Complementary Institutions Research Articles

The Role of Institutions in the Civilization Schism (the Case of Christianity)

The geopolitical transformations of recent decades have added to the topicality of the study оf civilizational differences between the East and the West relevant. Religion is often cited as a contributing factor to these differences. This can be confirmed by the example of the split of the Christian Church into the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches and, as a consequence, the emergence of the Western and the Eastern Christian civilizations. As a rule, the authors “isolate” religion from the social system, considering it independently of all other spheres, as the primary factor that triggers the emergence of civilization. In this work, the emergence of a new Western and Eastern Christian, is considered within the framework of the institutional approach, as a process of formation of a certain complex institutional structure that regulates the life of society and consists of a whole complex of interconnected and interdependent economic, political, and socio-cultural institutions, including religion. This process can begin in the bowels of the “mother” civilization, causing its crisis. The stages of development and resolution of such a crisis are analyzed using the example of a split in the united Christian world using a matrix approach. This approach assumes that civilization is characterized by a civilizational matrix formed by an institutional core that simultaneously contains market and redistributive institutions on the basis of dominance/complementarity, and a shell that includes cultural-religious and national-demographic characteristics, the naturalclimatic and material-technological environment. The necessity of both strengthening dominant institutions in the institutional core and creating balancers (complementary institutions) for the sustainable development of civilization is shown.

By What Criteria Do We Evaluate Accounting? Some Thoughts on Economic Welfare and the Archival Literature

ABSTRACTThe economic role of an accounting regime is to increase welfare through its effects—in conjunction with complementary institutions—on firm and household behavior. I review three major streams of the archival literature (real effects; price effects, including value relevance; and costly contracting), in terms of what they can and cannot reveal as proxies for welfare effects. One conclusion is that the partial correlations and average effects that predominate in this literature have provided valuable insights into the role of accounting in the economy, but provide limited and misleading proxies for welfare effects. A major concern is that teachers, students, and researchers—indeed, regulators and standard setters—raised on this literature could lose sight of, and underestimate, the fundamental contribution of accounting to aggregate welfare.

Recentring industrial policy paradigm within IPE and development studies

The article makes the case for a distinctive intellectual tradition of the industrial policy paradigm to examine state strategies in the twenty-first century. Specifically, it outlines three key lessons for political economy scholarship: first, it points to the need to study complementary institutions and the longer-term horizon in political cycles; second, it notes that scholars must seek innovative methodologies in examining sectoral development; and, third, it calls for a rethinking of state capacity in the new phase of globalisation, marked by strategic competition and neo-mercantilism. In so doing, the article opens a new research agenda for the next generation of scholars focussed on how industrial policy might help – or fail – to promote the creation of new comparative advantages and the advancement of internationally competitive firms and sectors, and, importantly, to deliver better quality of life for citizens in most of the Global South.

COVID-19 vaccination for people with severe mental diseases : Results of the COVIDΨ outpatient survey and recommendations for psychiatry

Severe mental illnesses are risk factors for SARS-CoV-2-related morbidity and mortality. Vaccination is an effective protection; therefore, high vaccination rates should be amajor priority for people with mental illnesses. (1)Identification of at-risk groups for non-vaccination and structures and interventions needed for widespread vaccination among people with mental illnesses from the perspective of outpatient psychiatrists and neurologists, (2)discussion of the results in the context of the international literature and (3)recommendations derived from them. Qualitative content analysis of COVID-19 vaccination-related questions from the COVIDΨ online survey of n = 85psychiatrists and neurologists in Germany. In the survey, people with schizophrenia, severe lack of drive, low socioeconomic status and homelessness were seen as risk groups for non-vaccination. Increased and targeted information, education, addressing and motivation and easily accessible vaccination offers by general practitioners, psychiatrists, and neurologists as well as complementary institutions were considered as important interventions. COVID-19 vaccinations as well as information, motivation and access support should be systematically offered by as many institutions of the psychiatric, psychotherapeutic and complementary care systems in Germany as possible.

