Tapak through the Deed of Sale in front of Land Deed Making Official required by law can be detrimental the consumer, if the consumer has paid the sale price, ownership the right to housing has not yet been transferred from the agents of development because it has not been fulfilled-conditions requested by law. This research purpose was to explain the legal certainty for consumers in buying and selling houses Tapak based on the Purchase Binding Agreement with the pre project selling system after it occurs real surrender by development actors. Sale and purchase of houses Tapak based on the Purchase Binding Agreement with the pre system project selling is a solution when the provisions in the Civil Code differ from the provisions contained in the Basic Regulations Agrarian Principles, but this can cause uncertainty the law for consumers when the home buyer consumers have paid the price in full the house but the development agent did not submit proof of ownership rights to consumers of Tapak house buyers. Tapak house buyers have a Letter of Engagement Agreement for Sale and Purchase so that when the site is submitted to consumers are buyers of Tapak houses by development actors, so the position of consumers is not clear. Consumers who buy houses Tapak are not the recipients of power of attorney development not as a landlord tenant. This is what gives rise legal uncertainty.

Framework CSS: Tailwind CSS Untuk Front-End Website Store PT. XYZ

This research aims to apply Tailwind CSS as a CSS Framework on the website store’s PT. XYZ to be more responsive and have the freedom to determine the style and layout according to the analysis of website needs. This study was carried out at PT. XYZ in Subang Regency, where conducting product transactions with customers needs the creation of a store website. The phases of requirements analysis, design, implementation, and modification are all included in the research methodology. The UI/UX design at PT is reflected in the front end of the website store. Utilize utility classes to create UI elements in Tailwind CSS during the front-end design phase. It has been demonstrated that you may implement internet shop display designs more rapidly and freely give styles and layouts according to your demands by using the Tailwind CSS Framework. In addition, the responsive display facilitates cross-platform user experience by making it simpler for customers to complete transactions.

Designing a Blockchain-based SME transaction model using the Federated Byzantine Agreement to shorten transaction validation times

Since the world experienced the Covid-19 pandemic, the role of MSMEs in the e-commerce sector has grown rapidly and contributed 50% of Indonesia's GDP. However, investors and some consumers still underestimate MSMEs. They have a low level of trust in MSMEs. This is due to the lack of a transparent system so that cases of fraud against MSME products often occur. This issue of trust and transparency needs to be resolved with technological solutions. One technology that can solve this problem is Blockchain. However, currently there are still validation problems if it is to be implemented in MSMEs. This research aims to resolve validation time constraints in the implementation of MSMEs. This research builds a Blockchain-based MSME transaction model using Federated Byzantine Agreement (FBA) algorithm to solve validation time problems. The result shows that FBA is able to complete transactions with the fastest validation time compared to Proof of Work (POW), Proof of State (POS), and Proof of Authority (POA).

Android Application for Online Fertilizer Selling and Accounting

The "Android Application for Online Fertilizer Selling and Accounting" aims to streamline the process of buying and selling fertilizers through a user-friendly mobile application. This comprehensive platform facilitates a secure and convenient marketplace for users, integrating essential features for both buyers and sellers. The application encompasses user authentication, a detailed product catalog, efficient shopping cart functionality, secure checkout and payment options, order tracking, and dedicated interfaces for sellers to manage their products and orders. For buyers, the application provides an intuitive interface to explore a diverse catalog of fertilizers, categorized for easy navigation. Users can securely authenticate, add products to their cart, and complete transactions using various payment methods. The order tracking feature ensures transparency and keeps users informed about the status of their purchases. The application also maintains an order history for reference. Sellers benefit from a dedicated management interface, allowing them to efficiently update and manage their fertilizer inventory. The platform ensures accurate accounting through the integration of invoicing features, generating detailed invoices for each transaction. This streamlines the selling process and helps sellers keep track of their sales and revenue. By combining the convenience of online shopping with robust accounting functionalities, the Android application for online fertilizer selling and accounting seeks to enhance the overall experience for users in the agricultural sector. The goal is to foster a reliable and efficient marketplace that meets the needs of both buyers and sellers in the fertilizer industry.

