Pairs Of Competitors Research Articles

When Automatic Filtering Comes to the Rescue: Pre-Computing Company Competitor Pairs in Owler

Competitor data constitutes information significantly valuable for many business applications. Meltwater provides users with access to a large Company Information System (CIS), Owler, which contains competitor pairs and other useful information about companies. Meltwater has been seeking a practical solution to discover more competitor pairs in Owler. The first attempt, a fully-manual workflow (called MW_Manual) for finding more competitor pairs in Owler consisted of two manual steps: a filtering step that excludes obvious non-competitor company pairs, and a further inspection process that inspects each left company pair after the filtering step. MW_Manual was cost prohibitive because the results of the filtering step contained too many non-competitor pairs. Inspecting such non-competitor pairs caused an overhead to the overall workload. To reduce the manual workload, especially the required human effort in the manual inspection process, Meltwater has transformed MW_Manual into a semi-automatic workflow (called MW_CPFilter) by replacing the manual filtering with an automatic yet more precise process that adopts a system called CPFilter. This paper presents CPFilter, a system used in the filtering process of MW_CPFilter. CPFilter automatically pre-computes likely competitor pairs from existing competitor pairs in Owler. CPFilter combines (i) the generation of new competitor candidate pairs by inference from existing competitors and other company-specific knowledge, with (ii) the validation of each candidate competitor pair of two companies by checking whether or not empirical evidence that indicates the competitor relationships of these two companies can be found. CPFilter has three key advantages compared with the manual filtering process and previous works: (i) it resulted in a high workload reduction rate of 0.81, (ii) it is domain-independent so that it can be applied to different sectors in Owler, and (iii) its results are explainable so that humans can easily understand its results.

The Network HHD: Quantifying Cyclic Competition in Trait-Performance Models of Tournaments

Competitive tournaments appear in sports, politics, population ecology, and animal behavior. All of these fields have developed methods for rating competitors and ranking them accordingly. A tournament is intransitive if it is not consistent with any ranking. Intransitive tournaments contain rock-paper-scissors type cycles. The discrete Helmholtz--Hodge decomposition (HHD) is well adapted to describing intransitive tournaments. It separates a tournament into perfectly transitive and perfectly cyclic components, where the perfectly transitive component is associated with a set of ratings. The size of the cyclic component can be used as a measure of intransitivity. Here we show that the HHD arises naturally from two classes of tournaments with simple statistical interpretations. We then discuss six different sets of assumptions that define equivalent decompositions. This analysis motivates the choice to use the HHD among other existing methods. Success in competition is often mediated by the traits of the competitors. A trait-performance model assumes that the probability that one competitor beats another is a function of their traits. We show that if the traits of each competitor are drawn independently and identically from a trait distribution, then the expected degree of intransitivity in the network can be computed explicitly. We show that increasing the number of pairs of competitors who could compete promotes cyclic competition, and that correlation in the performance of $A$ against $B$ with the performance of $A$ against $C$ promotes transitive competition. The expected size of cyclic competition can thus be understood by analyzing this correlation.

Analisis Terciptanya Transisi Kepemimpinan Baru Dalam Perhelatan Pilkada Ponorogo Dilihat Dari Perspektif Masyarakat

The implementation of the Ponorogo regional election in 2020 is indeed in a special atmosphere, considering that two competitor pairs of candidates are fighting for people’s sympathies in order to grab seat number 1 in Ponorogo. In welcoming the people’s democratic party, the hot atmosphere is identical to be found in the field. Regional election is a prestigious event to determine the fate of the region for the next 5 years, so that all parties are competing to give their best. In Ponorogo, both of successful team and volunteers from both pairs of candidates showed enthusiasm and support in many ways interestingly, the competition in the Ponorogo regional election was between two old competitors namely Sugiri Sancoko VS Ipong Muchlissoni where in the previous regional election (2015) had heated up to a dispute over the election results. A new chapter has begun, but the atmosphere of competition is certainly more heated for both sides. The leadership note of the regent of Ipong Muhclissoni is a major highlight, which has been felt by the people of Ponorogo through experience and understanding over the past 5 years. This researches aims to narrow the perspective of society, so that it provides a concrete picture of two possibilities, namely: the emergence of a new leader, or retaining an old leader. Because officially in the Ponorogo regional election in 2020 there are only two candidates, it is very interesting to conduct this research.         Keywords : Transition, Leadership, Regional Election

