Complete Business Research Articles

Optimization of Warehouse Operations for Upstream Service Companies in the Oil & Gas Industry: A Case Study of XYZ Company

The oil and gas (O&G) sector drives various parts of Malaysia's economy and accounts for 19% of government revenue in 2021. The volatility of oil prices and the COVID-19 pandemic problem in recent years has taught O&G enterprises, especially upstream players, to focus on business needs and employ cost optimization techniques to compete and survive uncertain circumstances. This study seeks to analyze and describe the warehouse operations setup of an onshore supply base service organization that manages and maintains offshore O&G facilities. This study examines space utilization variables from several supply chain perspectives, particularly operations performance. Semi-structured interviews, site observations, and documentation review are used to collect data for the single-case study. The study findings suggest the organization under study has a basic warehouse setup with lean operations staff to complete business functions. In general, the warehouse arrangement for the organization under investigation is comparable to a distribution center, where 70% of warehouse activities comprise, material receiving, handling, and distribution (loading) to several offshore locations. Findings also showed that two factors, namely: material handling flow and movement, and inventory movement affect warehouse space utilization. The volume of material handled by the warehouse based on business demand, as well as the seasonal trend from offshore activities contribute to the frequency of material loading and impact the material throughput and transit time, which were found to have an impact on space utilization too.

Do Iraqi Ceo Depending On Strategic Planning In The Face Of Crises

The goal of this article is to find the CEO of Iraqi companies that use strategic planning and determine if they are capable of diagnosing the traits of strategic planning systems that improve these companies' capacity to successfully address crisis-related needs. The capacity of the company to successfully react to crisis needs and demands is enhanced by the use of strategic planning, according to a review of data from 64 enterprises utilizing statistical analysis. Furthermore, top and division or unit managers must be involved and committed for strategic planning to be successful. It also has to be planned with an external orientation and get more than just lip service from top and unit or division level managers. In other words, it must concentrate on how well the business responds to the needs of its crisis and it must recognize and take advantage of any future growth crises. Additionally, a CEO must possess a variety of qualities to engage in good strategic planning. Core Competence Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities are especially important for individuals who will be in charge of carrying out the final plan since it must be compatible with the crisis-management and decision-making approaches. The study's findings suggest that managers of Iraqi businesses should think carefully about the value of strategic planning during times of crisis. also Many CEOs lack knowledge, skills, and talents since they did not complete business universities or practical training programs. Managers must attempt to incorporate crisis management into the strategic planning process for their organizations. The conclusion encourages a firm's strategy approach to include crisis management procedures. This contributes to better performance and increased crisis management efficacy. Additionally, the board of directors must rely on advice from experts who can assist them strategize and prepare throughout a crisis, which improves their capacity to handle one effectively. One way to integrate and improve managers' ability to handle crises is to encourage the use of strategic crisis planning.

PENDAMPINGAN TEKNIS PENDAFTARAN SPP-IRT DAN INOVASI LABEL KEMASAN UNTUK UMKM PRODUK KOPI GUNUNG WANGUN DUA

Gunung Wangun Dua Coffee is a typical Bogor coffee that has a delicious taste and achievements in national and international competitions. Production and marketing of this coffee is carried out by MSME Gunung Wangun Dua. Marketing of this coffee is very limited because it does not yet have a Home Industry Food Product Certificate (SPP-IRT) as a Distribution Permit. Registration of this distribution permit requires complete business and production documents as well as good facilities. UMKM Gunung Wangun Dua accompanied by Thematic Real Work (KKN-T) students from Juanda University, Bogor, is trying to obtain the distribution permit by completing business documents and production documents consisting of Product Information List documents, Production Records, SOPs for Including Packaging Labels and SOPs for Selection. materials and design packaging labels that are good and correct according to BPOM regulations. The SPP-IRT registration process on the One Single Submission (OSS-RBA) system is accompanied directly by KKN-T students until the Distribution Permit becomes effective. The distribution permit number for Gunung Wangun Dua coffee products is PIRT: 290523001106600000001 Keywords: Coffee, SPP-IRT, Document, Packaging, Label

Menumbuhkan Jiwa Entrepreneur Mahasiswa melalui Pelatihan Kreativitas dan Inovasi

Creativity and Innovation Training to Foster Entrepreneurial Spirit among Students aims to enhance students' knowledge, skills, and confidence in entrepreneurship. The training methods employed include lectures, group discussions, brainstorming, simulations, case studies, workshops, and individual mentoring. Training materials cover entrepreneurship concepts, business opportunities, entrepreneurial characteristics, brainstorming techniques, business model canvas, business plan components, marketing strategies, financial analysis, motivation, self-leadership, and time management. The training outcomes indicate an average increase in entrepreneurship knowledge test scores from 60 to 85. 25 students were able to develop complete business model canvases, and 22 students created comprehensive business plans. Participants also demonstrated improved abilities in generating creative and innovative business ideas, as well as increased confidence levels in initiating and developing businesses. This training shows positive results and can serve as a model for other entrepreneurship training programs to assist students in achieving their career goals as entrepreneurs.