Building a reputation for trustworthiness: Experimental evidence on the role of the feedback rate

In 25 years, research on reputation-based online markets has produced robust evidence on the existence of the so-called reputation effect, that is the positive relation between online traders’ reputations and these traders’ market success in terms of sales and prices. However, there is an ongoing debate on what the size of the reputation effect means. We argue that the rate of truthful feedback that traders leave after completed transactions is negatively related to the size of the reputation effect. The higher the rate of truthful feedback, the quicker will untrustworthy traders be screened and disincentivized to enter the market. With mostly trustworthy traders entering the market, buyers will demand smaller price discounts from market entrants without a good reputation. We test this mechanism empirically in two laboratory experiments. In both experiments, we systematically vary the probability with which information about sellers’ behavior in an economic trust game is recorded and shown to future interaction partners of these sellers. In the second experiment, we introduce competition among sellers by allowing buyers to choose one of two sellers in each interaction. We find that sellers give discounts to buyers to build or repair their reputation and that sellers who give discounts or have a good reputation are trusted more. However, we do not find support for our hypothesis that a higher feedback rate significantly decreases sellers’ propensity to give discounts. We argue and show in exploratory analyses that this is likely due to the high level of unconditional trust buyers exhibit towards sellers without a reputation. Yet, seller competition increases the propensity to offer discounts among sellers without a reputation the most.

Employment the database of software (Microsoft Access) in implementing and printing official documents

As a result of higher development in the world in all its fields, the circle of requirements of that development has increased in general and in administrative work specially expanded in terms of the introduction of new administrative systems and generated a routine movement that disrupts the flow of transactions in all government institutions, this has a negative impact on the speed of completing transactions and the exertion of great effort. By employees in exchange for a small number of completed transactions compared to the large numbers of uncompleted transactions. The need for technological intervention in this field has necessitated the solution of this problem, through the use of the technological capabilities available in those institutions, which are within the reach of the institution’s employees and which do not cost anything. Financial sums, as it meets the actual need to complete administrative work in a complete and simplified manner in a very short time, and there is no need to contract with software companies that work to design a special program for the organization for very exorbitant amounts, in addition to the complexity of the programs, which requires enrolling employees in training courses on how to use it, in addition to an inventory. Update to the program by the company that designed it.

Energy-latency trade-off analysis for scientific workflow in cloud environments: The role of processor utilization ratio and mean grey wolf optimizer

Cloud computing has demonstrated its effectiveness in handling complex data that requires substantial computational power, immediate responsiveness, and ample storage capacity. However, there are significant challenges when it comes to distributing intricate tasks, such as workflows structured in a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG), across cloud resources. These challenges include increased energy consumption and delays experienced by end-users due to geographical disparities between users and service providers. To address these issues, this research work introduces an innovative solution that utilizes a multi-objective Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) algorithm for optimizing the allocation of complex workflows. The primary objective of this workflow optimization is to achieve the highest possible processor utilization ratio while adhering to latency constraints. This approach consists of a two-step process. In the initial step, it assesses processor utilization by calculating the number of completed transactions within a specified period divided by the average power consumption. This evaluation ensures that processors operate at the most power-efficient utilization levels, resulting in the highest service profit. In the second step, an optimal mapping algorithm assigns workflow tasks to the most efficient destinations. This is accomplished by applying the Mean Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm, which is a metaheuristic technique. The goal is to find an optimal pairing of tasks and virtual machines (VMs) that balances multiple objectives. The simulation of this approach was conducted using the Java-based open-source CloudSim simulator version 5.0. The experimental results from a series of trials indicate that the ELSCiW approach leads to various improvements, including a reduction in latency ranging from approximately 5.35% to 12.92%, a decrease in end-to-end delay costs of about 5.03% to 13.80%, a reduction in energy consumption within the range of 4.71% to 11.19%, an enhancement in load balancing of around 14.84% to 37.30%, an improvement in performance degradation of about 12.52% to 35.14%, a decrease in overhead by approximately 17.27% to 26.92%, and an increase in the quality of service of roughly 56.21% to 64.85%. Furthermore, the ELSCiW approach outperforms recent state-of-the-art metaheuristic methods, as confirmed by statistical findings that emphasize the robustness of the proposed algorithm.

