Complete Passivity Research Articles

Two-phase cooling system for electric vehicles’ battery

The objective of this research project is to design an innovative cooling system for effectively managing the thermal conditions of batteries in electric vehicles. Electric vehicles commonly utilize Lithium-Ion cells as their power source. Despite significant advancements in Lithium-Ion technology from an electrochemical standpoint, the thermal management of these batteries remains a formidable challenge. This is primarily due to the demanding operational conditions that Lithium-Ion cells face during battery discharge, motion, and charging. The power supply unit in electric vehicles often demands high power outputs within short durations, leading to the generation of substantial heat by the batteries. This elevated working temperature poses a risk of decreased battery performance or even malfunction. Therefore, an efficient battery thermal management system is essential to optimize the performance of the batteries. In our research project, we propose and investigate a cooling system that is directly integrated into the power supply unit. Our study introduces an innovative thermal management system that combines two-phase direct liquid cooling with pulsating heat pipes. This system provides a compelling solution by combining high thermal efficiency, passive operation, and cost-effectiveness. Within this configuration, batteries are immersed in a low-boiling dielectric fluid contained in a Plexiglas container, facilitating efficient heat exchange. Simultaneously, the pulsating heat pipe operates to manage heat spikes by promoting vapor recondensation, thereby maintaining safe operational temperatures. The proposed battery thermal management system has demonstrated remarkable efficiency, ensuring that battery temperatures remain within the recommended range even under high load conditions. A notable advantage of this cooling system is its complete passivity, eliminating the need for energy-consuming coolant circulation.

Postromantični lirski subjekt v poeziji s podpisom Fanny Haussmann

The most important literary-historical findings on the poetry of Fanny Haussmann, who was presumably the first female Slovene poet, are firstly that the subject in this poetry is lyrical (because the object of its discourse is its own subjectivity) and that it is Late Romantic, as it perceives its own autonomous interior as the highest value, irrespective of the fact that this interior experiences only defeat (cf. Grdina 1992: 80–83). The two main poetic forms of this poetry also indicate such a subject: the object poem (in the third person, not in the first person direct speech) and the so-called “vložnica” (a poem with a fictitious subject who speaks his or her role). The present analysis of the subject in the poetry of Fanny Haussmann is derived from these two findings, while also demonstrating that the lyrical subject is not just Late Romantic but rather Post-Romantic, on the extreme edge of Romanticism, particularly due to its complete passivity, its world-weariness and its caustic irony. Of course, it rejects realistic values that dictate the respecting of biological and historical reality.

Characterizing Symmetry-Protected Thermal Equilibrium by Work Extraction

The second law of thermodynamics states that work cannot be extracted from thermal equilibrium, whose quantum formulation is known as complete passivity; a state is called completely passive if work cannot be extracted from any number of copies of the state by any unitary operations. It has been established that a quantum state is completely passive if and only if it is a Gibbs ensemble. In physically plausible setups, however, the class of possible operations is often restricted by fundamental constraints such as symmetries imposed on the system. In the present work, we investigate the concept of complete passivity under symmetry constraints. Specifically, we prove that a quantum state is completely passive under a symmetry constraint described by a connected compact Lie group, if and only if it is a generalized Gibbs ensemble including conserved charges associated with the symmetry. Remarkably, our result applies to noncommutative symmetry such as SU(2) symmetry, suggesting an unconventional extension of the notion of generalized Gibbs ensemble. Furthermore, we consider the setup where a quantum work storage is explicitly included, and prove that the characterization of complete passivity remains unchanged. Our result extends the notion of thermal equilibrium to systems protected by symmetries, and would lead to flexible design principles of quantum heat engines and batteries. Moreover, our approach serves as a foundation of the resource theory of thermodynamics in the presence of symmetries.Received 2 August 2021Revised 7 February 2022Accepted 17 February 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.12.021013Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasQuantum statistical mechanicsQuantum thermodynamicsResource theoriesQuantum InformationStatistical Physics

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ КОНЦЕПЦІЇ БОЙОВОЇ МАШИНИ ПІХОТИ В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВАХ

The analysis of concepts and technologies of improvement and transformation of infantry fighting vehicles at the present stage of development is carried out. The problem of inconsistency of combat capabilities of modern infantry fighting vehicles with their original purpose, the so-called problem of passivity, is covered. A detailed analysis of the characteristics of modern and promising infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers is presented in order to assess their combat and technical characteristics. According to the results of the analysis, it is indicated that none of the considered samples of combat armored vehicles is fully applied to autonomous or joint actions along with tanks due to insufficient level of protection, limited capabilities or complete passivity of the landing party. Particular attention is paid to the study of ways of constructive transformation of the infantry fighting vehicle on the platform of the T-64 tank of domestic production. Compromise approaches to the layout of modern infantry fighting vehicles with an optimal combination of fire capabilities, security, mobility and improving the maintainability and operational qualities of the combat vehicle are proposed. A well-founded analysis of the existing models of heavy infantry fighting vehicles in service in the armies of different countries has been carried out. Tactical and technical requirements for a promising heavy infantry fighting vehicle of domestic production based on the T-64 tank are substantiated. Conceptual directions of transformation of the infantry fighting vehicle in modern conditions of conducting military operations are defined. Ways of modernization of samples of armored combat vehicles on the basis of developments of the Kharkiv design bureau on mechanical engineering named after A.A. Morozov with the introduction of the Russian military-industrial complex. Keywords: infantry fighting vehicle, combat capabilities, security, combat effectiveness, enemy, tank, concept, design, transformation.

Ustanowienie kuratora absensis a prawo strony do obrony jej praw

The probation officer for the unknown person from the whereabouts can be established by the court only after prior explaining confirming circumstances, that the whereabouts of the side is really unknown. From the nature of the aim of appointing the probation officer for the unknown person, it results from the whereabouts that he isn’t only appointed for serving court letters. He is supposed to take too absent the activities essential for the defense of his laws in the entire proceedings. It whereas how he is fulfilling the duties he influences the evaluation, whether laws of the side of the participant in non-litigious proceedings properly were protected. From these considerations, it isn’t possible to assume that the participant had ensured adequate protection of his laws of the probation officer in the situation of the complete passivity appointed. Violating provisions of the law, in particular, constitutes tolerating by the court such a state Art. of 143 Code of Civil Procedure.

PH-dependent electrochemical behaviour of Al3Mg2 in NaCl solution

The effects of pH on the electrochemical behaviour of β-phase (Al3Mg2) and its role in corrosion of AA5000 series alloys in NaCl solution were investigated. The galvanic corrosion behaviour of synthesized Al3Mg2 intermetallic particle coupled with Al in 0.01 M NaCl solution over a wide pH window of 2–12 was studied using the scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET). The results show that bulk Al3Mg2 acts as anode at pH 2–10.5, while cathode at pH 12. The corrosion resistance properties of bulk Al3Mg2 were then evaluated via potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests. Surface characterization were carried out by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS). These results indicate that Al3Mg2 exhibits active dissolution of both Al and Mg elements at pH 2, while selective dissolution occurs at pH 3.5–12. At pH 3.5–10.5, any deviation from neutral pH causes a significant increase in the selective dissolution rate of Mg element, which results in a rough outer layer and a relatively compact inner layer of corrosive surface. At pH 12, the selective dissolution of Al element becomes dominant and the formation of compact Mg(OH)2 achieves complete passivity on the surface of Al3Mg2. This work contributes to further understanding of the electrochemical behaviour of β-phase in AA5000 series alloys.

Energetic instability of passive states in thermodynamics

Passivity is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics that demands a quantum system’s energy cannot be lowered by any reversible, unitary process acting on the system. In the limit of many such systems, passivity leads in turn to the concept of complete passivity, thermal states and the emergence of a thermodynamic temperature. Here we only consider a single system and show that every passive state except the thermal state is unstable under a weaker form of reversibility. Indeed, we show that given a single copy of any athermal quantum state, an optimal amount of energy can be extracted from it when we utilise a machine that operates in a reversible cycle. This means that for individual systems, the only form of passivity that is stable under general reversible processes is complete passivity, and thus provides a physically motivated identification of thermal states when we are not operating in the thermodynamic limit.