SPECIALISED ANTI-CORRUPTION COURTS: A MEANS OF PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE TRANSFORMATION IN AFRICA?

Corruption is inimical to Africa’s quest for socio-economic transformation. Available empirical evidence highlights a sustained increase of corruption globally, with an equal emphasis on interdisciplinary interventions. There are also strong arguments for institutional specialisation in the judicature to buttress anti-corruption initiatives. As a result, specialised anti-corruption courts (SACCs) quickly are gaining traction in Africa, at the expense of conventional courts. This paper examines the rationale for SACCs and the variegated institutional SACC design choices by providing an overview of selected African countries. It highlights the position of these courts within the criminal justice system, their size and composition, their jurisdiction and, where relevant, synergies with other complementary institutions. In the main, SACCs provide much needed efficiency, integrity and expertise in the criminal justice system. The paper also examines challenges which SACCs encounter in Africa. Lastly, it provides a brief discussion of calls for an International Anti-Corruption Court.

A Data Transformation Methodology to Create Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable Health Data: Software Design, Development, and Evaluation Study.

Sharing health data is challenging because of several technical, ethical, and regulatory issues. The Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) guiding principles have been conceptualized to enable data interoperability. Many studies provide implementation guidelines, assessment metrics, and software to achieve FAIR-compliant data, especially for health data sets. Health Level 7 (HL7) Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) is a health data content modeling and exchange standard. Our goal was to devise a new methodology to extract, transform, and load existing health data sets into HL7 FHIR repositories in line with FAIR principles, develop a Data Curation Tool to implement the methodology, and evaluate it on health data sets from 2 different but complementary institutions. We aimed to increase the level of compliance with FAIR principles of existing health data sets through standardization and facilitate health data sharing by eliminating the associated technical barriers. Our approach automatically processes the capabilities of a given FHIR end point and directs the user while configuring mappings according to the rules enforced by FHIR profile definitions. Code system mappings can be configured for terminology translations through automatic use of FHIR resources. The validity of the created FHIR resources can be automatically checked, and the software does not allow invalid resources to be persisted. At each stage of our data transformation methodology, we used particular FHIR-based techniques so that the resulting data set could be evaluated as FAIR. We performed a data-centric evaluation of our methodology on health data sets from 2 different institutions. Through an intuitive graphical user interface, users are prompted to configure the mappings into FHIR resource types with respect to the restrictions of selected profiles. Once the mappings are developed, our approach can syntactically and semantically transform existing health data sets into HL7 FHIR without loss of data utility according to our privacy-concerned criteria. In addition to the mapped resource types, behind the scenes, we create additional FHIR resources to satisfy several FAIR criteria. According to the data maturity indicators and evaluation methods of the FAIR Data Maturity Model, we achieved the maximum level (level 5) for being Findable, Accessible, and Interoperable and level 3 for being Reusable. We developed and extensively evaluated our data transformation approach to unlock the value of existing health data residing in disparate data silos to make them available for sharing according to the FAIR principles. We showed that our method can successfully transform existing health data sets into HL7 FHIR without loss of data utility, and the result is FAIR in terms of the FAIR Data Maturity Model. We support institutional migration to HL7 FHIR, which not only leads to FAIR data sharing but also eases the integration with different research networks.

From Fiscal Decentralisation to Economic Growt The Role of Complementary Institutions

Decentralisation is theoretically expected to be a platform towards efficient provision of the local public goods and services. This is expected to boost economic growth due to efficient and effective utilisation of scarce fiscal resources. Nevertheless, the existing empirical studies present mixed results on this expected positive relationship among decentralisation and economic growth. Recently, the theories of fiscal federalism have also pressed upon the enabling environment for effective decentralisation; talking explicitly, an enabling institutional setup is required. The current study explores the complementarity between fiscal decentralisation and other institutions for stimulating growth and the study uses rich crosscountry panel data for the period 1984 to 2012, covering both the developing and developed countries of the world. The results suggest that positive relationship exist between fiscal decentralisation and economic growth for the developed countries while evidence was not found in the case of developing countries. Further, it was found that fiscal decentralisation and quality institutions are complementary for economic growth. JEL Classification: C22, H11, H77, O40 Keywords: Fiscal Decentralisation, Institutions, Economic Growth, Panel Data, unequally spaced panel data