The Inter-governmental Relations among Sovereign States, Social Responsibility and the Completion of Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions Transactions by Chinese Companies along the “Belt and Road’’

The Inter-governmental Relations among Sovereign States, Social Responsibility and the Completion of Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions Transactions by Chinese Companies along the “Belt and Road’’

The moral embeddedness of cryptomarkets: text mining feedback on economic exchanges on the dark web

Abstract Reputation systems promote cooperation in large-scale online markets for illegal goods. These so-called cryptomarkets operate on the Dark Web, where legal, social, and moral trust-building mechanisms are difficult to establish. However, for the reputation mechanism to be effective in promoting cooperation, traders have to leave feedback after completed transactions in the form of ratings and short texts. Here we investigate the motivational landscape of the reputation systems of three large cryptomarkets. We employ manual and automatic text mining methods to code 2 million feedback texts for a range of motives for leaving feedback. We find that next to self-regarding motives and reciprocity, moral norms (i.e. unconditional considerations for others’ outcomes) drive traders’ voluntary supply of information to reputation systems. Our results show how psychological mechanisms interact with organizational features of markets to provide a collective good that promotes mutually beneficial economic exchange.

A systematic review of customer Sharia compliance behaviour in Islamic banks: determinants and behavioural intention

PurposeThis study aims to investigate what past scholars have learned about Muslim consumer compliance behaviour in Islamic banks and identify what future research is needed. In addition, it also explores the relationship model between the previously studied determining factors and the customer’s Sharia compliance behaviour.Design/methodology/approachThis study used a bibliometric–systematic literature review analysis using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) technique by reviewing the articles published from 2013 to 2023. The PRISMA procedures involved several stages, including identification, screening, eligibility, analysis and conclusion based on the findings.FindingsThe results found that customer Sharia compliance behaviour determinants in Islamic banks are attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, Islamic financial literacy, religiosity, consumer conformity, Islamic branding and behavioural intention. Interestingly, the results indicated that such factors as consumer conformity, Islamic branding and sustainable intentions are less discussed.Practical implicationsDecision-makers in Islamic banks must use digital technology to offer better service and make operations more reachable for customers to access information, complete transactions and manage their accounts by Sharia principles. Therefore, the bank needs to continually produce innovative products and services so that customers have a greater variety of options to suit their Sharia-compliant financial needs. Theoretically, this study has contributed by finding the main critical domains influencing customers’ Sharia compliance behaviour, such as attitudes, subjective norms, perceptions of behavioural control, knowledge of Islamic finance, religiosity, consumer conformity, Islamic branding and behavioural intentions. Then, it makes a theoretical contribution by establishing a model that explains how customers make decisions based on Sharia-related factors in the context of their purchases.Originality/valuePast studies focused on the Sharia compliance behaviour in paying Zakat for takaful customers. Therefore, this study provides critical factors of Sharia compliance behaviour on conformity, Islamic branding and sustainable intention regarding unexplored consensus on the determinants and outcomes of customer Sharia compliance behaviour of Islamic banking.

The impact of dividends on stock prices for the period (2016-2021) (Ashur International Investment Bank) A case study

The research aims to analyze the relationship between dividends and stock prices based on some financial indicators specific to the study sample, namely (earnings per share, dividend payout ratio, market value of the stock to return with growth) and their impact on Ashur International Investment Bank share prices. The research found that there is a direct relationship between undistributed profits and the share of dividends per share, and an inverse relationship between the share of dividends per share and the number of shares traded. The research recommended the need to develop trading, clearing and settlement systems using electronic trading systems to raise the efficiency and speed of dealing in securities and increase transparency. And security for dealers, and the introduction of the remote trading service in order to enable brokerage institutions to complete transactions from their offices without the need for the presence of their representatives in the market.