Pelatihan dan Pendampingan untuk Meningkatkan Potensi Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Mengenah (UMKM) di Kelurahan Sawitan

Sawitan Village is an area that is included in the industrial village category because the majority of its residents work as business managers. Situated in an area that passes through the Borobudur tourism route, Sawitan Village has a strategic location and encourages its residents to work as business people. Based on data collection, there are 113 MSMEs in Sawitan Village with the majority of business types being the culinary sector, reaching 48%. Other types of businesses include non-food production, grocery stores, fashion, livestock, agribusiness and services. The large number of MSMEs can be a regional potential in improving the level of community welfare. However, there are still many MSME players who do not understand the aspects that can support their business. This is evidenced by the low level of understanding of digitalization, namely 48%, completeness of business legality only reaching 5%, and understanding of financial literacy only reaching 18%. The aim of community service carried out by the Alma Ata University KKN-T team is to increase the understanding and motivation of MSME actors in developing MSME potential through the digitalization of MSMEs, complete business legality, and good financial management. The method used in implementing this activity is the Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach. The results of community service show that the enthusiasm of MSME players has increased by 75% to implement digital marketing and complete business licensing.

Pendampingan Pembuatan Legalitas Usaha dan Inovasi Kemasan dalam Upaya Peningkatan Penjualan Bakso Sapi Frozen

This community service activity was carried out with the aim of increasing sales of Omasan Taste frozen beef meatballs through assistance in the business licensing process and updates in product packaging design. Small businesses like Omasan Taste often experience difficulties in obtaining official licenses and creating attractive and safe packaging. Through training, consultation, and assessment, this mentoring aims to assist in the setup and management of business licenses, such as P-IRT licensing and halal certification, as well as improved packaging design. The results showed that having a complete business license can increase customer confidence, while attractive and informative packaging design succeeded in increasing interest in the product. This is reflected in increased purchases and market expansion. In this way, the assistance successfully boosted Omasan Taste's sales through strategies to increase consumer confidence and product competitiveness in a larger market.

Pengembangan Usaha Berbasis Kreativitas Fake Nail Art Pada UMKM Ulfa Art Pemalang

<p align="justify">UMKM Fake Nail Art located at Jalan Raya Klareyan RT 04/01, Desa Klareyan, Kecamatan Petarukan, Kabupaten Pemalang, transforms plain fake nail art into beautiful, high-quality pieces that enhance the appearance of the wearer's fingers. The goal of this initiative is to support business development at UMKM by identifying existing problems and providing alternative solutions. After conducting observations, several issues were identified at UMKM, including the lack of business permits, the absence of a business profile, vision, mission, and organizational structure, the desire to create a new business logo, an inadequate business banner, the lack of a business stamp, the absence of simple financial bookkeeping, the lack of an online shop account, the business location not being listed on Google Maps, and ineffective marketing strategies.To address these issues, several business development assistance programs were formulated, including: Obtaining business permits such as the NIB (Business Identification Number), Creating a business profile, vision, mission, and organizational structure, Designing a new business logo, Creating a business banner, Creating a business stamp, Designing new product labels, Implementing simple financial bookkeeping, Calculating the cost of goods sold (COGS), Setting up social media accounts like Shopee store, Listing the business location on Google Maps, Producing various videos for production and promotion. After analyzing and implementing these assistance programs, the UMKM experienced positive impacts. These included obtaining business permits such as the NIB for legal business status, having a business profile, vision, mission, and organizational structure for complete business documentation, and more.</p>