Corrosion and Critical Solute Content of Corrosion-Resistant Binary Solid Solution Cu-Al Alloys in Artificial Perspiration Solution: Implications Towards Tunable Cu-Based Alloys for Antimicrobial Surfaces

Copper and its alloys as high-touch surfaces can be antimicrobial, capable of killing even antibiotic-resistant superbugs including Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)1–5 through controlled release of Cu(I)/Cu(II) cations as a result of corrosion. Therefore, there is interest in designing tunable Cu alloys with regulated dissolution and passivation properties. The inability to predict electrochemical behavior as a function of alloying content remains a critical challenge in both corrosion and electrochemical materials science. Yet, a lack of scientific understanding persists concerning how alloying controls soluble Cu cation release (antimicrobial function) of Cu-based alloys.6–10 A tunable alloy system is needed to balance antimicrobial efficacy, i.e. soluble Cu cation release, with tarnish-resistance which can both be regulated using alloy content optimization. Aluminum bronzes are of interest to study in this context for their relatively improved corrosion resistance due in part to formation of a tarnish-resistant oxide film.11–14The focus of this work is to investigate critical governing mechanisms associated with alloyed Al on protective oxide layer formation in FCC α-Cu, as a function of Al content. This investigation specifically addresses behavior in a realistic environment for high-touch surfaces where these pathogenic bacteria proliferate: human perspiration. To quantitatively interrogate the effect of alloying FCC α-Cu with Al on corrosion and cation release, commercially pure Cu (Cu), and high-purity arc-melted solid solution alloys consisting of Cu-0.1Al, Cu-1Al and Cu-5Al (wt%) were evaluated in modified artificial human perspiration solution.15 Open circuit corrosion exposures were conducted for up to 130 hours to determine corrosion rate and the fate of Cu and Al. Released aqueous ion concentrations were monitored via inductively-coupled plasma – optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Al was not observed as a soluble ionic species within ICP-OES limits of detection (LOD). Corrosion products were characterized using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), Raman spectroscopy, and quantified with coulometric reduction (CR). Corrosion rates were assessed with mass loss and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Quantitative results of total anodic charge, from both mass loss and calculated from EIS-determined corrosion rates were converted to charge and directly compared to corrosion product charge (CR) and dissolution charge (ICP-OES) to determine the fate of the elements: Cu and Al, through charge balance as a function of Al alloying content. Diagnostic chemical environments were employed where only selected corrosion products are stable e.g., Al2O3 in citric/citrate buffer. For instance, HCl and deaerated citric/citrate buffer solution (CBS) were employed to determine the individual roles of Al in the metal as a metal solute and as an oxidized surface film, respectively. Primary corrosion products were revealed to be Cu2O and an inner layer of Al2O3 for Al-containing alloys. Cu was dissolved as cuprous (Cu+) ions. Minor Al alloying in solid solution catalyzed Cu dissolution which was counteracted at higher Al contents by a partially passivating layer of Al2O3, achieving complete passivity at ~6 wt% Al according to graph theory.16,17 In contrast, Cu-Al alloys corroded more readily with increasing Al content in the absence of a protective oxide film. The effect of alloyed Al as a dissolution promoter for electrochemical Cu ion release, critical Al contents for stable passivity, and subsequent implications for functional antimicrobial alloys are discussed. These results point to the possibility of making tunable Cu-based alloys for antimicrobial function.

From Photography to Film and Back Again. Helmar Lerski’s Dramaturgy of the Human Face

Helmar Lerski’s Kopfe des Alltags (1931) stands out among Weimar photobooks for its experimental approach to photographic narrativity. By moving away from the single, representative portrait to the photo-group or series, Lerski tries to capture human identity in its intrinsic diversity. His expressive portraits and sequential arrangements reflect his background as a cameraman working on silent film productions. Yet his answer to film is not simply to invest his images with a narrative quality but rather to play with the viewer’s preconceptions. The article shows how the arrangement of his photos blurs the boundaries between sitters and challenges the notion of identity as stable and discrete. Lerski’s recording method, in turn, reveals the inherent contradictions of his approach: while purporting to put those at the margins of society center stage, he demands complete passivity from his models to enact his creative vision.

Enhanced Electrochemical Cu Release from Commercial Cu-Sn Alloys: Fate of the Alloying Elements in Artificial Perspiration

