Complete Eye Exam Research Articles

Clinical evaluation of ophthalmic findings in active, amateur, adult, competitive male boxers in India.

Background: In the popular fighting sport of boxing, opponents strike each other above the belt line in the face, chest, and belly. The physical parts most exposed are therefore the nose and eyes. In amateur boxing, fights go only three rounds - three minutes for men and one minute for women - with a one-minute break in between. They wear gloves, but the head protection used in the men's game has been removed by AIBA due to the high likelihood of concussion when using head protection. Because chronic ocular changes may take longer than the expected short-term effects, this study included at least 3 years of competitive sports participation. Study design and setting: Institutional-based cross-sectional study. Materials and methods: To evaluate ophthalmic outcomes, 200 eyes of 100 active amateur, adult, and competitive male boxers were studied. Results: Of the 100 boxers, 51 had ophthalmic changes in at least one eye, and 49 had normal eyes. The average age of boxers was 24.98 years. The average duration of boxing training was 7.04 years. Healed eyelid scars, subconjunctival hemorrhages, conjunctival papillae, traumatic mydriasis, posterior synechiae, angulation abnormalities, traumatic cataracts, lens subluxation, increased intraocular pressure, and peripapillary atrophy were observed on the ocular side. None of these could be attributed to boxing. Conclusion: Boxing-related eye injuries are common in India and the most common vision-threatening eye abnormalities include traumatic cataracts, lens subluxation, and angle abnormalities. Surprisingly, no macular lesions were found on physical examination and OCT. Additional studies with a larger number of boxers will be needed to evaluate and prevent clinical symptoms. All boxers should have a complete eye exam regularly. Abbreviations: AIBA = Association Internationale de Boxe Amateur, OCT = Optical Coherence Tomography.

Visual Results of Intravitreal Bevacizumab (Avastin) Treatment for Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion a Multi Center Study

Objective: To evaluate the visual outcomes in patients with branch retinal vein obstruction after intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) injection. Study Location and Duration:, Department of Ophthalmology Abaseen hospital and Khyber medical center Peshawar from January 2019 to January 2022 both department conducted this multi-center study. Methodology: Patients with BRVO received at least one intravitreal Bevacizumab (Avastin) injection of 1.25 mg in 0.05 ml. Snellen visual acuity tests, Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA), and Optical Coherence Tomography were used to assess the patients (OCT). A complete eye exam was conducted before treatment began, and monthly follow-up examinations were scheduled for the following six months. Results: The total number of patients and eyes was 78, with a mean age of 60. (SD 15.1). The average number of Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) injections administered to patients was four (SD 1.40) per eye. There were no negative consequences observed. Before treatment, the average central macular thickness was 568 microns, but after three months it was only 370 microns (p0.001), and by six months it had decreased to 290 microns. Three months later, the average acuity was much better than at the start (p=0.001), with log MAR = 0.30 (SD 0.22). During the most recent 6-month follow-up, the mean visual acuity was log MAR = 0.40 (SD 0.23), better than the baseline value (p 0.001). Overall, 44 eyes showed an improvement in their vision. Conclusion: Intravitreal Bevacizumab intravitreally for branch retinal vein occlusion improves vision. Bevacizumab intravitreally enhances visual acuity, macular edema, and ischemia. Bevacizumab reduces the risk of vision-threatening vitreous hemorrhage and neovascularization. Hence, Bevacizumab improves vision and treats branch retinal vein occlusion effectively. Keywords: Intravitreal Bevacizumab (Avastin), Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO), Visual Acuity Improvement, Macular Ischemia Relief. Retinal Neovascularization Reduction

Photoscreener: An effective tool for vision screening of preschool children in community setting