Sosialisasi Legalitas Usaha Untuk Masa Depan UMKM Yang Berkelanjutan

This research explores the vital role of business legality in supporting the growth and sustainability of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia. Through a combination of interview and direct observation approaches, we investigate the challenges faced by MSMEs in obtaining appropriate business legality and its impact on market access and financing. The findings indicate that a lack of understanding of the importance of business legality, complex licensing processes, and the need for specific requirements are major obstacles for MSMEs, especially those operating at the micro and small levels. Furthermore, we conclude that complete and legally valid business legality forms a solid foundation for the growth of MSMEs, enabling broader access to formal markets and financial resources. The approach of mentoring in obtaining the Business Identification Number (NIB) emerges as an effective solution in assisting MSMEs in overcoming challenges related to business legality. Comprehensive mentoring programs, ranging from education about the registration process to practical assistance in gathering required documents, provide much-needed support for MSMEs like Bu Siti in navigating complex registration processes. Evaluation and feedback, as well as effective information dissemination, also prove crucial in increasing MSMEs' awareness and understanding of licensing procedures and the benefits of having complete business legality. Thus, collaborative efforts from various parties can help create a more conducive environment for the growth of MSMEs in Indonesia.

Prospects of business process management based on chatbots

The relevance of the study is due to the growing need to use chatbots to optimize business processes. The purpose is to form a theoretical basis and practical tools for increasing the efficiency of using chatbots in business processes. The theoretical basis involves substantiating the theoretical foundations of forming a conditional chatbot profile for an optimization system. The practical toolkit includes chatbot components that depend on the complexity of tasks, the type of services, the specifics of customers, financial conditions, and other features of business processes. The result is the formation of a system profile of the chatbot, which would allow increasing the efficiency of its use in business processes. The key system components of the chatbot are substantiated: the technologies used, types of users, optimal areas of application, application algorithms, basic tools, and limitations in application. By varying the parameters of system components, one can choose their optimal values to increase the efficiency of using chatbots in business processes. It is advisable to use the specified system in business processes when determining the demand for products and their sales. The use of chatbots allows to reduce the time to complete business processes, personnel costs, and resources related to their implementation. AcknowledgmentThe paper was prepared in the framework of the research projects “Fundamental grounds for Ukraine’s transition to a digital economy based on the implementation of Industries 3.0; 4.0; 5.0” (No. 0124U000576) and “Digital transformations to ensure civil protection and post-war economic recovery in the face of environmental and social challenges” (No. 0124U000549).

Business Plan

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to present a complete business plan for the launch of" Saman Al Dar," a special product leveled at offering customers an authentic taste of Emirati cuisine. The plan encompasses numerous aspects, involving team structure, legit compliance, marketing strategies, fiscal protrusions, and ethical considerations.
 Methodology: The methodology involved in casting this business plan comprehended thorough request exploration to understand consumer preferences and request trends in the UAE food assiduity. The plan also incorporates rudiments of request blend proposition, Porter's competitive strategies, and SWOT analysis to develop a robust program for success. Also, a detailed analysis of cost, profit aqueducts, and return generation was conducted to insure fiscal viability.
 Findings: The finding of this study disclose a clear roadmap for founding Saman Al Dar successfully. Fiscal protrusions indicate encouraging profit generation implicit, especially with operative marketing and division strategies in position. Key findings carry the identification of target customer seeking authentic Emirati flavors, the significance of strategic marketing across different channels involving social media, and the significance of legit compliance and ethical practices in the food assiduity.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This business plan contributes to proposition, practice, and procedure in several ways. The operation of request blend proposition, Porter's competitive strategies, and SWOT Analysis demonstrates their applicability and connection in the environment of entrepreneurial gambles in the food assiduity. Scholars of entrepreneurship can work these rulings to enrich their understanding of business planning and program perpetration. Likewise, policymakers can exercise the rulings to inform the evolution of a legit environment that fosters entrepreneurship, especially in the hospitality region, by ensuring regulatory frameworks that support invention and compliance while securing consumer interests. Also, entrepreneurs can profit from the perceptivity provided in this study, as the ideas and strategies offered are directly workable to their own business trials. In conclusion, this business plan for Saman Al Dar represents a holistic path to founding a special product in the UAE food request. By incorporating rigid exploration, strategic planning, and ethical considerations, it lays the foundation for a prosperous entrepreneurial adventure that not only delivers value to customers but also contributes to the wider academic and policy discourse surrounding entrepreneurship in the hospitality region.