Commercially pure Cu (Cu), Cu-4.5Sn-0.1Zn, and Cu-9.7Sn-0.1Zn (wt%) were evaluated for corrosion and cation release in modified artificial human perspiration solution. Open circuit corrosion exposures were conducted for up to 130hours to determine corrosion rate and the fate of Cu and Sn. Released aqueous ion concentrations were monitored via inductively-coupled plasma − optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Operando atomic emission spectroelectrochemistry (AESEC) analysis was utilized to elucidate the fate of Cu, whether in oxides or solution and deduce the dominant valence states, Cu(I)/Cu(II), of soluble Cu in artificial perspiration. Sn was not observed as a soluble ionic species within ICP-OES or AESEC limits of detection (LOD). Corrosion products were characterized using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and quantified with coulometric reduction (CR). Cu-4.5Sn-0.1Zn displayed the highest corrosion rates in artificial perspiration, followed by Cu-9.7Sn-0.1Zn, and then Cu. Primary corrosion products were Cu2O, with CuCl as an outer solid product, and an inner layer of SnO2 for Sn-containing alloys. Cu was dissolved as cuprous (Cu+) ions. Minor Sn alloying in solid solution catalyzed Cu dissolution which is counteracted at higher Sn contents by a passivating layer of SnO2, achieving complete passivity at 10.3wt% Sn according to graph theory. Cu-9.7Sn-0.1Zn indicated semi-passive behavior, speculated to be due a SnO2 layer and close proximity (9.7wt%) to this critical value for passivation (10.3wt%). The effect of alloyed Sn as a dissolution promoter for electrochemical Cu ion release, critical Sn contents for passivity, and subsequent implications of antimicrobial function are discussed. Oxidized Zn was not detected above LOD nor demonstrated any measurable effect on corrosion in artificial perspiration.

Thermodynamic resource theories, non-commutativity and maximum entropy principles

We discuss some features of thermodynamics in the presence of multiple conserved quantities. We prove a generalisation of Landauer principle illustrating tradeoffs between the erasure costs paid in different ‘currencies’. We then show how the maximum entropy and complete passivity approaches give different answers in the presence of multiple observables. We discuss how this seems to prevent current resource theories from fully capturing thermodynamic aspects of non-commutativity.

Microcanonical and resource-theoretic derivations of the thermal state of a quantum system with noncommuting charges.

The grand canonical ensemble lies at the core of quantum and classical statistical mechanics. A small system thermalizes to this ensemble while exchanging heat and particles with a bath. A quantum system may exchange quantities represented by operators that fail to commute. Whether such a system thermalizes and what form the thermal state has are questions about truly quantum thermodynamics. Here we investigate this thermal state from three perspectives. First, we introduce an approximate microcanonical ensemble. If this ensemble characterizes the system-and-bath composite, tracing out the bath yields the system's thermal state. This state is expected to be the equilibrium point, we argue, of typical dynamics. Finally, we define a resource-theory model for thermodynamic exchanges of noncommuting observables. Complete passivity—the inability to extract work from equilibrium states—implies the thermal state's form, too. Our work opens new avenues into equilibrium in the presence of quantum noncommutation.

Identification of a Neuronal Receptor Controlling Anaphylaxis.

Allergic reactions can in severe cases induce a state of circulatory shock referred to as anaphylaxis. Histamine, the primary mediator of this condition, is released from immune cells, and, therefore, anaphylaxis has so far been considered an immune system disorder. However, we here show that the glutamatergic receptor mGluR7, expressed on a subpopulation of both peripheral and spinal cord neurons, controls histamine-induced communication through calcium-dependent autoinhibition with implications for anaphylaxis. Genetic ablation of mGluR7, and thus altered regulation of histamine-sensing neurons, caused an anaphylaxis-like state in mGluR7(-/-) mice, which could be reversed by antagonizing signaling between neurons and mast cells but not by antagonizing a central itch pathway. Our findings demonstrate the vital role of nervous system control by mGluR7 in anaphylaxis and open up possibilities for preventive strategies for this life-threatening condition.

Passivity, complete passivity, and virtual temperatures.

We give a simple and intuitive proof that the only states which are completely passive, i.e., those states from which work cannot be extracted even with infinitely many copies, are Gibbs states at positive temperatures. The proof makes use of the idea of virtual temperatures, i.e., the association of temperatures to pairs of energy levels (transitions). We show that (1) passive states are those where every transition is at a positive temperature and (2) completely passive states are those where every transition is at the same positive temperature.

Structures and Transformations for Model Reduction of Linear Quantum Stochastic Systems

The purpose of this paper is to develop a model reduction theory for linear quantum stochastic systems that are commonly encountered in quantum optics and related fields, modeling devices such as optical cavities and optical parametric amplifiers, as well as quantum networks composed of such devices. It is shown that subsystem truncation preserves the physical realizability property of linear quantum stochastic systems, and that the property of complete passivity is invariant under subsystem truncation. However, generic linear quantum stochastic systems need not have a balanced realization under symplectic transformations. Therefore, alternative notions of balancing, including so-called quasi-balancing, are developed, and necessary and sufficient conditions are derived. A truncation error bound is derived for quasi-balanceable linear quantum stochastic systems and it is shown that all asymptotically stable completely passive linear quantum stochastic systems have a quasi-balanced realization. An example is provided to illustrate model reduction in the context of low-pass optical filtering of coherent light using a network of optical cavities.

