Complementary Feeding Patterns Research Articles

The Relationship of Mother's Knowledge Level And Mp-Asi Feeding Patterns and Baby's Nutritional Status Age 6-12 Months at Rantang Health Center

The toddler period is a very important period and needs serious attention. During this period the life process of growth and development takes place very rapidly, namely physical growth and psychomotor, mental and social development. The nutritional status of children under five is an important thing that must be known by every parent. Mothers play an important role in supporting efforts to overcome nutritional problems, especially in terms of family nutrition, starting from food preparation, selection of food ingredients, to the food menu. Mothers who have good nutritional status will give birth to well-nourished children. Lack of parental nutrition and health knowledge, especially mothers is one of the causes of malnutrition in children under five. Mother's knowledge about nutrition is what the mother knows about healthy food for a certain age group and how the mother chooses, processes and prepares food properly. The aim is to determine the relationship between the mother's level of knowledge and the pattern of complementary feeding of breast milk on the nutritional status of toddlers 6-12 months in the working area of the Rantang Health Center, Sei Putih Tengah Village, Medan Petisah District, North Sumatra. This type of research is an analytic method with a cross sectional approach. The sample in this study were all children aged 6-12 months inti the Rantang Health Center, namely 54 children. Bivariate analysis used the Chi-Square (?2) statistical test. The results of the statistical test obtained a p value of 0.002 (? <0.05), which means that there is a relationship, namely the relationship between maternal nutritional knowledge regarding the pattern of giving complementary foods and the nutritional status of toddlers aged 6-24 months

An epidemiological study of the determinants and patterns of complementary feeding practices among children of 6-24 months of age group.

The introduction of complementary food is the most important factor determining the nutritional status of the children in the first 2 years of life. This study aimed to find out the determinants and patterns of complementary feeding practices and their impact on the growth and development of children of 6-24 months of age group. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done on immunization out patient department (OPD) in the field practice area of the Department of Community Medicine. The sample size taken was 250 using a systematic random sampling method. One hundred and seven (42.8%) were given the optimum amount of complementary food for their age. One hundred and three (41.2%) were fed with an adequate frequency for their age. One hundred and ninety-five (78.0%) were given food that was appropriate in consistency for their age. Among 183 (73.2%) children who were not fed appropriately during and after their illness episodes, 119 (65.0%) were malnourished. On using logistic regression it was seen that the variables which had statistically significant association with the complementary feeding patterns (P<0.05) were maternal education, father's age, total members in the family, advice on complementary feeding from health care workers and use of bottle for feeding. Father's education, availability of ration card, antenatal counselling on childcare, birth order and history of repeated illness in the past did not show statistically significant association with complementary feeding practices (P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the feeding patterns of normal and malnourished children. The association of complementary feeding practices and the anthropometric status of study children was not found statistically significant in the present study. Advice on complementary feeding from healthcare workers is seen to be having a positive impact on complementary feeding practices (P < 0.01).

Complementary Feeding Patterns and Factors Affecting Timely Introduction in a Tribal Population: A Mixed-Methods Study

Introduction: About 29-60% of tribal children are underweight due to limited healthcare access. The Kols, a tribe in central India, face similar issues and our study will examine their complementary feeding practices. Methodology: A sequential explanatory mixed-method research design was conducted on 218 Kol tribe women in the Manikpur block of Chitrakoot district Uttar Pradesh. In the first phase, the quantitative interview using a semi-structured questionnaire and in the second phase, an in-depth interview of 20 Kol mothers was conducted using an interview guide. Results: About 52.3% of the women were aged between 26- 35 years, and about 83.9% were illiterate. About half of the children (n=116, 53.5%) were introduced to complementary feed at 6-8 months of age. The independent predictors of the timely initiation of complementary feeding were education (AOR: 2.422, p 0.037), age of the mothers (AOR: 1.2106, p 0.047) and the number of children of the mothers (AOR: 2.715 p 0.004) diet diversity was rarely maintained. Conclusion: Complementary feed was introduced timely for half of the tribal women but diet diversity was not maintained. Health education and counselling to utilize locally available food items should be encouraged.

Barriers to appropriate complementary feeding and the use of ultra-processed foods: A formative qualitative study from rural Oromia, Ethiopia.