Background: Although studies compare the accuracy of spot photoscreeners, few evaluate photoscreeners in community settings. To our knowledge, all studies from India have been purely hospital based, particularly in children under 5 years. Aim: The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of using a commercially available photoscreener for pediatric vision screening in a community setting. Settings and Design: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted from December 2018 to February 2019 in a north-eastern district of Delhi. Methods: The automated Spot™ Vision Screener was used to screen the vision of preschoolers. A result displayed as “complete eye exam recommended” on the photoscreener was considered as screening positive and the child was referred to the pediatric ophthalmology unit of a tertiary eyecare institution, as per predefined international guidelines. Statistical Analysis: Referral rate and positive predictive value (PPV) of using the photoscreener were considered as primary outcome measures. Results: A total of 1205 children were screened using a photo-screener. Almost 16.4% of them were identified and referred a significantly higher referral rate than that in the historic control (2.7%, P < 0.001). Nearly 51.5% of the referred children reported to the unit. The PPV of pediatric eye screening done in a community setting by the photoscreener for refractive error (RE) was 81.4%. Fifty-nine percent of the children detected with REs were found to be at risk of amblyopia. Mean spherical equivalent, sphere, and cylinder of final glass prescription were significantly different from that of photoscreener refraction. Conclusion: Photoscreener improves the referral rate and has a high PPV. It could be a standard tool to screen preschoolers in community settings.

ODP506 Posterior Staphyloma misdiagnosed as unilateral Grave's ophthalmopathy

Abstract 21 year old female presented to our clinic for management of "grave's disease" She was given diagnosis of Graves’ disease three years before presentation to our institution She was treated with PTU for 2-3 months then it was stopped On physical exam On physical exam she has a small diffused goiter Left eye was prominent without chemosis or lid lag Right eye was normal Decreased vision in the left eye, counting fingers only Thyroid function was normal Thyroid receptor antibody was negative Because of decline of vision and unilateral protrusion of Left eye she was referred to ophthalmology for further evaluation. MRI of the Orbits was ordered MRI revealed findings consistent with Staphyloma Staphyloma is a chronic eye condition which results from poor vision if left untreated and causes increase in AP diameter of eye which results in protrusion of eye which might be confused with grave's ophthalmopathy This diagnosis should be considered when patients present with unilateral ophthalmopathy, especially if there is significant decline in vision in the effected eye. Since she presented late in adulthood there is no treatment to improve her vision at this point From the thyroid standpoint she had negative thyroid antibodies and normal thyroid function Ultrasound of thyroid showed thyroid to be diffusely enlarged with homogenous texture Complete eye exam by ophthalmology is indicated in evaluation of ophthalmopathy especially in case of red flags like decreased vison or unilateral presentation With unilateral Ophthalmopathy MRI of the orbits should be part of the workup to exclude other etiologies such as retro-orbital tumors which may be confused with grave's ophthalmopathy. As evident in this case MRI revealed different diagnosis. Presentation: No date and time listed

Traumatic Miosis In A Soccer Player

HISTORY: A 24 year old previously healthy male soccer player was struck in the face by a kicked ball during a game. He did not lose consciousness and presented to the athletic trainer and covering physicians on the sidelines for evaluation of a possible head injury. He had full recall of the event and mild blurring of his vision that he attributed to lacrimation. He denied ocular pain, floaters, headaches, and dizziness. There was no prior history of eye injuries and he did not wear glasses or contacts. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: Sideline exam revealed marked asymmetric miosis of the left pupil without a direct or consensual response to light (pictures obtained). There was an abrasion over the inferior orbital rim but no tenderness to palpation. He had mild conjunctival erythema, ocular movements were normal and without pain, and his visual fields were full with normal acuity. There was no infiltration into the anterior chamber of eye or covering of the pupil. The remainder of his cranial nerves were normal, as was an upper and lower limb gross motor screen. Balance and coordination were also normal. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: -Subconjunctival hemorrhage-Corneal abrasion-Traumatic iritis-Orbital fracture-Hyphema-Concussion TEST AND RESULTS: Normal eye exam 48 hours later by an optometrist FINAL WORKING DIAGNOSIS: Traumatic iris spasm without iritis TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES: The patient was withheld from the remainder of the game. Within 45 minutes his pupil size had normalized and had become responsive to direct and consensual light. He continued to be free of concussion related symptoms and was seen by an optometrist for a complete eye exam 48 hours later. This exam was normal and there was no evidence of iritis. He returned to sports the following day and had no further complications or symptoms.