Determining Factors of E-Wallet Use Behavioral Intention: Application and Extension of The UTAUT Model

Technological developments are changing society's transaction patterns, both individual and corporate. Technology also has an important role with the emergence of new innovations in the financial sector which periodically replace the role of cash as a transaction tool with digital financial transactions. Digital financial transactions are increasingly in demand in the financial sector and have high potential to replace cash and become the most effective way to complete transactions quickly. Currently, the use of e-wallets based on non-cash transactions is growing due to the ease and practicality of transactions (starting from simple, time efficient, lots of promos offered, no need to go to the bank, and safe) offered by digital wallet service providers. This research aims to look at determining factors of e-wallet use behavioral intention: application and extension of the UTAUT model. The objects of this research were e-wallet service users in the city of Padang with a sample of 210 people. The sampling technique uses a nonprobability sampling method with a purposive sampling technique. The independent variables in this research are effort expectancy, perceived enjoyment, performance expectancy, then the dependent variable behavioral intention and the mediating variable satisfaction. The analysis method used is Partial Least Square (PLS). The research results found that effort expectancy has a positive and significant effect on behavioral intention. Performance expectancy Negative has no significant effect on behavioral intention. Effort expectancy has a positive and significant effect on satisfaction. Perceived enjoyment has a positive and significant effect on satisfaction. Performance expectancy Positive has no significant effect on satisfaction. Satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on behavioral intention. Perceived enjoyment has a positive and significant effect on effort expectancy. Perceived enjoyment has a positive and significant effect on performance expectancy. Effort expectancy has a positive and significant effect on behavioral intention with satisfaction as an intervening variable. Performance expectancy Positive has no significant effect on behavioral intention with satisfaction as an intervening variable

Reinforcement of colon anastomosis healing with leukocyte platelet-rich fibrin in rabbit model

AimThis study investigated the regenerative efficacy of leukocyte platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) on colon anastomotic healing in rabbits. Main methodsThirty-six healthy male white New Zealand rabbits were subjected to complete transactions of the ascending colon. The rabbits were equally divided into two groups: the control group, where the transected colon ends were anastomosed by a simple interrupted suture pattern, and the L-PRF-treated group, in which L-PRF was wrapped entirely around the anastomotic line. The postoperative acute pain scale was assessed using the Bristol Rabbit Pain Scale before surgery and at each four-hour interval post-operatively. After euthanizing the rabbits, the adhesion degree score, anastomotic bursting pressure, and stenosis degree of the anastomotic colon were assessed, and histopathological examination at the 7th, 14th, and 28th days postoperatively. Key findingsRabbits in both groups showed a significant increase in pain scores compared to baseline. Postoperatively, the L-PRF group exhibited significantly lower pain scores, adhesion scores, and stenosis degrees than the control group. However, the anastomotic bursting pressure was significantly higher in the L-PRF group. Re-epithelialization, polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration, granulation tissue formation, and collagen deposition scores were improved considerably in the L-PRF group compared to the control group. Immunostaining of growth factor expression was significantly lower in the control than in the L-PRF group. SignificanceThe L-PRF can augment collagen deposition, re-epithelialize the mucosa, promote angiogenesis, reduce adhesions, and diminish the stenosis degree scores. Therefore, it can be considered a promising aid in healing bowel anastomoses.