Development of the Pertamina Pinky Movement Program through the Design Thinking Approach

<table width="621" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="416"><p>Implementation of Social and Environmental Responsibility (TJSL) is an obligation for State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN). To increase value for the company, the implementation of TJSL with the concept of creating share value (CSV) is an option. This is in line with the directives from the Ministry of BUMN. Pertamina is the largest BUMN in Indonesia with complete business processes from upstream to downstream. As an implementation of TJSL with the CSV concept, as well as increasing awareness regarding the use of LPG on target, Pertamina has the Pinky Movement program. This program is funding for small micro enterprises (PUMK) as well as the development of small micro enterprises (UMK). In practice, the Pinky Movement program provides opportunities for MSEs in the trade and culinary sectors for business development. For the trade sector, the targets are LPG outlets, while the culinary sector, the targets are restaurants, cake shops, and so on. The Pinky Movement program is carried out with the aim of converting subsidized LPG to non-subsidized, so that each participant is required to sell non-subsidized LPG for MSEs in the trade sector and use non-subsidized LPG for the culinary sector. This program has been running since 2020, until now in its third year, program development is needed so that the program can run optimally. The development of the Pinky Movement program uses design thinking techniques, using all five stages, namely empathy, define, idea, prototype, and test. The results at the final stage (test) state that the proposed program development is feasible to run.</p></td></tr></tbody></table>

Consumer Perceptions and SWOT Analysis of Seed Products From the Seed Center Teaching Factory

Superior rice seeds can increase production by at least 10%/ha, but this program must be supported by the availability of seeds, and easy access to seeds at affordable prices for farmers. One of the superior seed producers in Jember is the Seed Center Teaching Factory of Politeknik Negeri Jember. Seed Center products are distributed to areas around Jember, Bondowoso, Situbondo, Probolinggo, and several areas outside Java. Sustainable products are affected by product quality and maintaining customer satisfaction. This research aims to analyze consumer perceptions, measure customer satisfaction, and determine recommendations for product improvements and marketing strategies that appropriate consumer needs. Data were collected through interviews and questionnaires while using SWOT analysis. The sample in this study included agricultural shops as regular consumers and farmers as direct users. The results show that all seed products are in great demand by consumers and farmers, namely Inpari 32, Logawa, Ceherang, and Sintanur. The biggest weakness is limited buyer partners, products not always available, and outlets far from the market. Besides that, the biggest opportunity is an abundant market and basic needs products supported by the government. The strength is that the products are complete business legality and certified seeds, affordable prices, solid team, and sufficient business capital.

Covid-19 Pandemic: Commercial Strategies in the Food Supply in Balcarce, Argentina

The agreement between the National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) and the Balcarce Chamber of Commerce and Industry (CCIB) has the objective of knowing the urban entrepreneurs’ socioeconomic situation in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. The present exploratory research focuses on the strategies followed by food merchants. Through online and face-to-face surveys developed from September to December 2021, we have systematized and analyzed 67 complete business questionnaires about the profile of the businesses, commercial strategies implemented during the pandemic, and links with local or regional food production. The results show heterogeneity situations: new stores (pandemic effect), companies that have grown, and others that barely resist the activity with high fixed costs. Local products in shops are scarce, showing the need to implement policies that promote the exchange between local producers and merchants.

Women as Industry 4.0. entrepreneurs: unlocking the potential of entrepreneurship in Higher Education in STEM-related fields