Pattern Electroretinogram Parameters and their Associations with Optical Coherence Tomography in Glaucoma Suspects.

AimTo investigate whether steady state pattern electroretinogram (ssPERG) could identify retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dysfunction, and to assess the relationship between ssPERG with optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements in glaucoma suspects (GS).Materials and methodsThis was a prospective cohort study of GS, identified based on suspicious optic disk appearance and glaucoma risk factors. Complete eye exam, Standard automated perimetry, OCT, and ssPERG were performed. Magnitude (Mag), Magnitude D (MagD), and MagD/Mag ratio were subsequently used in the correlation and linear regression analyses between ssPERG parameters and the RNFL, GCL/IPL, and macular thicknesses measurements.ResultsForty-nine eyes of 26 patients were included. Mag and MagD were significantly correlated with the superior, inferior, and average RNFL thicknesses (avRNFLT). All ssPERG parameters were significantly correlated with the average and minimum GCL/IPL thicknesses and the inner macular sector thicknesses. Mag and MagD significantly predicted the superior, inferior, and avRNFLT in the regression analysis. All ssPERG parameters were predictive of GCL/IPL thickness in all sectors as well as the average and minimum GCL/IPL thicknesses. All ssPERG parameters were predictive of all inner macular sector thicknesses and MagD was also predictive of some outer macular sector thicknesses as well.ConclusionssPERG has significant correlations with and is predictive of RNFL, GCL/IPL, and macular thicknesses in glaucoma suspects.Clinical significancessPERG may serve as a useful objective functional tool for identifying and following the progression of disease in glaucoma suspects.How to cite this articleTirsi A, Wong A, Zhu D, et al. Pattern Electroretinogram Parameters and their Associations with Optical Coherence Tomography in Glaucoma Suspects. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2022;16(2):96-104.

Multiple Eyelid Signs are Suggestive of Demodex Infestation

PurposeTo determine the signs associated with Demodex infestation in blepharitis patients and the rates of eyelash Demodex colonization among blepharitic patients and healthy individuals in Thailand.Patients and MethodsThis was a prospective, case–control clinical study. Eighty-three controls and 43 blepharitic patients were consecutively enrolled from Walailak University Hospital. Each patient answered a questionnaire, underwent a complete eye exam, and had four lashes from each eye epilated; eyelashes were directly examined under a light microscope. Ocular signs, including types of eyelash debris (waxy debris, scaly debris, or cylindrical dandruff (CD)), erythema and telangiectasia of the eyelid, were noted.ResultsDemodex infestation was observed more frequently among patients with blepharitis than among controls (67.4% in the blepharitis group, 26.5% in the control group, p-value <0.001). The participants with Demodex infestation were 5.7 times more likely to have blepharitis than the controls (odds ratio 5.74; 95% confidence interval 2.57–12.82, p-value <0.001). Clinical signs that were significantly (p-value <0.05) related to demodicosis were lid erythema, lid telangiectasia, and any type of eyelash debris (scaly, waxy, or CD).ConclusionIn contrast to previous studies that found only CD to be highly associated with eyelash demodicosis, we found multiple suggestive signs: any kind of debris on eyelashes (scaly, waxy, or CD), eyelid erythema, and eyelid telangiectasia. Approximately one-quarter (26.5%) of the studied population had asymptomatic mite colonization. Demodex infestation should therefore always be on the list of possible etiologies when treating patients with blepharitis or other ocular surface-related problems.