ПІДВИЩЕННЯ РОЛІ БАНКІВСЬКИХ УСТАНОВ У РОЗВИТКУ РИНКУ ЦІННИХ ПАПЕРІВ В УКРАЇНІ

It is noted that the concept of liquidity in the securities market has a slightly different meaning compared to the concepts of liquidity in securities, banks, or enterprises. Over the years of research, the liquidity of the securities market has been defined in various ways, depending on the specific characteristics under examination. It has been established that businesses accumulate surplus monetary resources (savings) from the public through institutional investors such as pension funds, insurance companies, commercial banks, and investment institutes, converting these resources into investments. The government implements its credit and monetary policies through the issuance of state securities. Fiscal and monetary policies, in turn, serve as tools employed by the government to regulate the interactions of participants in the stock market. Overall, the economic policy of the state, as expressed in the balance between state investments and state consumption, plays a role in determining the wage levels in the public sector, influencing investment opportunities, business needs, and the level of savings among the population. It is argued that in modern studies, the concept of market liquidity is considered in the context of a specific issuance of securities, with the primary focus on the ability to quickly complete a substantial transaction (involving a significant volume of securities) and its impact on the market price of the specific security issue in question. Moreover, the liquidity of a particular issuance of securities is somewhat interconnected with the overall liquidity of securities since the rapid completion of a substantial transaction with minimal impact on the market price is linked to the investor's ability to quickly sell the security at a reasonable cost. The market density of a specific security issue reveals how much the supply and demand prices (current quotations) of those securities deviate from the average market price. In a liquid market, there is only a minor deviation between supply and demand prices, implying that significant transactions have limited influence on the market price. When determining market density, the spreads between bid and ask prices are often employed, which represent the difference between the asking (selling) and bidding (buying) prices of a specific security issue (the asking price is higher than the bidding price). Generally, the smaller the spread between bid and ask prices, the more liquid the market is, particularly when there is a substantial number of bid submissions.

A Distributed and Privacy-Aware High-Throughput Transaction Scheduling Approach for Scaling Blockchain

Payment channel networks (PCNs) are considered as a prominent solution for scaling blockchain, where users can establish payment channels and complete transactions in an off-chain manner. However, it is non-trivial to schedule transactions in PCNs and most existing routing algorithms suffer from the following challenges: 1) one-shot optimization, 2) privacy-invasive channel probing, 3) vulnerability to DoS attacks. To address these challenges, we propose a privacy-aware transaction scheduling algorithm with defence against DoS attacks based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL), namely PTRD. Specifically, considering both the privacy preservation and long-term throughput into the optimization criteria, we formulate the transaction-scheduling problem as a Constrained Markov Decision Process. We then design PTRD, which extends off-the-shelf DRL algorithms to constrained optimization with an additional cost critic-network and an adaptive Lagrangian multiplier. Moreover, considering the distribution nature of PCNs, in which each user schedules transactions independently, we develop a distributed training framework to collect the knowledge learned by each agent so as to enhance learning effectiveness. With the customized network design and the distributed training framework, PTRD achieves a good balance between the optimization of the throughput and the minimization of privacy risks. Evaluations show that PTRD outperforms the state-of-the-art PCN routing algorithms by 2.7%–62.5% in terms of the long-term throughput while satisfying privacy constraints.

Digital Bank User Acceptance Analysis Using The Extended Technology Acceptance Model

The Covid-19 pandemic requires banks to provide electronic payments, carry out digital transformation and open up opportunities for financial technology-based companies. Digital transformation in banking requires reliable integration and security between systems. Otherwise, it can become a gap for cyber attacks. Cyber security in banking includes Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, Non-repudiation, and Authentication. Jenius is the first digital bank in Indonesia that makes it easy for customers to complete transactions and manage finances digitally without going to the bank. This bank was once a victim of a cyber attack that attacked customers with material losses of around 50 billion and non-material losses in the form of decreased bank credibility. Digital Bank also has problems that often occur, such as failing to identify customers, differences in facts on proof of transfer, frequent force close applications, etc. This study aims to determine the effect of security on behavioral intention and other factors that influence behavioral choice in this digital bank using the modified Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) model. The variables used are Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, Non-repudiation, Authentication, Perceived Security, Perceived usefulness (PU), Perceived Trust, Perceived Ease of Use (PEoU), and Behavioral Intentions. This research uses quantitative methodology by distributing questionnaires to 200 sample customers. The measurement results show that more than half variables are accepted. The four rejected variables are the Confidentiality, Availability, and Non-repudiation variables to perceived security and the Perceived Ease of Use (PEoU) variable for the trust variable. Future research can add several external variables and review the rejected variables.