Industry 4.0 is the realization of digital transformation including enhanced productivity and flexibility due to real-time decision-making, which is possible due to the high-speed internet, the internet of things, and smart machines capable of autonomously exchanging information, triggering actions, and controlling each other independently. A high level of education and skills is increasingly more important in the job market over the next years necessitating finding a balance among behavioural, technological, analytical, and entrepreneurial skills. EU and governments worldwide should invest in closing the gender gap in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education as this will directly impact the economic growth. Even though there is some progress in the hiring percentage of women in large technological companies, a clear glass ceiling in leadership roles is still remains. Here, we have undertaken a pilot study at University Complutense of Madrid (UCM, Spain) aimed at empowering women in academia to transition from the “publish or perish” paradigm towards creating and protecting their intellectual property to close the gender gap in STEM fields and leadership roles as well as training to fuel the development of innovative start-ups addressing societal challenges. A total of 20 participants inclusive of UCM staff and postgraduate and postdoctoral researchers were enrolled after successfully obtaining at least a score of 5 out of 10 in custom-made Entrepreneurial competency test provided by Business and Professional Women Association (BPW, Spain) and theGrowBox Innovation Ltd. The study, approved by the UCM ethical committee, was conducted after participants engaged and completed a training programme on “Enterpreneurship in STEM-related fields in Higher Education” aimed to introduce the participants to the entrepreneurial world. This involved a structured training programme covering the (i) business canvas design; (ii) development of minimum viable product (MVP); (iii) market evaluation; (iv) finance analysis using the Growbox platform; (v) introduction to venture capital; and (vi) human resources management followed by individual mentoring sessions prior completion of their business plans that were pitched to a panel of mentors and BPW representatives. Finally, all participants completed an anonymous survey of 12 open questions to evaluate the impact of the training in awakening the entrepreneurial spirit in academic researchers in Higher Education in STEM-related fields. Three-quarters of participants were novices in terms of Entrepreneurship, but all participants after the programme presented a complete business plan. The three points that women identified as prohibitive factors were lack of self-confidence, ambition, and knowledge in the fields of patent filing, finance and marketing. Participants were likely to initiate their own start-up in the next five years, but had mixed fillings regarding the complexity of the process. Nine months after the course ended, four out of 20 participants have been successful in attracting initial funding to support the initiation of a start-up involving protected intellectual property and managed to secure an award to provide them with office space to build their company. The long-term impact of this training programme will need to be followed up. Entrepreneurial training is crucial to be embedded in curricula for postgraduate and if possible undergraduate students to pursue a major transformation targeting the STEM-related fields in Higher Education to enable women in becoming key participants and leaders in the Industry 4.0 era.

The Impact of Sanctioning Russia on Stock Price: Case from McDonald’s Suspension and Business Retreat

Since the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, an array of countries, international organizations, and business entities have declared their political stances in favor of Ukraine. Many have imposed certain sanctions against Russia to intimidate its further military operation. But such conduct deflected from its initial virtues, leading to a lose-lose situation. Based on event study methodology, this paper applies CAPM to the analysis of the effects of sanctioning on stock prices of listed companies, taking McDonald’s as an example. The statistical results reveal that the mild sanction, temporary business suspension, did not disturb the stock return significantly. On the other hand, the radical sanction, the complete business withdrawal from Russia, negatively affected McDonald’s stock performance. Since international relationships between major countries remain murky, business owners and individuals engaging in global trades ought to recognize the insidious effects of the imposition of sanctions, and be cautious about the timing and expected public responses to their proclamations to get well-prepared to confront ensuing challenges.

The impact of ecological innovation on the food production quality: mediating role of environmental awareness

Eco-innovation is the necessary element for the production process and quality and the organization’s success that needs researchers’ and policymakers’ emphasis. Hence, the current article investigates the impact of product eco-innovation, process eco-innovation, and organizational eco-innovation on the food production quality in the food industry in China. The present study also investigates the mediating impact of environmental awareness among the association of product eco-innovation, process eco-innovation, organizational eco-innovation, and quality of food production in the food industry in China. The article followed the survey questionnaires to gather the primary data. The study used the PLS-SEM to check the relationships among the constructs using SPSS-AMOS. The findings indicated that product eco-innovation, process eco-innovation, and organizational eco-innovation have a positive association with food production quality in the food industry in China. The outcomes also revealed that environmental awareness significantly mediates among product eco-innovation, process eco-innovation, organizational eco-innovation, and food production quality in the food industry in China. This study guides the policymakers in developing policies related to food production quality using eco-innovation and environmental awareness in the complete business process.

Design and Implementation of EMU On-board Data Protocol Management System

In view of the problems of various types, frequent upgrades and inconsistent standards of WTDS on-board protocols and fault dictionaries of EMU, sort out various on-board protocol documents and fault dictionaries of EMU on the whole railway. Analyse the differences of various on-board protocols and fault dictionaries of multiple units of different vehicle types and batches, and study the unified and standardized management method. Design a EMU on-board data protocol management system with complete business functions, standard specifications, safety and reliability, and realize the functions of structuring the content of the protocol file, version of the protocol file, process management, etc., so as to provide data support for EMU data mining and PHM application.