Complementary institutions of industrial policy: a quasi-market role of government inspired by the evolutionary China Model

China has achieved rapid economic growth over the past four decades, and industrial policy is widely considered an important driving force in the process. This paper traces the evolutionary process of China’s industrial policies in the transition of the economic system, and summarises the complementary institutions behind the successes and failures of using industrial policies. China’s industrial polices evolved through four stages, namely the initial stage, the building stage, the outreach stage and the upgrading stage. Typical sectors – light industry, the automobile industry, the mobile telecommunication industry and the platform industry – are examined. The study finds that although China’s industrial policies have been inefficient or even failed in micro-level interventions for choosing winners, they have achieved success at the macro level such as market shaping and structural adjustment. We conclude that in transition economies with imperfect market mechanisms, the government can act as a ‘quasi-market’ and provide autonomous, competitive and inclusive institutions, thereby giving play to the mechanism of trial and error, discovering knowledge and mutual learning.

Illegal land use by Italian firms: An empirical analysis through the lens of isomorphism

Illegal land use is an important environmental issue that is attracting increasing attention. Taking the neo-institutional literature as a starting point, this article outlines an approach focusing on illegal land use by firms. The pervasive nature of illegal land use is examined in terms of isomorphism, intended as imitative behaviour, in response to two kinds of environmental pressures: institutional pressure exerted by complementary institutions at local level, and market pressures, particularly the degree of uncertainty affecting certain sectors. Using a database mainly consisting of judgments handed down by the Italian Court of Cassation, this study argues that low quality of the local regulation and enforcement has a significant impact on the incidence and degree of seriousness of illegal land use, though a connection with the low quality of local governance has yet to be proven. In addition, the study highlights the fact that in sectors characterized by a high degree of uncertainty, the spread of illegal land use consists of practices of a more serious nature. An understanding of the extent to which firms replicate illegal land use with a similar degree of seriousness may help in the design of effective land management policies. Due to the complexity of the behaviour of firms a policy mix is suggested, including transparent rules, and fully functioning checks and balances, particularly local enforcement mechanisms. However, it is argued that better outcomes are more likely to be achieved by preventive measures in the sense of more acceptable land-use regulation and industry-specific measures.

Museum and School Interpretation of Cultural Heritage

The museum and the school are two complementary institutions within the system of cultural heritage care. The Knight’s Hall in Brežice Castle is used here as an example for qualitative research on cultural heritage interpretation. The research focused on scientific art-historical information as the basis for cultural messaging. The analysis of the museum interpretation included a printed Knight’s Hall guidebook, as well as hall-related information boards and digital information, while the analysis of the school interpretation included an art history exam catalogue and an art history textbook. The research revealed a minor difference in the interpretation of the Baroque wall paintings, specifically with regard to the ceiling of the hall. At the museum, the ceiling is interpreted as a part of the wall painting, not, however, as its highlight.

Exploiting the technology-driven structural shift to creative work in regional catching-up: toward an institutional framework

ABSTRACT The development and application of technologies such as robots and artificial intelligence drive a shift toward non-routinized, creative work. A stylized narrative is that a few regions dominate the making of these technologies and enjoy a virtuous cycle of increasing employment, innovativeness, and in-migration of the creative class. Regions merely applying these technologies may get into a vicious cycle of increasing unemployment, out-migration, and decreasing innovativeness. Following the normative governance turn in regional political economics, this theoretical policy paper pitches a framework of three complementary institutions to direct the technology-driven structural change for regional catching-up. Firstly, a system for innovation and entrepreneurial activity creates jobs by supporting exploitation of complementarities of application, co-development activities, and product innovation within mature and emerging sectors. Secondly, education provides creative and entrepreneurial skills to exploit technological opportunities and upskills workers for emerging sectors. Thirdly, labour market and social security institutions are to allow rationalization in mature sectors, incentivize hiring and learning on the job, as well as encourage innovative ventures, notably in emerging sectors. Challenges of implementation of the framework due to path-dependence, co-evolution, and multi-scalarity as well as applicability in different varieties of capitalism are examined.