Assessment of the lamina cribrosa in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Purpose:The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of the lamina cribrosa thickness (LCT) and lamina cribrosa depth (LCD) in adolescence with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and compare with those receiving methylphenidate (MPH) and healthy controls.Methods:Fifty-five children with ADHD (9.23 ± 1.92 years, mean ± standard deviation), 41 children with ADHD given MPH (9.24 ± 1.84 years), and 86 healthy controls (9.95 ± 2.16 years) were recruited for the study. All subjects were subjected to a complete eye exam and optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to assess LCT and LCD. The severity of ADHD symptoms was evaluated by using parent-report measures, including Conners’s Parent Rating Scale–Revised: Short Form (CPRS-R: S) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: Parent Form (SDQ: P).Results:The study showed a significant finding between the research groups with regard to LCT. LCT was shown to be significantly increased in ADHD subjects given MPH compared with the controls. However, LCD was not significantly different between cohorts. Also, a significant inverse correlation was found between the SDQ: P–Emotional Problems Subscale and LCT (r = −0.253; P = 0.030) in ADHD patients.Conclusion:Changes in lamina cribrosa (LC) in ADHD children receiving MPH suggest that the mechanism of action for MPH may target developing LC structures. More studies to define the relationship between MPH medications and the LC variations are defensible.

Clinical Characterization of Oculomotricity in Children with and without Specific Learning Disorders.

Children with specific learning disorders have been associated with oculomotor problems, with their analysis even suggested to be a potential diagnostic tool. A prospective non-randomized comparative study evaluating 59 children (6–13 years old) divided into three groups was conducted: a control group (CG) including 15 healthy emmetropic children; a group of 18 healthy children with oculomotor abnormalities (OAG); and a group of 26 children diagnosed with specific learning disorders (LDG). In all groups, besides a complete eye exam, oculomotricity was characterized with two clinical tests: Northeastern State University College of Optometry’s Oculomotor (NSUCO) and Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) tests. Concerning the NSUCO test, lower ability, precision, and head/body movement associated scorings were obtained for both smooth pursuits and saccades in OAG and LDG when compared to the CG (p < 0.001). Likewise, significantly longer time needed to read the horizontal sheet of the DEM test and a higher DEM ratio were found in OAG and LDG compared to CG (p ≤ 0.003). No differences between LDG and OAG were found in the performance with the two oculomotor tests (p ≥ 0.141). Oculomotor anomalies can be present in children with and without specific learning disorders, and therefore cannot be used as diagnostic criteria of these type of disorders.

Intrasession repeatability of pupil size measurements under different light levels provided by a multidiagnostic device in healthy eyes

BackgroundThe measurement of the pupillary function is an indispensable test in some eye examinations, being necessary the evaluation of the precision of instruments performing such measures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intrasession repeatability of pupil size measurements provided by a multidiagnostic platform in a large sample of healthy eyes.MethodsThis prospective study enrolled 100 healthy eyes of 100 patients, with ages ranging from 23 to 65 years old. Repeated pupil size measures under photopic (P, 220 lx), mesopic (M, 160 lx), low mesopic (L, 70 lx), and scotopic conditions (S, 1 lx) were obtained with the VX120 system (Visionix-Luneau Technologies, Chartres, France) after a complete eye exam. Likewise, pupil size was also measured once in the fellow eye in a total of 75 eyes. The level of intrasession variability as well as differences between fellow eyes were evaluated.ResultsMost of differences between repeated measures did not exceed 0.5 mm (82% of S and 100% of P below this value). No significant differences between these repeated measures were found for S (p = 0.099) and L (p = 0.751). However, statistically significant differences were found between repeated measures for M (p = 0.002) and P (p = 0.003). The analysis of clinical relevance of differences between pairs (Passing-Bablok) only confirmed the clinical relevance of differences between the first and second repeated measurement of M. Concerning the comparative analysis between fellow eyes, no statistically significant differences in pupil size were found between right and left eyes in any light condition evaluated (p ≥ 0.227).ConclusionsThe VX120 system can provide consistent measurements of pupil size under scotopic, low mesopic and photopic conditions, with a relative limitation under mesopic conditions.