Children's consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is increasing in Ethiopia, but relatively little is known about the specific feeding practices that underlie this pattern. The objective of this study was to explore patterns of consumption of UPF by infants and young children within a broader context of inappropriate complementary feeding practices in extremely poor households in rural Oromia, Eastern Ethiopia. A formative qualitative study was conducted using semistructured interview questionnaires developed drawing on a socioecological model. A total of 16 focus group discussions with mothers (45 respondents), fathers (21 respondents)and grandmothers (23 respondents) of children aged 6-23 months in households that were beneficiaries of the Productive Safety Net Program were conducted, along with four key informant interviews with health workers. Qualitative transcripts were complemented with field notesbefore qualitative content analysis was applied. The key findings suggest that UPF were widely provided to infants and young children as part of a pattern of suboptimal complementary feeding, including both early and late initiation of complementary foods. In particular, UPF (including juice, biscuitsand lipid-based nutrient supplements) were diluted with or dissolved in water and fed to infants via bottle, often before the recommended age of initiation of 6 months. Mothers and caregivers reported that they perceived the products to be affordably priced and packaged, ready to use and convenient given their time constraints. The level of consumption of UPF and its effects on infant and young child feeding feeding practices and children's nutritional status in rural Ethiopia should be further explored.

Minimum acceptable diet in a cohort of children aged between 6 and 15 months: Complementary feeding assessment and associated factors in the Brazilian western Amazon

ObjectiveThe goal of the article was to assess complementary feeding patterns, and associated factors, of children between 6 and 15-month old in Rio Branco-Acre, Brazil, based on the minimum acceptable diet indicator. MethodsThis study was cross-sectional, including 857 children between ages 6 and 15 mo, from a 2015 birth cohort of Rio Branco, Brazil. The prevalence of complementary feeding indicators, minimum meal frequency, minimum dietary diversity, and minimum acceptable diet was estimated based on the recommendations of the World Health Organization. Sociodemographic characteristics, infant and maternal habits, prenatal information, birth characteristics, breastfeeding, and complementary feeding were evaluated. Differences between the proportions were evaluated by the χ2 test and univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses, to determine associated factors with child minimum acceptable diet. ResultsThe minimum frequencies of meals and dietary diversity were observed in 81.0% and 51.8% of the children, respectively. The minimum acceptable diet prevalence was 47.1%. Also, minimum acceptable diet was inversely associated with C, D, and E social classes (adjusted odds ratio = 0.49; 95% CI, 0.33–0.72), number of living siblings (adjusted odds ratio for two or three children = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.48–0.98, and adjusted odds ratio for ≥ 4 children = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.37–0.84). Maternal regular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and legumes (adjusted odds ratio = 2.62; 95% CI, 1.69–4.05), child age from 12 to 15 mo (adjusted odds ratio = 2.05; 95% CI, 1.32–3.18), and receiving guidance regarding complementary feeding during postnatal consultations (adjusted odds ratio = 1.38; 95% CI, 1.03–1.86) were directly associated with minimum acceptable diet. ConclusionsFewer than 50% of the children received adequate food with adequate frequency and diversity. Low socioeconomic status and having ≥ 2 living siblings reduced the chance of minimum acceptable diet, whereas maternal healthy diet, child age (12–15 mo), and complementary feeding counseling during postnatal appointments increased the chance of minimum acceptable diet.

The Relationship of Feeding Complementary Foods with Complete Menu on Babies Weight

Most children who experience failure to thrive are due to the practice of giving complementary food to breast milk with an incomplete menu, so one way to overcome this is to provide complementary food to complete menus of breast milk. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the provision of complete menus of complementary feeding to changes in the weight of infants aged 6-12 months. This type of study was analytical research used a cross sectional study design. This research has been conducted to 40 infants aged 6-12 months. The sample size is 37 respondents. Probability sampling method with simple random sampling technique has been use as the sampling technique. This study has conducted in midwifery independent practice in Surabaya. Data collection was obtained from weighing the baby's weight, filling in the previous weight by looking at the KMS and using a complete menu complementary feeding pattern questionnaire. Data analysis used the chi square statistical test. Statistical test of chi square found that the value of p = 0.039. There is a relationship between the provision of complete menu complementary foods with infant weight gain. It is hoped that health workers can increase information related to the provision of appropriate complementary food according to the needs of infants