Electrochemical grafting on SOI substrates using aryl diazonium salts

Silicon surface functionalization is a straightforward way to develop hybrid organic/inorganic devices. Using electrochemical grafting of substituted aryl diazonium salts, we obtained organic layers covalently grafted to thin silicon layer surfaces characterized by XPS, ellipsometry and electrochemistry. Electrochemical characteristics of the reduction grafting process were shown to be correlated to several parameters such as the electron affinity of the used molecule, and more importantly to the nature of the silicon: its doping nature and density, its thickness and its preliminary surface treatment. Compared to bulk silicon, we obtained that peak potential values were shifted because of geometrical effects and that the doping density has to be well controlled to anticipate the grafting possibility. By tuning the doping density for p-doped thin silicon layer substrates, we measured a noticeable grafting for the higher doping of 1.6×1019cm−3 and complete electrochemical passivity for the lower doping density of 1×1015cm−3.

Passivity in Implant-Supported Prosthesis

Because of the widespread use of implant-supported restorations and that the success of this treatment depends on the passivity of the different component systems of implant-prosthesis, a literature review was performed to highlight issues related to passivity in framework of implant-supported fixed prosthesis. A search of English-language peer-review literature was completed using MEDLINE database (PubMed) focusing on acceptable levels of passivity, misfit classification, problems related to misfit, methods to evaluate misfit, general factors that affect the passivity, and the biologic tolerance in the presence of misfit. The information obtained in the present review suggested that even if it is hard to obtain an implant-supported prosthesis with complete passivity, the professional should use the technological resources to offer better conditions for their patients. An acceptable clinical level of passivity that does not cause any problem to the biologic, aesthetic, and functional parameters of the patient should be sought.

A liberdade do ser em Leibniz

Neste artigo examinaremos como Leibniz estabelece uma noção de liberdade capaz de não entrar em contradição com a concepção de um mundo em que todos os acontecimentos sejam pré-determinados. Para tanto, veremos como Leibniz é capaz de dissolver a oposição entre a determinação e a contingência dos acontecimentos apoiandose na noção de ser, sobretudo ao sublinhar o seu caráter ativo. Veremos ainda alguns aspectos em que esta proposta leibniziana contrapõe-se ao dualismo substancial cartesiano e visa superar impasses que daí resultam tanto para a física, pela total passividade da substância extensa, como para a metafísica, sobretudo nos aspectos em que a substância pensante adquire feições de mera negação da substância extensa, o que levará a uma concepção da vontade como pura arbitrariedade, incapaz de ser regulada por qualquer princípio, e do entendimento como mero instrumento a serviço dessa arbitrariedade.

Natural Energy Bounds in Quantum Thermodynamics

Given a stationary state for a noncommutative flow, we study a boundedness condition, depending on a parameter β>0, which is weaker than the KMS equilibrium condition at inverse temperature β. This condition is equivalent to a holomorphic property closely related to the one recently considered by Ruelle and D'Antoni–Zsido and shared by a natural class of non-equilibrium steady states. Our holomorphic property is stronger than Ruelle's one and thus selects a restricted class of non-equilibrium steady states. We also introduce the complete boundedness condition and show this notion to be equivalent to the Pusz–Woronowicz complete passivity property, hence to the KMS condition.

Sulphide corrosion of alloy steels in chloride solutions: potentiokinetic investigations

AbstractThe effect of hydrogen sulphide on the corrosion of a range of steels in solutions of sodium chloride, and also, separately, in ammonium chloride/hydrochloric acid solutions, has been studied. The following alloys were included in the study: 04J Armco iron, St3S carbon steel, 1H13 13Cr ferritic stainless steel, H17 17Cr ferritic stainless steel, 1H18N9T austenitic stainless steel 18Cr9NiTi, and H17N13M2T austenitic stainless steel 17Cr13Ni2MoTi. The measurements were taken in deaerated solutions saturated with H2S or with H2S in the presence of hydrocarbons (pharmaceutical gasoline) in the temperature range 10–70°C. It was found that none of the steels was resistant to corrosion in the solutions and temperatures investigated. This conclusion is valid specifically for alloy steels whose corrosion resistance results from the stable state of complete passivity. When the attainment of passivity is obstructed, as is the case in the presence of H2S, in the presence of chloride ions, and/or at higher tem...