أثر نظم المعلومات المحاسبية الالكترونية على التجارة الالكترونية بالتطبيق على المصارف العاملة بمدينة الدمازين .

The study dealt with the impact of electronic accounting information systems on electronic commerce in commercial banks operating in Damazin city, the study aimed to identify electronic accounting information systems and their importance and to show the importance of accounting information systems in electronic commerce. The problem of the study was represented in the main question: What is the impact of electronic accounting information systems on electronic commerce in commercial banks? The study followed the descriptive analytical approach.
 The study reached several results, including: The electronic accounting information systems contribute to the creation of integration between the different departments and branches, Interest in research and development in banks works to strengthen electronic accounting information systems, electronic accounting information systems help in the application of electronic commerce. The study also recommended a number of recommendations, including: providing the opportunity for employees to develop electronic accounting information systems in institutions, Work to speed up the completion of financial transactions using electronic accounting information systems, and work to protect electronic accounting information systems from risks

THE IMPACT OF MINDFULNESS ON MOBILE PAYMENT TOOL USAGE

The application of mobile payment has not been spread to all Indonesians. However, there are many companies that have started to release and develop their own versions of mobile payment systems. Mobile payment systems, which are innovative forms of financial processing, connect customers and vendors online to complete transactions. The implication of mindfulness has been implicated in many mobile business intelligence technologies. Therefore, this research aims to determine the implications of mindfulness on mobile payment; to analyze hypotheses regarding the performance of mindfulness in affecting perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norms, and attitudes. SEM applies with statistical methods in representing data and applies many models in achieving research objectives and resolving research problems. There were 251 data that represented active users who had experience in using mobile payments. The results of this research indicate that mindfulness has good exploratory strength in predicting consumer intention to adopt mobile payment, and it is proven that has a positive and significant impact on its four dimensions such as perceived ease of use, perceived benefits, and attitudes, which directly affect the intention to use.

Transformation of the feed supply segment of the aquaculture value chain in Bangladesh

The rapid growth of aquaculture in Bangladesh over the past three decades has been facilitated by increasing supplementary feed use and increasing numbers of feed suppliers, but little is known about the organization and behavior of the feed supply segment of aquaculture value chain. We conducted a comprehensive survey with 79 feed suppliers of two types: ‘dealers’ linked to feed companies (n = 34) and independent retailers (n = 45), in the seven main aquaculture producing districts of southern Bangladesh in 2021 to address this knowledge gap. We found the following. (1) Over the past 10 years, the number of traders increased 70% and the volume of feed traded almost doubled. (2) Feed supply is shifting from traditional agricultural byproducts to formulated feeds (47% of total feed), and floating feeds as a subset of those (54% of formulated feed), contributing to increasing farm productivity. (3) The formulated fish feed market in Bangladesh is diverse, but quite concentrated. Feed suppliers sold formulated feed produced by 35 companies, with eight companies accounting for 74% of sales. (4) Feed handling practices are efficient. Traders sell feeds quickly (average turnover time 10 days) and storage practices are adequate to maintain quality. (5) No traders reported experiencing any waste or loss of feed during their most recent completed transaction, and only 5% of traders reported losing a small portion of feed (1.7%) during transport. (6) The average profit margin earned by feed suppliers is a modest 6.2%. (7) Feed trading creates substantial employment: 43,937 full time equivalent (FTE) jobs in the seven surveyed districts. In sum, the feed supply segment of the aquaculture value chain in southern Bangladesh is dynamic, well-developed, and relatively competitive and efficient. This finding is contrary to the conventional wisdom, which often portrays the sector as inefficient and beset by problems.