Unethical behavior and group identity in contests

Using a real-effort experiment, we study whether group identity affects unethical behavior in a contest game. We vary whether minimal group identity is induced or not, whether individuals have to report their own outcome or the outcome of their competitor, and whether pairs of competitors share the same group identity or not. We show that individuals misreport in the same proportion and to the same extent by inflating their outcome or by decreasing their opponent’s outcome, except when any possible scrutiny by the experimenter is removed. Regardless of the possibility of scrutiny by the experimenter, misreporting is affected neither by the competitor’s group identity nor by the individual’s beliefs about others’ misreporting behavior. This suggests that in competitive settings, unethical behavior is mainly driven by an unconditional desire to win.

Unethical Behavior and Group Identity in Contests

Using a real-effort experiment, we study whether group identity affects unethical behavior in a contest game. We vary whether minimal group identity is induced or not, whether individuals have to report their own outcome or the outcome of their competitor, and whether pairs of competitors share the same group identity or not. We show that individuals misreport in the same proportion and to the same extent by inflating their outcome or by decreasing their opponent's outcome, except when any possible scrutiny by the experimenter is removed. Regardless of the possibility of scrutiny by the experimenter, misreporting is affected neither by the competitor's group identity nor by the individual's beliefs about others' misreporting behavior. This suggests that in competitive settings, unethical behavior is mainly driven by an unconditional desire to win.

Beyond pairwise mechanisms of species coexistence in complex communities

The tremendous diversity of species in ecological communities has motivated a century of research into the mechanisms that maintain biodiversity. However, much of this work examines the coexistence of just pairs of competitors. This approach ignores those mechanisms of coexistence that emerge only in diverse competitive networks. Despite the potential for these mechanisms to create conditions under which the loss of one competitor triggers the loss of others, we lack the knowledge needed to judge their importance for coexistence in nature. Progress requires borrowing insight from the study of multitrophic interaction networks, and coupling empirical data to models of competition.

Unethical Behavior and Group Identity in Contests

Using a real-effort experiment, we study whether group identity affects unethical behavior in a contest game. We vary whether minimal group identity is induced or not, whether individuals have to report their own outcome or the outcome of their competitor, and whether pairs of competitors share the same group identity or not. We show that individuals misreport in the same proportion and to the same extent by inflating their outcome or by decreasing their opponent’s outcome, except when any possible scrutiny by the experimenter is removed. Regardless of the possibility of scrutiny by the experimenter, misreporting is affected neither by the competitor’s group identity nor by the individual’s beliefs about others’ misreporting behavior. This suggests that in competitive settings, unethical behavior is mainly driven by an unconditional desire to win.

Unethical Behavior and Group Identity in Contests

Using a real-effort experiment, we study whether group identity affects unethical behavior in a contest game. We vary whether minimal group identity is induced or not, whether individuals have to report their own outcome or the outcome of their competitor, and whether pairs of competitors share the same group identity or not. We show that individuals misreport in the same proportion and to the same extent by inflating their outcome or by decreasing their opponent’s outcome, except when any possible scrutiny by the experimenter is removed. Regardless of the possibility of scrutiny by the experimenter, misreporting is affected neither by the competitor’s group identity nor by the individual’s beliefs about others’ misreporting behavior. This suggests that in competitive settings, unethical behavior is mainly driven by an unconditional desire to win.