P20-014-23 Growth Differences Observed in Meat- vs. Dairy-Based Complementary Feeding Pattern in US Formula-Fed Infants Could Be Mediated by the Gut Microbiota: A Germ-Free Mice Study

P20-014-23 Growth Differences Observed in Meat- vs. Dairy-Based Complementary Feeding Pattern in US Formula-Fed Infants Could Be Mediated by the Gut Microbiota: A Germ-Free Mice Study

Association of feeding patterns in infancy with later autism symptoms and neurodevelopment: a national multicentre survey

BackgroundWe aimed to compare differences in infant feeding patterns (breastfeeding and complementary food supplementation) between children with the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing (TD) children through a multicentre study. The relationship between these patterns and later core symptoms and neurodevelopment in children with ASD was also investigated.MethodsWe analysed breastfeeding and complementary feeding patterns in 1389 children with ASD and 1190 TD children. The Children Neuropsychological and Behavior Scale-Revision 2016 (CNBS-R2016) was used to assess neurodevelopmental levels. The Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), and ASD Warning Behavior Subscale of the CNBS-R2016 were used to assess ASD symptoms.ResultsChildren with ASD had a shorter breastfeeding duration in infancy (8 (3–12) months vs. 10 (6–14) months, P < 0.001), later introduction of complementary foods (P < 0.001), and poorer acceptance of complementary foods (P < 0.001) than TD children. Total ABC and CARS scores were lower in the group of children with ASD who had been breastfed for 12 months or more than in the group who had been breastfed for less than 6 months. Children with ASD who were given complementary food after 6 months had lower general quotient (GQ), adaptive ability, fine motor and language scores than those who were given complementary food within 4–6 months. Children with ASD with poor acceptance of complementary foods had higher ABC and SRS scores and lower gross motor scores than those who had good acceptance.ConclusionsChildren with ASD have a shorter duration of breastfeeding, a later introduction of complementary foods, and poorer acceptance of complementary foods than TD children. These feeding patterns may be related to the symptoms and growth of children with ASD. The research suggests that continued breastfeeding for longer than 12 months may be beneficial in reducing ASD symptoms and that infants who have difficulty introducing complementary foods should be followed up for neurodevelopment.Trial registrationThe ethics committee of the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University approved the study. Approval Number: (2018) IRB (STUDY) NO. 121, and registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (Registration number: ChiCTR2000031194, registered on 23/03/2020).

Effectiveness of complementary feeding patterns on Nutritional status in toddlers age 6-24 months : A systematic review

Feeding patterns and practices during the first year of life are very important for growth, development, and morbidity. WHO recommends infants exclusively breastfed in the first six months , then begin complementary foods that are nutritionally adequate, safe and appropriately fed from 6 to 24 months to meet the needs of a growing baby.This study is a systematic review of literature by searching five e-databases namely Scopus, Science Direct, pubmed, Portal Garuda and Google Scholar. Literature search was carried out using Boolean Operators including OR/AND with search terms. Literature search keywords used English and Indonesian.Patterns of complementary food giving and Nutritional Status in toddlers (8 articles), Knowledge of complementary foods (1 article), Behavior of giving complementary foods (1 article), Characteristics of giving complementary foods (5 articles).The results, there is an effect of the pattern of complementary feeding on the nutritional status of toddlers aged 6-24 months.

Practices of Complementary Feeding of Mothers Attending a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in the Northern Part of Bangladesh

