Complementary Distributions Research Articles

Generalized collaborative relevance vector regression for soft sensors

Soft sensors often struggle to adapt to changing conditions due to their overreliance on single data sources, severely undermining the generalizability and applicability of models. This paper proposes a novel generalized collaborative relevance vector regression (GCRVR) framework to substantially improve the accuracy and adaptability of soft sensors under varying conditions. The core innovation of GCRVR lies in an adaptive collaborative strategy designed to combine complementary predictive distributions based on analyzed variance differences, enabling the acquisition of more reasonable and reliable results. The GCRVR approach leverages both smoothed and unsmoothed process data to train independent relevance vector regression models, generating probabilistic predictions. A theoretical analysis provides insight into ensuring the stability of the model. In an evaluation conducted across four sophisticated industrial processes, the proposed GCRVR method outperformed a suite of conventional methods—namely, linear regression, support vector regression, Gaussian process regression, a stacked autoencoder, long short-term memory, attention-based long short-term memory, and extreme gradient boosting. The GCRVR method exhibited substantial predictive accuracy enhancements, as evidenced by average reductions of 39% in the root mean square error (RMSE), 43% in the mean absolute error (MAE), and 42% in the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). This work addresses the generalization and adaptability limitations of soft sensors through an integrated framework that capitalizes on the collaborative use of complementary models. GCRVR constitutes a major advancement in real-time monitoring and optimization for industrial process control.

Mapping charge excitations in generalized Wigner crystals.

Transition metal dichalcogenide-based moiré superlattices exhibit strong electron-electron correlations, thus giving rise to strongly correlated quantum phenomena such as generalized Wigner crystal states. Evidence of Wigner crystals in transition metal dichalcogenide moire superlattices has been widely reported from various optical spectroscopy and electrical conductivity measurements, while their microscopic nature has been limited to the basic lattice structure. Theoretical studies predict that unusual quasiparticle excitations across the correlated gap between upper and lower Hubbard bands can arise due to long-range Coulomb interactions in generalized Wigner crystal states. However, the microscopic proof of such quasiparticle excitations is challenging because of the low excitation energy of the Wigner crystal. Here we describe a scanning single-electron charging spectroscopy technique with nanometre spatial resolution and single-electron charge resolution that enables us to directly image electron and hole wavefunctions and to determine the thermodynamic gap of generalized Wigner crystal states in twisted WS2 moiré heterostructures. High-resolution scanning single-electron charging spectroscopy combines scanning tunnelling microscopy with a monolayer graphene sensing layer, thus enabling the generation of individual electron and hole quasiparticles in generalized Wigner crystals. We show that electron and hole quasiparticles have complementary wavefunction distributions and that thermodynamic gaps of ∼50 meV exist for the 1/3 and 2/3 generalized Wigner crystal states in twisted WS2.

Photogenerated electron- and hole-trap distributions in Al-doped anatase TiO2 crystals measured by cryogenic EPR imaging

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging was performed on aluminium-doped anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) crystals to demonstrate the distributions of photogenerated trapped electrons and holes at cryogenic temperatures. Complementary distributions of trapped electrons and holes were observed at 25 K; trapped electrons were predominant on the {101} planes, whereas trapped holes were predominant on the (001) and {110} planes in the tetragonal crystal structure. These separate distributions are consistent with the reported facet-dependent photocatalytic efficiency of photoreduction and photooxidation in anatase crystals, resulting from crystal plane-dependent carrier transfer. By this extrinsic trap system, the carrier transport properties were derivatively extracted through electron and hole traps. This report provides insight into the fundamental physics governing the facet dependence of photocatalytic effects.

Unravelling the Kirundi 'not'

Kirundi has two principle ways of expressing negation: nti-/si- and ta-. One occurs before subject-marking in matrix clauses (primary/NEG1) and the other after subject-marking in embedded clauses or following A’-movement (secondary/NEG2) respectively. Thus, the aim of this paper is to investigate the distinction between primary and secondary negation in Kirundi. I argue that the different contexts and positions for negation are due to left peripheral phenomena. More specifically, when C0 is filled in subordinate clauses and following A’-extraction, primary negation is blocked from occurring. In these cases, secondary negation surfaces instead. This analysis accounts for their complementary distributions.