API-m-FAMM: A focus area maturity model for API Management

Organizations are increasingly connecting software applications using Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to share data, services, functionality, and even complete business processes. However, the creation and management of APIs is non-trivial. Aspects such as traffic management, community engagement, documentation, and version management are often rushed afterthoughts. In this research, we present and evaluate a focus area maturity model for API Management (API-m-FAMM). A focus area maturity model can be used to establish the maturity level of an organization in a specific functional domain described through a number of areas. The API-m-FAMM addresses the areas Lifecycle Management, Security, Performance, Observability, Community, and Commercial. The model is constructed using established methods for the design of a focus area maturity model. It is grounded in literature and practice, and was developed and evaluated through a systematic literature Review, eleven expert interviews, and five case studies at software producing organizations. The model is described in detail, and its application is illustrated by six case studies. The evaluations are reported on, and show that the API-m-FAMM is an efficient tool for aiding organizations in gaining a better understanding of their current implementation of API management practices, and provides them with guidance towards higher levels of maturity. The detailed description of the construction of the API-m-FAMM gives researchers an example to further support the available methodologies, specifically how to combine design science research with these methodologies. Additionally, this study’s unique case study design shows that maturity models can be successfully deployed in practice with minimal involvement of researchers. The focus area maturity model for API Management is maintained on www.maturitymodels.org , allowing practitioners to benefit from its useful insights.

Covid-19 Impact on Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

One compromise from it is the financial expense to present these actions. This paper assesses the immediate expenses for monetary action while the actions are set up. This paper resolves the inquiry whether crosscountry contrasts in GDP advancement over the first and second quarter of 2020 are generally determined by contrasts in the force with which states enacted restrictions, such as lockdowns, i.e. by the economic effects of mandatory social distancing, or largely by differences in the fatality rate associated with the virus, i.e. by the economic effects of social distancing. The assumptions on the spread of the disease are not grounded in projections, they do not take into consideration the quality of the health systems in the affected countries, transport associations with impacted nations, and wellbeing strategy reactions to the flare-up. The model integrates the decrease popular because of diminished creation and salaries yet doesn't completely catch the free compression sought after, with the exception of the decreases in the travel industry and different administrations that require close human contact. It additionally does exclude the decrease in financial backer certainty and any monetary repercussions. This examination will advance as we tweak suspicions in accordance with early effects and assess possible situations of the spread of the infection. Economic models can be used to model the consequences of pandemics, we consider two scenarios: a global pandemic and an amplified global pandemic. Financial models can be utilized to demonstrate the results of pandemics, we think about two situations: a worldwide pandemic and an intensified worldwide pandemic. On account of the worldwide pandemic, it is accepted that nations bear only one-half of the effect of the full China shock. On account of the enhanced worldwide pandemic, the shocks are uniform across all nations. A pattern worldwide pandemic situation sees GDP of the world fall by 2% underneath the standard, of agricultural nations by 2.5 percent, and of modern nations by 1.8 percent. The downfalls are almost two times as huge in an enhanced pandemic situation in which regulation is accepted to take more time. Furthermore, our granular dataset is broken down at the level of industrial activity within countries, which allows us to make GDP forecasts at the county level. We foster a progression of models to comprehend the reason why rich economies spend essentially more per capita. Results demonstrate that the bundle per capita is emphatically connected with the COVID-19 passings for every 100,000 populace starting around 15 June 2020, populace of something like 65 years of age as percent of all out populace, and pay and salaried specialists as percent of complete business; and conversely connected with independently employed as percent of absolute work, and weak work as percent of all out business. We utilize this data to contrast genuine with anticipated bundles.

Research on the Ecological Deconstruction of E-Cigarette Industrial Clusters in Shenzhen, China, and a Niche Analysis of Related Enterprises

As an emerging industry, e-cigarettes have been greatly prosperous globally in recent years. In China, Shenzhen is the center of e-cigarette production, and a complete business ecosystem has been built at this point. To explore the phenomenon of the agglomeration of e-cigarette enterprises in Shenzhen, the business ecosystem structure and evolution path of e-cigarette industrial clusters in Shenzhen (the Shenzhen e-cigarette industry) are illustrated in this study from an ecological perspective, and the development characteristics of the Shenzhen e-cigarette industry as well as the interspecies relationships among enterprises were studied based on the population life history theory. Eight representative firms were also selected here. Their patent information was collected and classified to investigate niche characteristics using Levins’ niche breadth and niche overlap index. The results indicate that, after a long-term evolution, the Shenzhen e-cigarette industry has preliminarily built a business ecosystem with a unique structure. The developmental process is accompanied by the transformation of the development pattern from imitation to innovation and the enterprise populations have achieved coevolution through mutualistic symbiosis. In the area of technological innovation, niche-widening and -separation strategies are employed by the e-cigarette enterprises. The above reasons explain the boom of the Shenzhen e-cigarette industry and why Shenzhen is becoming the center of e-cigarette production.