Background: Adequate nutrition during infancy and early childhood are essential to ensure growth and development, and it depends significantly on the pattern of complementary feeding. As Bangladesh is a high burden of infant malnutrition, the present study was designed to assess the practices regarding complementary feeding among mothers attending a tertiary care hospital. Objective: To observe the attitude and practices of mothers regarding complementary feeding. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics in Rajshahi Medical Hospital for one year. A total of 227 mothers of children aged between 6 to 24 months attending pediatric OPD at Rajshahi Medical Hospital were included in this study. Data collection was conducted through a pre-designed questionnaire. After data collection of data, data were analyzed by SPSS 23.0.&#x0D; Results: A total of 227 parents were interviewed. The mean age of the respondents was 26±8.42 (SD) years. Nearly half (45%) of the mothers belonged to lower-middle-income families. Of all, 82% of the mothers knew about the perception of complementary feeding, and about 21% knew the WHO recommended age for complimentary food initiation (at six months). About 71% and 60% had knowledge about iron-rich food and iodized salt accordingly. Half of them knew the appropriate consistency of complimentary food. About 64% of mothers gave complementary foods ≤2 times a day while 36% fed≥3 times a day. Regarding attitude, 78% of mothers approached the necessity of maintaining dietary diversity and variety of food for a balanced diet. In comparison, 52% preferred homemade food, 22% preferred commercially available food, and 26% preferred a combination of both. About 71.8% of mothers believed in different food taboos. In this study, dilution of cow's milk as a complementary food was done by 76% of mothers, while complementary feeding was discontinued by 80%. About 78% and 65% of the mothers reported washing their hands and utensils and baby's hand before feeding the child, 66% of them covered the food after cooking, and 43% reheated the food before serving.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study shed light on existing knowledge, attitude, and practice among mothers attending a tertiary care hospital. But to get the exact scenario, further extensive study is recommended.&#x0D; TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: 83-90

Feeding Patterns in One-year-old Children Referred to Urban and Rural Health Care Centers in Rafsanjan City in 2017

Background and Aim The early years of life are the most critical stage in the growth and development of children. While the optimal development of children depends on a complex set of factors, the pattern of breastfeeding and complementary feeding of infants is of undeniable importance. Therefore, the present study conducted to investigate the factors related to the feeding patterns of one-year-old children referred to healthcare centers in Rafsanjan city. Methods &amp; Materials his descriptive study was performed on 600 mothers with one-year-old children under the auspices of healthcare centers in Rafsanjan city in 2017. Volunteered mothers with active health records were selected randomly. The required information was collected through a questionnaire containing demographic characteristics and questions related to the feeding of children and was analyzed by SPSS software, version 18. Ethical Considerations The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (RUMS) approved the present study (Code: IR.RUMS.REC.1396.179). Results About 95% of mothers participating in this study started breastfeeding their children up to one hour after delivery, but 56.7% of them completed breastfeeding by one year of age. The results show that most mothers had started supplemental feeding with two or three spoons in each meal, and about 90% of them followed the health worker's advice. Also, the most important reasons for feeding children with powdered milk are disorders in the child's development (34%), inadequate breast milk (17%), maternal disease (14%), do not take the mother's breast (11%) and children being twins (8%). Conclusion Despite face-to-face training for mothers in health care centers for feeding their children, still there are some difficulties in commencing complementary feeding and its continuation. Therefore, need for more health and nutrition education regarding the best ways for feeding children to mothers by personnel of Rafsanjan health care centers.

Complementary feeding practices and its determinants among Fulani mothers in rural Kaduna State, Northwest, Nigeria

Introduction: Complementary feeding plays an important role in children's growth and development. Exclusive breastfeeding provides the best source of nutrients at early stage of life but beyond six months, more nutrients are required than are generally available from breast milk alone. This makes the child vulnerable to developing malnutrition. This study aims to assess the knowledge, practices and factors affecting complementary feeding practices among Fulani mothers in Makarfi Local Government Area, Kaduna state. Methods: The study was cross-sectional in design. A sample of 209 respondents (mother/caregiver – child pair) was selected using a multistage sampling technique. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Mothers' knowledge of complementary feeding and the quality of complementary feeding practices were assessed and scored. Bivariate analysis (Chi square and Fishers' exact test) was used to test for association between socio-demographic factors, and mothers' knowledge, and complementary feeding practices. Statistical significance was determined at an alpha level of 0.05. Results: Results revealed that 93.3% of the Fulani mothers had poor knowledge while only 27.5% had good practices of complementary feeding. The pattern of complementary feeding was characterized by poor dietary diversity. There was a significant association between child's age (p &lt; 0.01); fathers' occupation (p = 0.05) and complementary feeding practices. Conclusion and Recommendations: The study showed that the overall knowledge and practice of complementary feeding among the Fulani mothers/caregivers were poor. Therefore, the need for more education by the state ministry of health, targeted at Fulani mothers towards improving knowledge and practices on complementary feeding. Keywords: Infant feeding, Knowledge, Practices, Complementary feeding, Makarfi, Fulan