Evolution alters ecological mechanisms of coexistence in experimental microcosms

Summary Species coexistence can be promoted by both equalizing mechanisms that increase fitness equivalence among species and stabilizing mechanisms that decrease niche overlap among species. Strength of the coexistence mechanisms can be altered by evolution. In particular, populations evolved in sympatry may show niche divergence due to competition‐mediated selection, whereas populations evolved in allopatry have a chance to become ecologically equivalent competitors which, on secondary contacts, may form ‘neutral communities’. We addressed how evolution may change ecological mechanisms of coexistence with experimental microcosms of Escherichia coli strains that reproduce asexually and can be considered as analogues of species. We obtained five pairs of bacterial strains, within each of which the two strains could coexist stably. We then allowed the bacterial strains to evolve in a chemically defined nutrient medium for ˜1100 generations, under sympatric (in two‐strain mixtures) or allopatric scenarios (in monocultures). The strength of coexistence mechanisms was assessed based on reciprocal invasion assays and measurements of environmental carrying capacity. Our data confirmed that coexistence could be weaken by either fitness difference or niche overlap among competitors. In allopatrically evolved strain pairs, fitness difference among competitors became larger or unchanged; and the magnitude of niche overlap often showed an increase rather than a decline. Sympatrically evolved competitors showed no consistent changing trend in the strength of the coexistence mechanisms. Overall, sympatrically evolved competitor pairs did not differ from allopatrically evolved ones in the magnitude of fitness difference, but had lower levels of niche overlap. The results are consistent with the ‘character displacement’ view that allopatric populations of competing species occupy more similar niche space compared with sympatric populations. However, the pattern observed here resulted from allopatrically evolved competitors showing niche convergence, but not sympatrically evolved competitors consistently showing further niche divergence. The results also suggest that convergent evolution in allopatry followed by secondary contacts is an unlikely mechanism for the origin of ‘neutral communities’.

Effects of Aging and Noise on Real-Time Spoken Word Recognition: Evidence From Eye Movements

To use eye tracking to investigate age differences in real-time lexical processing in quiet and in noise in light of the fact that older adults find it more difficult than younger adults to understand conversations in noisy situations. Twenty-four younger and 24 older adults followed spoken instructions referring to depicted objects, for example, "Look at the candle." Eye movements captured listeners' ability to differentiate the target noun (candle) from a similar-sounding phonological competitor (e.g., candy or sandal). Manipulations included the presence/absence of noise, the type of phonological overlap in target-competitor pairs, and the number of syllables. Having controlled for age-related differences in word recognition accuracy (by tailoring noise levels), similar online processing profiles were found for younger and older adults when targets were discriminated from competitors that shared onset sounds. Age-related differences were found when target words were differentiated from rhyming competitors and were more extensive in noise. Real-time spoken word recognition processes appear similar for younger and older adults in most conditions; however, age-related differences may be found in the discrimination of rhyming words (especially in noise), even when there are no age differences in word recognition accuracy. These results highlight the utility of eye movement methodologies for studying speech processing across the life span.

Identifying the effectiveness and constraints of conservation interventions: A case study of the endangered lesser kestrel

The recognition of the rapid and ongoing biodiversity loss has been leading to increasing conservation efforts. To maximise conservation success it is important to evaluate when interventions are likely to be effective. In Portugal, previous research identified that lack of suitable nest-sites was limiting the populations of the endangered lesser kestrel ( Falco naumanni). Consequently, a massive provisioning of artificial nest-sites and the implementation of a medium term monitoring scheme was established. Our study showed that artificial nest-site provisioning is an effective measure in mitigating the lack of traditional sites. The lesser kestrel population increased from 155–158 pairs in 1996 to 527–552 in 2007, with 52% breeding in artificial nests. We investigate the factors affecting colony growth and found that colony growth was positively affected by the provisioning of artificial nests but negatively affected by predation rate and human disturbance. Between 2003 and 2007, mean colony growth was estimated at 6.46 ± 1.86 pairs for colonies where artificial nests were provided and −0.69 ± 0.5 pairs in colonies without nest-site provisioning. Moreover, predation rate was significantly lower in artificial nests than in natural ones and, although the number of competitor pairs in lesser kestrel colonies increased, the proportion of nests occupied by competitor species decreased. High risk of collapse and restoration of rural abandoned farmhouses may jeopardize the future of the lesser kestrel in Portugal. Nest-site provisioning and the establishment of a protection status for buildings holding colonies are likely the most effective means to guarantee the long-term survival of this species in the area.