Qualitative-quantitative identification and functional zoning analysis of production-living-ecological space: a case study of Urban Agglomeration in Central Yunnan, China.

Territorial space exhibits multiple functional attributes, which comprise production, living, and ecological functions usually. Optimizing the production-living-ecological space (PLES) has become the key to territorial and spatial planning; the scientific identification of the PLES lays a foundation for space optimization and has important guiding significance in territorial spatial zoning. To achieve the integration of macro-scale and micro-scale PLES, with the Urban Agglomeration in Central Yunnan as the research area in this study, the PLES functional identification systems from the administrative unit scale and the grid scale are constructed. The types of PLES are determined by integrating qualitative and quantitative evaluation results and using an improved primacy index model from a composite spatial perspective. On that basis, the division of comprehensive zoning is achieved for land use functions through kernel density analysis. As indicated by the results, the model is capable of reflecting the macro background of the PLES functions in administrative regions while characterizing the micro differences at the grid level in administrative units. There are significant differences in the production, living, and ecological functional spaces in the Urban Agglomeration. Production functions are concentrated in the central and northeastern, living functions are concentrated in the central, and ecological functions are concentrated in the western and northeastern, with significantly consistent or complementary spatial distributions of each other. The PLES of Urban Agglomeration includes production space (PS), ecological space (ES), production-living space (P-LS), production-ecological space (P-ES), living-ecological space (L-ES), and production-living-ecological space (P-L-ES), placing a focus on ES, P-ES, and P-L-ES, which marks significant differences in spatial distribution among different spatial types. The study area is divided into 24 functional zones, which are classified into 6 categories, and optimization paths are proposed. This study will provide a reference for territorial and spatial planning in spatial functional zoning, spatial pattern optimization, and land management applications.

Highly branched and complementary distributions of layer 5 and layer 6 auditory corticofugal axons in mouse.

The auditory cortex exerts a powerful, yet heterogeneous, effect on subcortical targets. Auditory corticofugal projections emanate from layers 5 and 6 and have complementary physiological properties. While several studies suggested that layer 5 corticofugal projections branch widely, others suggested that multiple independent projections exist. Less is known about layer 6; no studies have examined whether the various layer 6 corticofugal projections are independent. Therefore, we examined branching patterns of layers 5 and 6 auditory corticofugal neurons, using the corticocollicular system as an index, using traditional and novel approaches. We confirmed that dual retrograde injections into the mouse inferior colliculus and auditory thalamus co-labeled subpopulations of layers 5 and 6 auditory cortex neurons. We then used an intersectional approach to relabel layer 5 or 6 corticocollicular somata and found that both layers sent extensive branches to multiple subcortical structures. Using a novel approach to separately label layers 5 and 6 axons in individual mice, we found that layers 5 and 6 terminal distributions partially spatially overlapped and that giant terminals were only found in layer 5-derived axons. Overall, the high degree of branching and complementarity in layers 5 and 6 axonal distributions suggest that corticofugal projections should be considered as 2 widespread systems, rather than collections of individual projections.

Jensen–Fisher information and Jensen–Shannon entropy measures based on complementary discrete distributions with an application to Conway’s game of life

Several information and divergence measures existing in the literature assist in measuring the knowledge contained in sources of information. Studying an information source from both positive and negative aspects will result in more accurate and comprehensive information. In many cases, extracting information through the positive approach could be not an easy task while it may be feasible when dealing with the negative aspect. Negation is a new perspective and direction to quantify the information or knowledge in a given system from the negative approach. In this work, we study some new information measures, such as Fisher information, Fisher information distance, Jensen–Fisher information and Jensen–Shannon entropy measures, based on complementary distributions. We then show that the proposed Jensen–Fisher information measure can be expressed based on Fisher information distance measure. We have further shown that the Jensen–Shannon entropy measure has two representations in terms of Kullback–Leibler divergence and Jensen–extropy measures. Some illustrations related to complementary distribution of Bernoulli and Poisson random variables are then presented. Finally, for illustrative purpose, we have examined a real example on Conway’s game of life and have presented some numerical results in terms of the proposed information measures.