HUBUNGAN POLA PEMBERIAN ASI DAN MP-ASI DENGAN SKOR PB/U PADA ANAK USIA 6-23 BULAN DI DESA KEMBANGAN KECAMATAN BONANG KABUPATEN DEMAK

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem that can describe growth failure since before and after birth. Factors that also influence the incidence of stunting include the pattern of breastfeeding and complementary feeding. The stunting rate in Kembangan village, Demak Regency is 80 cases. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between breastfeeding and complementary feeding patterns with Z PB/U scores in children aged 6-23 months. The type of research used is explanatory research with a cross sectional approach. The research population is 138 toodler under two. Research subjects were found to be 65, selected by purposive sampling. The research instrument consisted of a structured questionnaire used to obtain the characteristics of the subject and exclusive breastfeeding, a1x24 hour recall form, and food photo book used to determine the amount of complementary feeding, infantometer for body length, and WHO anthro determines the PB/U index. Statistic test used Spearman Rank correlation. 73,8% of children did not initiate early breastfeeding, 38,5% less breastfeeding, 47,7% less duration of breastfeeding, 69,2% of children not exclusively breastfeed. The first age of children eating inappropriately was 69,2%, the frequency of eating was not appropriate as much as 41,5%, the portion of food was not appropriate as much as 43,1%, the texture of thee food was not appropriate as much as 16,9%. The Z PB/U score for short children was 26,2%. There is a relationship between breastfeeding patterns (p=0,003) and complementary feeding patterns (p=0,001) with Z PB/U scores. Inappropriate breastfeeding and complementary feeding are related to the Z PB/U score of children aged 6-23 months.

Complementary feeding pattern and its determinants among mothers in selected primary health centers in the urban metropolis of Ekiti State, Nigeria

The incidence of malnutrition in the first two years of life has been directly linked with inappropriate complementary feeding practices along with high infectious disease levels. This study was therefore aimed to assess the complementary feeding pattern among mothers of children aged zero to two years in selected health centres in Ado Ekiti, the capital of Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study was cross-sectional in design. One hundred and thirty-five mothers were selected from two health centres within Ado-Ekiti for this study. A semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect information from the mothers. The questionnaire included questions that assessed the mothers’ socio-demographic characteristics and complementary feeding pattern. Most (62.5%) infants were introduced to complementary foods at 3–5 months old and water (43.3%) at 3 months of age. The main food item given to the infants on commencement of complementary feeding was formula food (45.9%) followed by fermented cereal gruel (37%). The timing of introduction for different food items revealed that in contrast to the use of fermented cereal gruel (23.8%), fewer children were introduced to iron-rich foods (15.1%) and fruits (11%) at 6 months to a year old. Mother’s knowledge of ideal age for the introduction of complementary feeding ({chi }^{2}= 20.547; p < 0.001) associated significantly with the age of introduction of complementary feeding. More than three-fifth (62.5%) of the respondents had commenced complementary feeding to their infants between 3 and 5 months while an excess of two-fifth (43.3%) of the respondents started giving their children water to drink at 3 months of age. Nurses and nutritionists in primary health care centers should take the lead role in educating mothers about the need for exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life and appropriate complementary feeding for ages 6–24 months.

Feeding Patterns, Mother-Child Dietary Diversity and Prevalence of Malnutrition Among Under-Five Children in Lebanon: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Retrospective Recall