Overgrowth competition between clades: implications for interpretation of the fossil record and overgrowth indices.

Overgrowth interactions (2693 in total) were observed among three major groups (arguably clades) of bryozoans--cheilostomatids (57 species), ctenostomatids (3 species), and cyclostomatids (14 species). The bryozoans studied here occur in shallow water at high-temperate polar latitudes where they encrust hard substrata such as rock piles. The main study site was the intertidal and infralittoral zones of Kodiak Island, Alaska, but observations were also made in similar zones of South Georgia Island and the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. Cheilostomatids dominated the number of species, individuals, and interactions at all depths. Intraclade interactions formed 73.7% of the encounters for cheilostomatids, 1.6% for ctenostomatids, and 5.7% for cyclostomatids. The competitive ranking of the three clades was broadly ctenostomatids > cyclostomatids > cheilostomatids. Significantly, these results contradict all previous quantitative studies of bryozoan overgrowth, in which cheilostomatids are reported to overgrow cyclostomatids at a higher rate. From these studies and the literature, we calculated win indices to vary from 0 to 0.42 for living cyclostomatids, from 0.08 to 0.9 for living cheilostomatids, and from 0.25 to 0.75 for living ctenostomatids. The win indices of cyclostomatid and cheilostomatid clades show significantly more variation in living assemblages than in fossil assemblages. This disparity may be due to differential preservation (polar and subpolar assemblages last less than 4 years). The diversity was very high in terms of both species richness and interaction types (outcomes between competitor pairs). Comparison with the literature suggests the possibility that nearshore diversity of bryozoans may be bimodal (have two peaks) between high arctic and antarctic latitudes. Indices of success in overgrowth competition have been constructed in various ways. For cheilostomatids, the method of calculation had little influence on the ranking of representatives. In contrast, the apparent success of ctenostomatids and cyclostomatids varied hugely with how the index was calculated. This inconsistency is due to the use of very different strategies in overgrowth competition; among the two latter groups, many interactions involve tied outcomes.

類推検索の競合事態での処理過程および反省的推論と予期的推論の働き

The purpose of this study was to investigate the retrieval process and the operation of inferences in systematic-level reminding within a competitive situation. Two experiments were conducted using episodic stories in a modification of the reminding paradigm developed by Wharton, Holyoak, Downing, Lange, and Wickens (1994). Subjects incidentally studied four competitor pairs and four unrelated stories. Then, subjects read other stories and were asked to report any reminding of the studied stories. Memory retrieval was manipulated by presenting subjects with different cue stories. Experiment 1 used both complete cues containing a full set of thematic features and partial cues containing a subset of the initial thematic features. Experiment 2 used both predictive cues presenting a partial thematic structure and partial cues. Complete and predictive cues were related to one of the competitor pairs. Partial cues were related to both of the competitor pairs. Results indicated that (1) thematic similarity had an influence on a selection in a retrieval process, and (2) both reflective and predictive inferences operated on the selection during a retrieval process within a competitive situation.

Genotype-environment interactions in determining fitness in dense, artificial populations of Phlox drummondii.

Survivorship and growth of individuals of the annual plant Phlox drummondii were examined in artificial, density-stressed populations composed of five genetically differentiated varieties sown in monocultures and in five pairwise mixtures. All experiments were replicated under two treatments of nutrient availability.Varieties differed significantly in competitive ability, and relative competitive success was shown to be highly habitat (treatment) dependent. In 19 of 20 mixed populations, the relative rankings of pairs of competitors were consistent with a priori expectations based on the morphological and/or historical differences between seed sources, but were not predictable from relative tolerances to density stress in monoculture.Estimated selection coefficients based on relative competitive abilities ranged from 0.04 to 0.94. Despite these large fitness differences among competing varieties, most of the variance in the absolute fitness of individuals resided within varieties. This variation may be mostly environmental.In the high nutrient treatment, where competition for light was most intense, variation in individual plant size was lower in mixed culture as compared to monocultures. Genetic variation for competitive ability may actually lead to greater size uniformity among survivors by promoting an early initiation of thinning, thereby reducing the density stress on survivors.