Spatially resolved metabolomics combined with bioactivity analyses to evaluate the pharmacological properties of two Radix Puerariae species

Ethnopharmacological relevanceP. lobata and P. thomsonii are medicinal plants with similar pharmacological functions but different therapeutic effects. A novel method is presented herein to investigate metabolites in terms of their distribution and qualification, quantification is necessary to elucidate the different therapeutic effects of the two Puerariae species. Aim of the studyThe aim of the present study was to perform spatially resolved metabolomics combined with bioactivity analyses to systematically compare the metabolite differences in P. lobata and P. thomsonii by distribution, qualification, quantification, and biological activity to evaluate their pharmacological properties. Materials and methodsAir flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry imaging (AFADESI-MSI) was performed to characterize the differences in the metabolite distributions of P. lobata and P. thomsonii. Further qualitative and quantitative analyses of the differential metabolites were performed using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Biological activities correlated with the differences in the metabolites were validated by MTT assays. ResultsSome metabolites showed complementary distributions of the phloem and xylem in the two species, saccharide, vitamin, and inosine levels were higher in the phloem of P. thomsonii but higher in the xylem of P. lobata. The 3′-hydroxyl puerarin level was higher in the xylem of P. thomsonii but higher in the phloem of P. lobata. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the metabolites revealed a total of 52 key differential metabolites. MTT assays showed that daidzein, daidzin, puerarin, ononin, genistin, formononetin, 3′-hydroxy puerarin, 3′-methoxy puerarin, mirificin, and 3′-methoxy daidzin exerted protective effects on H9c2 cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. P. lobata extracts exhibited a significantly better protective efficacy than P. thomsonii extracts. ConclusionsIn this study, AFADESI-MSI combined with LC-MS and biological activities comprehensively elucidated metabolite differences in the distribution, qualification, quantification, and pharmacological properties of P. lobata and P. thomsonii. The results of this study could provide a novel strategy for species identification and quality assessment of similar Chinese herbal medicines.

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL ASPECTS OF UNIVERSAL PERIODS SPECTRUM

The paper discusses the role of the Mach principle as a theoretical basis for the universal spectra of periods obtained experimentally. The connection following from this principle according to the “all-to-all” principle can be used as the basis for the model of complementary fractal distributions or R-fractal. It is shown that the irrational fractal sequences following from the R-fractal can serve as a model of the universal spectra of periods, which act as the temporal aspect of the R-fractal. Examples of phenomena that represent the spatial aspect of the R-fractal are given, in particular, the icosahedral-dodecahedral model of the Earth’s structure.

Crops grown in mixtures show niche partitioning in spatial water uptake

Abstract More diverse plant communities are generally more productive than monocultures. This benefit of species diversity is supposed to stem from resource partitioning of species in mixtures where different species use the resources spatially, temporally, or chemically in distinct ways. With respect to water, the simultaneous cultivation of crops with distinct water uptake patterns might reduce niche overlaps and thus result in higher productivity. However, little is known about whether and how spatial water uptake patterns of crop species differ among different planting arrangements and whether these changes result in increased niche partitioning and explain overyielding in mixtures. Stable isotopes of water and a Bayesian model were used to investigate the spatial water uptake patterns of six different crop species and how these patterns change depending on the planting arrangement (monocultures vs mixtures). Niche overlaps and niche widths in spatial water uptake were compared among the different crop diversity levels and linked to productivity. Furthermore, spatial water uptake was related to competition intensity and overyielding in mixtures. We found evidence for increased niche partitioning in spatial water uptake, and therefore complementary spatial root distributions of crop species, and higher expected productivity in mixtures compared to expected productivity in monocultures both due to inherent species‐level differences in water uptake and plasticity in the water uptake pattern of species. We also found a significant relationship of competition and overyielding with observed patterns in spatial water uptake. These results suggest that competition was most intense in shallow soil layers and enhanced overyielding was related to a gradual increase of water uptake in deeper soil layers. Thus, overyielding might be related to a more complete spatial exploitation of available water sources. Synthesis. Differences in spatial water uptake and niche partitioning of intercropped species, driven most likely by a complementary spatial root distribution, might explain why mixtures outperform monocultures. These findings underpin the potential of intercropping systems for a more sustainable agriculture with a more efficient use of soil resources and hence reduced input demands.