Espaço, Saberes e Tempo escolar nos relatórios da Instrução Pública e Particular da Província de Alagoas, Brasil (1866-1868)

This study analyzes the context of space, knowledge and school time present in the public and private education reports of the province of Alagoas, written by the physician Thomaz do Bomfim Espindola (1832-1889) in the 19th century. These reports were the result of his role as Inspector General of Studies in the years 1866 to 1868. These writings include themes such as poor teacher qualifications, poor application of learning methods, abandonment of physical education, moral education, and religious education. quantitative figures on the number of private and public primary and secondary schools, teacher hiring, replacement and dismissal, among other subjects. As a member of the Liberal Party of Alagoas, Espindola held the positions of provincial deputy from 1860-1861, 1864-1865 and 1866-1867, deputy general from 1878 to 1881 and from 1881 to 1884, and interim president in the same province in 1867 and 1878. In Education, he worked as a teacher of Geography, Chronology and History at the Alagoas High School, Hygiene at the High School of Arts and Crafts and Philosophy at São Bernardo High School. He was consulted to propose changes in Brazilian education by drafting the opinions of the «Reform of Primary Education and Various Complementary Institutions of Public Education» (1882) and the «Reform of Secondary and Higher Education» (1883) together with Rui Barbosa and Ulysses Vianna. Therefore, the analysis of the theoretical relationships of space, knowledge and school time of public and private education in the province of Alagoas contributes to the understanding of the advances and the limits of the school formation of the Brazilian Empire.

КОМПЛЕМЕНТАРНЫЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ИНСТИТУТЫ И ИДЕОЛОГИИ: ЕСТЬ ЛИ СВЯЗЬ?

Since the publication of Max Weber’s “Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism” in 1904, the author’s idea about the positive relationship between Protestantism and capitalism has taken root in social sciences. Even though since then, multiple authors have questioned Weber’s idea, it still remains popular. Douglass C. North’s theory of institutions is interesting in this respect. He pointed to the intentionality behind the emergence of institutions. For North, institutions are an attempt to reduce the uncertainty by providing a structure to our everyday life, including interactions. The forms of these interactions depend not only on the climatic, demographic, technological and other factors, but also on people’s ethical attitudes. In our study, we proceed from the assumption that there is a relationship between institutions and ideologies in the broad sense of the term, on the one hand, and, on the other, from the concept of complementary institutions. The latter implies the presence in the institutional environ- ment of two or more complementary institutions. Complementary institutions determine the structure of contractual relations between agents pursuing simple tasks, which means that there are various systems of stimuli and principles of how these agents should deliver on their obligations. In this respect the question arises as to how such institutional complementarity fit into the ideologies prevailing in this or that society? Is it possible for complementary institutions to coexist? In this study we focus on two cases from Chinese history to show that institutional complementarity is possible only if the adherents to the dominant ideology are ready to accept the possibility of flexible interpretations of such ideology and of the existence of complementary ideologies. The first example is the popularity of Taoism as a complementary ideology of Confucianism among the merchants in Qing China. Since Confucianism could not create the necessary ethical incentives for those people who were engaged in trade, Taoism filled the ethical void with its magical practices. The second case relates to the era of the Han Dynasty and the dispute about the limits of the state’s influence on the economy between the representatives of different philosophical schools. In both examples, complementary ideology creates necessary incentives for building complementary institutions.