Visual improvement in a patient with paracentral acute middle maculopathy treated with prostaglandin E1

The authors present the use of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) for the treatment of an acute paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM). A 78-year-old white female was seen with a sudden loss of vision in her left eye (OS) to 20/200 noted upon awakening. The right eye (OD) saw 20/20. A complete eye exam was done and an ocular coherent tomography revealed retinal thickening and a whitening of the inner nuclear layer in the area of the macula OS. A diagnosis of PAMM in the OS was made. Treatment was immediately started with 70 μg of PGE1 administered over 1.5 hours in the form of a skin cream. A volume of 3.5 cc of skin cream was applied in divided doses to the inner surface of the forearm, rubbed into the skin and allowed to dry. The same 70 μg of PGE1 in 3.5 cc of skin cream was repeated once the next morning. The patient began to see better the second day of treatment with a final visual acuity of 20/20. The OD was unchanged. After 14 months she was stable with no further treatment. PAMM is an ischemic process of the inner retina. PGE1, a potent vasodilator of the microcirculation, when given immediately seemed to be useful in restoring vision in this form of retinal ischemia. Treatment was immediately started with PGE1 in the form of a skin cream with visual improvement. The authors normally use PGE1 intravenously for acute ocular ischemia and would have preferred that here. Intravenous PGE1 was not available and was substituted with the skin cream of PGE1 that worked well for the patient.

Nova abordagem cirúrgica para o tratamento do prolapso da glândula da terceira pálpebra em cães: Estudo retrospectivo

At this clinical study twelve dogs, 13 eyes, presenting the prolapse of the third eyelid gland, received surgical treatment in a new technical approach. After a complete eye exam and pre-surgery laboratory exams, the surgical treatment of the prolapse of the third eyelid gland was performed through an incision, using a surgical laser on the caudal side of the base of the third eyelid; a tunnel was created by divulsion the mucosa using a Halsted-Mosquito forceps. The prolapsed gland was replaced by performing two Wolf's sutures with absorbable thread trespassing the third eyelid and its inner mucosa. This procedure was enabled to retain the prolapsed gland inside the mucosa of the caudal face of the third eyelid. The two sutures were sufficient to prevent the gland from reprofiling itself. All patients were evaluated after seven, fourteen and twenty-one days post- surgery, none of them presented recurrence of prolapse or even inflammation of the gland, conjunctiva or alteration in their lacrimal production.

The prevalence of ptosis and nystagmus in rural population

PurposeTo determine the prevalence of ptosis and nystagmus in the general rural population in Iran. MethodsTwo villages were selected from the north and southwest of Iran using a multi-stage cluster sampling approach. After selection of the participants and inviting them to a complete eye exam, they all had vision tests and an ophthalmic examination. Vision tests included measurement of visual acuity, refraction, and the cover test. Then the slit-lamp exam was performed, and the diagnosis of ptosis and nystagmus was determined by an ophthalmologist. ResultsOf the 3851 invitees, 3314 people participated in the study. The prevalence of ptosis in this study was 2.23% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.73–2.74], and 45.3% of the cases were bilateral ptosis. The prevalence of ptosis was lowest in the 21–30 year (0.2%) and the under 5 year (0.8%) age groups, and the highest prevalence was observed in people over 70 years of age (6.7%) (P < 0.001). The prevalence of ptosis was higher in illiterate people than those with an academic education level (P = 0.012). The prevalence of astigmatism was 62.8% in those with ptosis and 34.2% in those without ptosis (P < 0.001). The prevalence of nystagmus was 0.39% (13 cases). ConclusionsThis study found that the prevalence of ptosis is relatively high in the general rural population in Iran, and the prevalence increases with age. Astigmatism is significantly high among cases with ptosis, and its prevalence has an inverse relation with the level of education. Nystagmus also had a high prevalence in this population.

Philadelphia Telemedicine Glaucoma Detection and Follow-up Study: Ocular Findings at Two Health Centers.

Blindness from glaucoma can be prevented by early detection and treatment. Telemedicine improves access to treatment in high-risk populations that face barriers to receiving adequate ophthalmic care. We used a practice-based telemedicine screening model at two health centers. Telemedicine imaging of the fundus and optic nerve, followed by a complete eye exam at the same location for participants with abnormal findings, unreadable images, or ocular hypertension (OHTN), was performed. A total of 182 participants were screened, of whom 108 qualified for a complete eye exam. Of these, 62 (34.1%) had abnormal images, 12 (6.6%) had OHTN, and 34 (18.7%) had unreadable images. Eighty-nine of the 108 (82%) returned for the complete eye exam. Predominantly, participants were African American with glaucoma suspect and cataract. Screening location was an important factor for follow-up. Assessment of the fundus and optic disc using telemedicine resulted in early detection of glaucoma and other ocular pathology.