Preliminary rain rate statistics with one‐minute integration time for radio propagation uses in Venezuela

AbstractIn the present study, rainfall rate statistics for radio propagation applications collected during 1‐year measurement with a 1‐min integration time in three locations of Venezuela are presented and analyzed for the first time in the country. Specifically, the statistics of the worst‐month (WM) are assessed and compared with the Recommendation ITU‐R P.841‐7 prediction model. The results indicate that the model does not accurately predict the statistics of the WM in the country. Also, the performance of Recommendation ITU‐R P.837‐7 (Annex 1 and Annex 2) in estimating the rain rate for a 1‐min integration time at the three locations is examined, with the ITU‐R P.837‐7 Annex 1 exhibiting the best performance and providing results that encourage its use in the prediction of complementary cumulative distributions of rain rate in the country.

Synthesis of covalent organic pillars as molecular nanotubes with precise length, diameter and chirality

The construction of nanotubes with well-defined structures, although synthetically challenging, offers the prospect of studying novel chemical reactions and transportation within confined spaces, as well as fabricating molecular devices and nanoporous materials. Here we report a discrete molecular nanotube, namely the covalent organic pillar COP-1, synthesized through a [2 + 5] imine condensation reaction involving two penta-aldehyde macrocycles and five phenylenediamine linkers. A pair of enantiomeric nanotubes, obtained in a quantitative and diastereoselective manner, were characterized and resolved readily. NMR spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetric and X-ray crystallographic studies revealed that the 2-nm-long and 4.7-Å-wide one-dimensional channel inside COP-1 can accommodate α,ω-disubstituted n-alkyl chains with complementary lengths and electron density distributions. Furthermore, in a length-mismatched host–guest pair, we found that the nonamethylene dibromide thread not only displays a diminished binding constant in solution, but adapts an energetically unfavoured gauche conformation inside COP-1 in the solid state.

On isometric immersions of almost k-product manifolds

A Riemannian manifold endowed with k≥2 complementary pairwise orthogonal distributions is called a Riemannian almost k-product manifold. In the article, we study the following problem: find a relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic invariants of a Riemannian almost k-product manifold isometrically immersed in another Riemannian manifold. For such immersions, we establish an inequality that includes the mixed scalar curvature and the square of the mean curvature. Although Riemannian curvature tensor belongs to intrinsic geometry, a special part called the mixed curvature is also related to the extrinsic geometry of a Riemannian almost k-product manifold. Our inequality also contains mixed scalar curvature type invariants related to B.-Y Chen's δ-invariants. Applications are given for isometric immersions of multiply twisted and warped products (we improve some known inequalities by replacing the sectional curvature with our invariant) and to problems of non-immersion and non-existence of compact leaves of foliated submanifolds.