Проблеми розвитку комплементарних інститутів підтримки інноваційних підприємств регіонів

Проблеми розвитку комплементарних інститутів підтримки інноваційних підприємств регіонів

New Fiscal Rules for State and Local Government: A Question of Institutional Complementarity

New fiscal rules, referred to as tax and expenditure limits (TELs), were enacted in many states during the tax revolt launched in the 1970s. Over the past two decades a second generation of TELs, patterned after Colorado’s TABOR Amendment, was introduced in the states. The new fiscal rules have had a limited impact in constraining fiscal policy in the states. Many state and local governments are now incurring debt at an unsustainable rate, and citizens have lost confidence in the ability of these governments to pursue prudent fiscal policies. The problem with new fiscal rules enacted in the states is not just design flaws, it is the absence of complementary institutions that are prerequisites to effective fiscal rules. In this study we focus on three institutional reforms: fiscal autonomy for subnational jurisdictions; capital market and legal reforms to restore bankruptcy procedures for state as well as local government; and strengthening institutions of direct democracy to give citizens more ‘voice’ in enacting fiscal rules and pursuing fiscal policies. New fiscal rules are effective when enacted with broad support within the community, and with effective fiscal rules in place citizens can again gain confidence in their state and local governments. Growing this ‘dynamic credence capital’ will be essential for state and local governments to solve the debt crisis.

Continental selections? Institutional actors and market mechanisms in post-16 education in England

ABSTRACTRecent policies for English technical and vocational education and training (TVET), centred on apprenticeship reforms and the Sainsbury Review, have prioritised employer-led curricula and learning in employment settings. These policies are represented in policy discourse as radical changes that imitate successful European systems, raising new issues about the possibilities and limitations of policy learning and policy borrowing. Useful insights are offered by comparative political economy, which has located skill formation within networks of complementary institutions that shape economic life, rendering problematic the notion of change in a single dimension such as skills. Relatedly, historical institutionalism explains skill formation both as an enduring institution but also as the product of specific historical conflicts over workplace training. Building on these theoretical conceptions, a series of qualitative case studies carried out at key points in the emergence of current skills policies is reviewed, which demonstrates how wider conflicts are reflected in a tension between selectivity and inclusion currently playing out in the implementation English skills policy. The findings indicate the possibility of further stratification in post-16 education, through the process that historical institutionalism describes as ‘layering’. However, possibilities for a more coherent relationship between educational practice and the workplace may also be derived from this analysis.

Climate clubs and the macro-economic benefits of international cooperation on climate policy

The Paris agreement has provided a new framework for climate policy. Complementary forms of international collaboration, such as climate clubs, are probably necessary to foster and mainstream the process of gradual and voluntary increase in nationally determined contributions. We provide a quantitative macro-economic assessment of the costs and benefits that would be associated with different climate club architectures. We find that the key benefits that could structure the club are enhanced technological diffusion and the provision of low-cost climate finance, which reduce investment costs and also enables developing countries to take full advantage of technological diffusion. Although they face the highest absolute mitigation cost, China and India are the largest relative winners from club participation because the burden faced by these countries to finance their energy transition can be massively reduced following their participation in the club. Achieving the Paris Agreement goals may require complementary institutions such as climate clubs. Enhanced technological diffusion and the provision of low-cost climate finance are shown to support the creation of climate coalitions.

INSTITUTIONAL MODERNIZATION OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