BackgroundDespite demonstrated benefits, most countries fall short of meeting international targets for breastfeeding patterns, optimal complementary feeding, mother-children's quality diet, and malnutrition among under-five children.RationaleSince mothers usually play the most vital role in the healthcare of their children, research is needed to illuminate maternal factors that might promote a child's health and nutritional status.AimThe purpose of this study is to retrospectively (1) examine the under-five children's (0–59 months) feeding habits including exclusive breastfeeding, exclusive bottle feeding, continued breastfeeding, and complementary feedings, (2) investigate the mother-child's dietary diversity, and (3) identify any factors that cause less optimal nutrition due to a lack of food diversity in children aged 6 to 59 months. Moreover, (4) the prevalence of wasting, stunting, underweight, and overweight in the under-five offspring living in households located in the main two provinces in Lebanon (Beirut and Mount Lebanon) was determined.MethodsThe data for this analysis were collected from a representative sample of 384 households [384 mothers (21–49 years old) and children (0–59 months)] between February 2019 and June 2019. A questionnaire was used to inquire mothers of children ages 0–23 months about exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), continuous breastfeeding (CBF), exclusive bottle feeding (EBOT), mixed feeding (MF), and complementary feeding patterns. Moreover, additional questions regarding dietary diversity were asked to mothers of children aged 6 to 59 months. This score was calculated based on the 24 h recall of the mother and her child's consumption of 7 food groups, during the 24 h prior to the survey. Moreover, stunting, wasting, overweight, and underweight were calculated using the z-score for height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-height (WHZ), and weight-for-age (WAZ), respectively. Binary logistic regression was used to explore the dietary diversity among children (ages 6–59 months) adjusting for covariates at maternal and household levels.ResultsAround 44% of children (0–59 months) had normal body weight. In addition, 9.3% were underweight (WAZ < -2SD to −3SD), 6.5% were at risk of being overweight, 24.45% were overweight, 9.3% were stunted (HAZ < -2SD to −3SD), and 6.25% (WHZ < -2SD to −3SD) were wasted. In total, among under-five children, the prevalence of EBF at 40 d and 6 months was 27 and 30%, respectively. The prevalence of CBF was 23%. Around 60% of mothers breastfed their offspring between 0 and 6 months and half of them introduced infant formula at earlier stages between 0–6 months. Furthermore, 78.4% of mothers introduced food to their children between 4 and 6 months (of which 40% before 6 months) and 62.5% of them introduced sugary drinks before 6 months. As for dietary diversity (DD), one out of two mothers and one out of three children (ages 6–59 months) had a low DD score (DDS) (46 and 32%, respectively). The children's and mother's DD were strongly found to be correlated (p-value = 0.034). Regression analysis showed that children's DD increased around 2 times [AOR = 1.7; 95% CI (1.042–2.914)] in context of high maternal DDS, and about 12 times [AOR = 11.7; 95% CI (1.2–111)] when a member of the highest-income households.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrated low rates of EBF and CBF, high prevalence of EBOT, and early introduction of complementary foods among children ages 0–59 months. Furthermore, for children ages 6–59 months, there was poor mother-child dietary diversity and a high prevalence of overweight and stunted children in the main two Lebanese provinces. This suggests the alarming need for continuous nutrition intervention to improve infant feeding patterns and dietary diversity to reduce the malnutrition rates.

Evaluating Infant Complementary Feeding Pattern and Some Related Factors in Health Care Centers in Khorramabad, 2017 Year

Objective: Inappropriate starting of complementary feeding is an important factor leading to infant growth delay and malnutrition. This study was aimed to determine the complementary feeding pattern and some related factors in health care centers in Khorramabad. &#x0D; Methods: This cross-sectional study, included 300 one year old infants who had referred to nine health care centers in Khorramabad by multistage sampling. In present study, we used a questionnaire included individual information about mothers and infants and a checklist for evaluating breastfeeding and complementary feeding. Chi-square test and one way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. &#x0D; Results: In present study, 50.7% of infants were girls and 60.3% of cases were the first infant in their family. 59.3% of infants were delivered by cesarean. Average age of starting complementary feeding was 0.5 8.5. 75.7% of infants had exclusive breastfeeding up to first six months of their life. Among most cases, the first complementary food was rice flour porridge (29.3%) and almond porridge (15.7%). Most mothers had acquired necessary information about complementary feeding by using booklets (20.7%) and physician guidance (16.7%). There was a statistically significant relationship between age of starting complementary feeding and mother’s education (P=0.043) level and employment status (P=0.001). &#x0D; Conclusion: Related authorities should begin comprehensive and effective education by using novel training strategies to raise mothers' knowledge about age of starting complementary feeding and how to do it at health care centers.