ESA-Ariel Data Challenge NeurIPS 2022: introduction to exo-atmospheric studies and presentation of the Atmospheric Big Challenge (ABC) Database

Abstract This is an exciting era for exo-planetary exploration. The recently launched JWST, and other upcoming space missions such as Ariel, Twinkle, and ELTs are set to bring fresh insights to the convoluted processes of planetary formation and evolution and its connections to atmospheric compositions. However, with new opportunities come new challenges. The field of exoplanet atmospheres is already struggling with the incoming volume and quality of data, and machine learning (ML) techniques lands itself as a promising alternative. Developing techniques of this kind is an inter-disciplinary task, one that requires domain knowledge of the field, access to relevant tools and expert insights on the capability and limitations of current ML models. These stringent requirements have so far limited the developments of ML in the field to a few isolated initiatives. In this paper, We present the Atmospheric Big Challenge Database (ABC Database), a carefully designed, organized, and publicly available data base dedicated to the study of the inverse problem in the context of exoplanetary studies. We have generated 105 887 forward models and 26 109 complementary posterior distributions generated with Nested Sampling algorithm. Alongside with the data base, this paper provides a jargon-free introduction to non-field experts interested to dive into the intricacy of atmospheric studies. This data base forms the basis for a multitude of research directions, including, but not limited to, developing rapid inference techniques, benchmarking model performance, and mitigating data drifts. A successful application of this data base is demonstrated in the NeurIPS Ariel ML Data Challenge 2022.

Temporal resolution and temporal extent of orientation repulsion

A vertical target is perceived as tilted against a slightly tilted inducer surrounding it. To identify the temporal resolution and temporal extent of this phenomenon of orientation repulsion in the same paradigm, we used an alternating pair of inducer stimuli having complementary orientation distributions and quantified repulsion at various alternation frequencies. The duration of each inducer stimulus was inversely proportional to the frequency. When an orthogonal pair of D2 patterns, a type of grating whose luminance modulation in a particular orientation was the second-order partial derivative of an isotropic 2D-Gaussian, was used as the inducer, repulsion occurred when the duration exceeded 20 ms and leveled off at 30 ms and beyond. When a custom-made texture with a narrowband orientation distribution and another texture with a complementary orientation distribution were alternated as the inducer, repulsion gradually increased until the inducer duration reached 200 ms. The gradual increase in repulsion was observed regardless of whether the orientation of the inducer that appeared simultaneously with the target was discernible. These findings reveal that contextual modulation in orientation occurs at a high temporal resolution and continues to a long temporal extent under optimal conditions.

Demonstration of a bi-directionally tunable arrayed waveguide grating with ultra-low thermal power using S-shaped architecture and parallel-circuit configuration.

A thermally bi-directionally tunable arrayed waveguide grating (TBDTAWG) is proposed and demonstrated on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. The device is composed of passive and active designs for realizations of an AWG and fine tuning of its filtering responses. Given that the required length difference between adjacent arrayed waveguides for the SOI platform is considerably short (∼3-5 µm) due to a high index contrast, an S-shaped architecture with a larger footprint instead of a rectangular one is employed in the AWG. Bi-directionally tunable functions, i.e., both red- and blue-shift tunable functions, can be achieved by using two triangular thermal-tuning regions with complementary phase distributions in the S-shaped architecture despite using only materials with positive thermo-optic coefficients, i.e., Si and SiO2. Measurement results illustrate that both red- or blue-shifted spectra can be achieved and a linear bi-directional shift-to-power ratio of ±30.5 nm/W as well as a wide tuning range of 8 nm can be obtained under an electrical voltage range of 0-2.5 V, showing an agreement between the measurement results and two-dimensional simulation results. This also shows the potential of the proposed TBDTAWG for automatically stabilizing the spectral responses of AWG-based (de)multiplexers for coarse or dense wavelength division multiplexing communication systems by using a feedback control circuit.

Evaluation of 1-Minute Integration Time Rain Rate Statistics in Ecuador for Radio Propagation Applications

In this letter, rain rate measurements performed in Ecuador are used to evaluate the performance of prediction models for estimating complementary cumulative distributions (CCDs) of rainfall rate at 1-minute integration time, which are required, for example, for rain attenuation estimation in wireless communication systems operating at frequencies above 10 GHz. Additionally, the aforementioned measurements are utilized in order to analyze the interannual variability of the rain rate, useful for the assessment of the reliability of the CCDs in terms of communication system availability. It was observed that overall the Recommendation ITU-R P.837-7 Annex 1 exhibited the best performance in estimating equivalent 1-minute integration time rain rate statistics. Furthermore, it was found that the lowest level of inter-annual variability of the rainfall rate was observed in the western zone adjacent to the Andes Cordillera of Ecuador.