Visual impairment in older institutionalised Canadian seniors with dementia.

To estimate the prevalence of visual impairment (VI) in a sub-population of Canadian long-term care facilities, i.e. residents affected by dementia. This study was conducted in the long-term care facility units at the Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal. All residents ≥65years old (y.o.), having a clinical diagnosis of dementia, and able to understand French or English, were eligible for participation in the study. All residents participating in the study received a complete eye exam by an experienced optometrist. For the purpose of the study, VI was defined as a distance visual acuity (VA) <6/12 (0.30 logMAR, 20/40) in the better seeing eye. One hundred and fifty residents, 68-102y.o. took part into the study. All participants had a diagnosis of dementia recorded in their clinical chart. VI was present in 37.3% (95% CI: 29.1-46.1%) (n=50) of residents in whom monocular VA could be measured. Ocular refraction for their better seeing eye improved the VA to ≥6/12 (0.30 logMAR, 20/40) in 40% (n=20) of those 50 residents. When VI remained after refraction, it was due in order of frequency to cataract, age-related macular degeneration, and primary open angle glaucoma. Our data showed that an appreciable proportion (37.3%) of older residents with dementia also have VI, and that VI can be corrected in many by updating their refraction. Others could potentially be helped through cataract surgery. It is therefore important to offer regular eye care services to those residents, knowing that many are not able to express their visual needs.

Visual field improvement in non-arteritic posterior ischemic optic neuropathy in a patient treated with intravenous prostaglandin E1 and steroids

Non-arteritic posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NA-PION) is a disorder of reduced blood flow to the retrobulbar optic nerve. There is usually an acute loss of visual acuity and field. Previous studies have noted an improvement in visual acuity and in ocular and retrobulbar blood flow with the use of a potent vasodilator of the microcirculation, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), and steroids. The current report describes immediate improvement in the visual fields and visual acuity in a patient with NA-PION treated with intravenous PGE1 and steroids 66 hours after onset. An 89-year-old white female was first seen in December 2016 with a sudden loss of vision in the right eye. After a complete eye exam and visual fields, the patient was diagnosed with NA-PION. Treatment was immediately started with steroids and intravenous PGE1. This was repeated once again the next morning. Visual acuity in the right eye improved from 1/10 + 1 to 7/10 + 3 at 5 days. The mean deviation of the visual field improved from - 7.10 decibels (dB) with a central scotoma of - 22 dB to - 2.97 dB with a central scotoma of - 19 dB. After 2 weeks, her visual acuity was 7/10 + 1 and visual field testing of the right eye revealed a mean deviation of - 2.54 dB with a central scotoma of - 9 dB. The left eye was unchanged. In cases of NA-PION, PGE1 and steroids should be considered to immediately restore blood flow to help improve visual acuity and visual fields.

Eye examination in the cat: Step-by-step approach and common findings.

The ability to perform a complete eye examination in the cat is critically important for patients with an ocular disorder or a systemic disease, as well as for the geriatric cat. Cats may need short breaks between portions of the eye exam in order to minimize stress. For the clinician, use of ophthalmic equipment and interpretation of normal vs abnormal findings may take some practice in order to develop proficiency. This review is aimed at veterinary practitioners and outlines all the steps and equipment necessary to perform a complete ophthalmic examination in the cat. Although some specialized equipment is required, a complete eye exam can be performed with a modest investment in equipment and supplies. This article draws on published references for normal parameters measured in the feline eye exam, as well as the experience of the authors.