Роль продуктов прикорма в формировании вкусовых предпочтений и нутритивного статуса детей

Objective. To evaluate the influence of different patterns of complementary feeding on the formation of nutritional behavior and nutritional status in children between 6 and 12 months old. Patients and methods. The study included 86 practically healthy children; the duration of observation was 10.65 ± 3.65 weeks. Children in the study group (n = 46) received only commercially produced complementary foods; children in the comparison group (n = 40) received both commercially produced and homemade foods. In the study group, parents accurately followed the recommendations on the order, timing, and amount of introduction of complementary foods. Tolerance and nutritional behavior were assessed using specially designed questionnaires. The dynamics of nutritional status against the background of complementary feeding were evaluated. Results. Most of the children tolerated the introduced complementary food products, both commercially produced and homemade, and had average parameters of physical development and nutritional status. Skin manifestations of food allergy (19.6% in the study group, 17.5% in the comparison group) to the following commercially produced complementary foods were revealed: dairyfree buckwheat porridge and any milk porridge, cauliflower, pumpkin, zucchini; and to homemade foods: fish, strawberries, pumpkin. Dyspepsia in the form of increased/decreased frequency of defecation was detected in 13 and 22.5% of children in the study group and comparison group, respectively. Uncontrolled introduction of complementary foods in the comparison group (early introduction of fruit or berry puree, milk porridge, cottage cheese) was accompanied by a 3.5-fold increase in the number of children with excess body weight during the observation period. Rapid substitution of one product with another when a child refused to eat the complementary food product did not allow a positive attitude towards new foods to be formed. In the study group, 10 (66.6%) out of 15 children with an initially negative attitude towards complementary foods agreed to eat the previously unpreferable product, in the comparison group – 1 child out of 4 (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion. The timing and order of introducing complementary foods is essential for children to develop proper eating behavior and optimal food preferences. Key words: food preferences, complementary foods, breastfeeding, eating behavior

The Patterns of Complementary Feeding and Growth among 12 to 23 Month-Old Children in China

ObjectiveThis study aimed to understand the characteristics of dietary patterns among children aged 12 to 23 months and discusses the relationship between dietary patterns and the growth of children. MethodCross-sectional data were selected from the National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for 0 to 18 year-old children in China (n = 2,449) to describe the patterns of complementary feeding and the growth of children. Cluster analysis was used to analyze complementary feeding patterns, and an analysis of variance and Bonferroni test were conducted to analyze the relationship between Z scores and complementary feeding patterns. ResultsFour dietary patterns were identified among the children via cluster analysis. In Pattern 4 (n = 104, 4.2%), children still consumed milk as their staple food. They displayed the lowest grain, fruit, vegetable, egg, and flesh foods consumption, a medium frequency of breast milk consumption, and a high frequency of dairy product consumption. Pattern 4 had the lowest length-for-age Z scores and weight-for-age Z scores, with –0.10 ± 1.34 and 0.24 ± 1.00, respectively (F = 7.940, P < 0.001; F = 5.317, P < 0.001). ConclusionAlthough China is undergoing rapid urbanization and economic development, there is still a phenomenon of insufficient intake of protein-rich foods and dairy-based dietary patterns at the stage of complementary food introduced among children aged 12 to 23 months.

Overview of the Pattern of Complementary Feeding to Stunting Toddlers Age 6-24 Months in the Tampo Banyuwangi Community Health Center Work Area

Background: Stunting is short body age less than -2SD measured using a Z-score, which is influenced by the nutritional status of children. Stunting is a national health problem that is the main target of health development. The provision of complementary feeding is related to stunting status in toddlers. This study aims to determine the description of the pattern of giving complementary feeding to stunting toddlers aged 6-24 months. Methods: This study uses a descriptive type of research, namely research conducted to describe or describe a phenomenon in society. The number of samples, as many as 20 respondents, and sampling using total sampling. The data used are primary and secondary data obtained from questionnaires, KIA book notes, and food recall. Data analysis used univariate analysis. Results: The results showed that the intake of energy, protein, carbohydrates, fat, and stunting in toddlers was less than the nutritional adequacy rate (RDA) according to age. The first time complementary feeding is given, the results were 55% incorrect at the age of 6 months, 5% complementary feeding was given early and 50% was given at the age of more than 6 months. Conclusion: The resulting data illustrates the pattern of inadequate complementary feeding as seen from the intake of energy, protein, carbohydrates, fat, and fiberless than the nutritional adequacy rate (RDA) according to age.

An Analytical Study of Complementary Feeding Pattern Among Healthy and Failure to Thrive Children in Boyer-Ahmad County: A Matched Case-Control Study

An Analytical Study of Complementary Feeding Pattern Among Healthy and Failure to Thrive Children in Boyer-Ahmad County: A Matched Case-Control Study