The aim of the research is the improvement of the concept of the institutional structure of the economy in the conditions of corporatization on the basis of researching the international experience of development of stable basic institutions of the institutional environment. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study is the provisions of the institutional theory using the analysis methodology “institutional matrix”. Historical-logical and dialectical methods were also used to study the contradictions in the processes of formation and development of the international institutional environment. Results. Institutional dynamics is the result of the functioning of a global international and specific national institutional environment, a formed subclass, ideological, economic, nationalhistorical factors, essential values, ethnic characteristics and characteristics of the nation’s mentality that are formed under the influence of long-term cultural influence and as a result of social interaction. Forced creation of new structures and private-property relations, supported by a massive import of market institutions in the absence of adequate national formal institutions and informal corporate culture, has led to non-fulfilment of contracts, a low business culture, opportunistic behaviour and informal contracts. In the process of introducing economic agents to institutional changes, invent quasi-market mechanisms: the predatory use of all types of resources, barter, income concealment, shadow schemes of tax evasion, offshore, “under-the-counter” wages, raiding, corruption at all levels of government, wide scale and versatility opportunism, violation of contracts, and the consumption of fixed assets. These manifestations intensified the structural deformations of the market and the transformational risks of the national economy. It is revealed that the development of the corporate economy on an innovative basis under the influence of globalization and monopolization, changes the individual institutions of the basic Y- and X- matrices. A new concept is proposed for constructing an institutional matrix using two principles of economic distribution: the market economy and the distribution economy; on the corporate and individual sectors of the economy. Two types of institutional matrices – corporate K-matrices and individual I-matrices – function in basic X- and Y-matrices, dividing each of the economies into two unequal parts (in terms of effectiveness, influence and significance of consequences). Corporate transformations turn individual complementary institutions of the market economy into the basic institutions of the corporate part of the Y-economy. Continuing institutional displacement requires finding the optimal balance between basic and complementary institutions in the corporate and unincorporated sectors of the Ukrainian economy, based on the use of specific institutional matrices, which will allow for institutional construction and minimize the social costs of the country’s evolutionary development. The concept of the institutional-matrix structure of the economy has been improved taking into account the modern tendencies of corporatization. The economy is defined as a set of basic institutions of two types of matrices that are unequal in efficiency, influence and significance of consequences: the corporate K-matrix and the individual private ownership of the I-matrix. Practical implications. The distribution of the economy into the corporate and individualprivate ownership sectors was the result of institutional transformations of certain complementary institutions of the market economy into basic ones, reveals the ways and sustainable mechanisms of institutionalization for the effective transformation of local institutional environments. The creation of an effective institutional environment will be ensured through the cultivation of institutional changes. Value/originality. The ongoing institutional displacement due to the intensification of the processes of monopolization and internationalization requires the search for an optimal balance of basic and complementary institutions in the corporate and unincorporated sectors of the Ukrainian economy, based on the use of specific institutional matrices, which will allow for institutional construction and minimize the social costs of the country’s evolutionary development.

Land institutions’ credibility: Analyzing the role of complementary institutions

Institutions shape people’s behavior and perception. This help reduce uncertainty. Institutions play an important role in shaping socio-economic outcomes. For this to happen institutions must be effective and functional. Institutional effectiveness depends, to a large extent, on factors such as the existence of an enabling environment, which includes complementary institutions. Over the years, several developing countries introduced land formalization. The change in institutional arrangements, in many cases, was made in anticipation of a better land tenure security provision. However, it is not clear yet if the change in land institutions produces the intended result, for instance, in the absence of dependable complementary institutions such as politico-legal institutions. By doing a review of the literature and using data from Property Rights Alliance (IPRI 2018) and Freedom House this study analyzed 10 countries to find a correlation between land institutions’ credibility and the quality of politico-legal institutions. This is to assess to what extent the success of land reform depends on the quality of the existing politico-legal institutions. The result of the study reveals that there is a strong correlation between the quality of politico-legal institutions and the quality of land institutions of a given country. This shows that land institutions and politico-legal institutions are highly interdependent. This underscores that in the absence of a strong or effective politico-legal institutions land reform might fail to fulfill its objectives, which undermines its credibility. To establish a credible land institution, it is imperative to put effective politico-legal institutions in place.

Varieties of Capitalism and Sustainable Development: Institutional Complementarity Dynamics or Radical Change in the Hierarchy of Institutions?

:Sustainable development prospects are not substantially visible in the comparative analysis of models of capitalism. The concept of sustainable development does not appear in the initial theoretical framework of the “variety of capitalism” approach or in the “diversity of capitalism” approach. This article aims to contribute to current thinking about the interaction between the diversity of capitalism and sustainable development, based on the concepts of institutional complementarity and hierarchy, and to question the dynamics of various forms of capitalism in this perspective. The example of economic policies aimed at tackling global warming shows how each form of capitalism adopts measures that are compatible with its own unique configuration of complementary institutions, helping to make it “greener.” However, this trend fits into a dynamic of “limited sustainability” that does not challenge the finance-dominated institutional hierarchy or the current growth regime. The non-viability of our production/consumption model on a global scale calls for a more radical change in capitalism, combined with a shift in the institutional hierarchy.