Progresión de la miopía, durante seis meses, en una población de niños entre 6 y 10 años, pacientes de la Clínica de Optometría de la Universidad de La Salle

&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Objetivo&lt;/em&gt;: establecer los valores de progresión de la miopía, durante seis meses, de niños miopes de 6 a 10 años. &lt;em&gt;Materiales y método&lt;/em&gt;: se seleccionó una muestra de 30 niños con miopía, a quienes se les realizó refracción bajo cicloplegía y queratometría, por medio del autorefractómetro UKR 700. Estos exámenes se repitieron a los seis meses. El análisis estadístico se desarrolló a través de las pruebas Wilcoxon y T de Student. &lt;em&gt;Resultados&lt;/em&gt;: la progresión general de miopía fue de –0,08 a –0,09 dioptrías, durante los seis meses, con valores estadísticamente significativos. El género femenino tuvo una progresión de –0,04 dioptrías, mayor que en el género masculino. El grupo de 6 a 8 años tuvo una progresión de –0,07 a –0,09 dioptrías, mayor en comparación al grupo de 9 a 10 años, valores estadísticamente significativos pero no clínicamente. El grupo de miopía alta tuvo una progresión mayor: entre –0,35 y –0,47, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas frente a los grupos de miopía baja y miopía media, resultados clínicamente muy importantes. &lt;em&gt;Conclusiones&lt;/em&gt;: este estudio demuestra que sí hubo progresión de la miopía en niños entre los 6 y 10 años, en un periodo de seis meses. El género femenino mostró mayor progresión que el género masculino, y las miopías altas una progresión mayor que las miopías bajas y medias. Por eso, es esencial un examen ocular completo a edades tempranas, teniendo en cuenta las condiciones oculares patológicas que genera una miopía alta, y se debe estar preparado para implementar los nuevos retos optométricos frente al control de la miopía en niños.&lt;/p&gt;

Retinal manifestations in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV-1)

To describe retinal manifestation throughout the course of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) linked to infection by the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1). Retrospective case series of patients showing complicated ATL intraocular manifestation. Complete eye exam was performed, with among other test fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, and optical coherence tomography. Sample of the vitreous was collected for observation. Three patients showed intraocular complications linked to ATL, among the 175 ATL cases diagnosed in Martinique between 1983 and 2013. They were bilateral under retinal infiltrates associated with intermediate uveitis. In 2 cases, the ATL diagnosis was known. The retinal infiltrates visible through angiography allowed to make the ATL diagnosis for the third case. ATL type cells presence was confirmed in the vitreous for one patient. Despite chemotherapy, infiltrates progress in a centripetal pattern to reach the posterior pole. They were associated with vasculitis, thus reducing visual acuity to simple luminous perception. Retinal manifestation throughout ATL is very rare. From the onset of the disease, the presence of characteristic under retinal infiltrates allow right away the diagnosis of ATL for an HTLV-1 virus seropositive.

Eye Movements of Dry Eye (DE) Patients During Reading.

Introduction: A recent epidemiological study indicated that DE patients report that reading is a difficult task (odds ratio 3.64, p <0.0001). In addition, studies have demonstrated that DE patients read slower than normal controls. However, there are no reported studies that have monitored eye movements of DE patients while they read. The purpose of this study was to investigate if specific eye movement parameters are altered during reading in DE patients. Methods: Seventeen subjects took part in this study (10 DE (age 63.2 ± 6.16) and 7 normal controls (age 61.3 ± 7.01)). All subjects had a complete eye exam with DE work up. DE patients had both subjective and objective signs of a DE in compliance with the recommendations of the 2007 International Dry Eye Workshop. The Tobii TX300 Eye Tracker monitored eye movements (saccades, fixations, regressions, and blinks) during reading. The Wilkins Rate of Reading Test was used to determine reading rate. Results: There were no significant differences between DE patients and normal controls for saccade amplitude, saccade velocity, fixation time, number of saccades or fixations, or number of regressions (all p values > 0.05). The reading rates were also not different between the groups (DE = 152.6 ± 13.4 wpm, Control =159 ± 13.2 wpm, p = 0.34). The DE patients had more total blinks (DE = 21.0 ± 8.18, Control = 5.29 ± 2.69, p <0.001) and a shorter inter-blink interval (DE = 3.3 ± 2.04 sec, Control = 14.9 ± 8.54 sec, p = 0.013) than the normal controls. Conclusions: The increased number of blinks and the shorter inter-blink interval while reading may result in a slower reading rate and a greater difficulty reading for DE subjects. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2014