MGluR5 Is Substitutable for mGluR1 in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells for Motor Coordination, Developmental Synapse Elimination, and Motor Learning.

Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) include mGluR1 and mGluR5, which are coupled to the Gq family of heterotrimeric G-proteins and readily activated by their selective agonist 3,5-dihydroxyphenilglycine (DHPG). mGluR1 and mGluR5 exhibit nearly complementary distributions spatially or temporally in the central nervous system (CNS). In adult cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), mGluR1 is a dominant group I mGluR and mGluR5 is undetectable. mGluR1 expression increases substantially during the first three weeks of postnatal development and remains high throughout adulthood. On the other hand, mGluR5 expression is observed during the first two postnatal weeks and then decreases. However, functional differences between mGluR1 and mGluR5 in the CNS remains to be elucidated. To address this issue, we generated “mGluR5-rescue” mice in which mGluR5 is specifically expressed in PCs in global mGluR1-knockout (KO) mice. mGluR5-rescue mice exhibited apparently normal motor coordination, developmental elimination of redundant climbing fiber (CF)-PC synapses, and delay eyeblink conditioning, which were severely impaired in mGluR1-KO mice. We concluded that mGluR5 is functionally comparable with mGluR1 in cerebellar PCs.

Spontaneous parametric down-conversion: Revisiting the parameters of transverse entanglement outside the near zone

The reduced density matrix ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{r}(x,{x}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ of the transverse biphoton state beyond the near zone is found to be real on and only on diagonals in the plane of the photon's transverse coordinates $(x,{x}^{\ensuremath{'}})$. This remarkable feature is found to occur at any distances of photon propagation with diffraction spreading completely taken into account. The functions of the reduced density matrix at two orthogonal diagonals, ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{r}(x,x)$ and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{r}(x,\ensuremath{-}x)$, are considered as the only two complementary single-particle distributions generated by the reduced density matrix. The ratio of widths of these two distributions is interpreted as the new entanglement parameter ${R}_{\mathrm{diag}}$ which is found to be very close to and completely compatible with the Schmidt entanglement parameter $K$.

Composition and spatial-temporal dynamics of phytoplankton community shaped by environmental selection and interactions in the Jiaozhou Bay

The Jiaozhou Bay as a model marine ecosystem in China has been intensively investigated over the last 90 years. However, detailed phytoplankton community composition, spatial-temporal dynamics, and its assembly mechanism were still unclear. To address these, we systematically examined the composition and spatial-temporal dynamics of phytoplankton in the Jiaozhou Bay through high-throughput sequencing of 18S rDNA V4. Analysis of 468 samples from 12 sampling sites over one full year revealed much higher phytoplankton diversity than previous reports, and strong seasonal succession patterns. Some phytoplankton also showed spatial variations, although the phytoplankton community didn't show significant distance-decay pattern. Environmental factors (especially temperature), species-species interrelationships and unique resting stages were uncovered to be the main contributors instead of stochastic process in shaping the phytoplankton community assembly. The overwhelming positive correlations between phytoplankton and other protists suggested that coevolution might be critical in this marine ecosystem. Complementary distributions of different amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) of same genera, such as Skeletonema marinoi (ASV_2) and Skeletonema tropicum (ASV_263) of the genus Skeletonema, suggested that phytoplankton have evolved differentially to exploit a wide range of ecological niches. This study laid a solid foundation for asertaining phytoplankton composition and spatial-temporal dynamics in temperate seawaters and mechanisms underlying phytoplankton community assembly, allowing in-depth studies of marine ecology.